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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
  O/ q, O& f8 M5 c( G1 `+ U6 R0 YBoy Induced by Indirect Topical8 e8 |* s' p' ]2 ?7 J
Exposure to Testosterone8 m2 h  S" k. g- j
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2* g4 a8 Z5 j0 p; l
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% w/ S% }. K  `; q& xClinical Pediatrics& v$ h8 f9 e$ l6 i
Volume 46 Number 61 n5 e' z$ ^+ K# ?7 C
July 2007 540-543
4 c/ W9 ]9 x. F" T" {% v5 Z, K© 2007 Sage Publications( e' @% d5 J  o: @! H, C
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 S) l% p6 d7 ]) u- Hhttp://clp.sagepub.com; g0 b0 d2 K- b% r- O
hosted at
2 J6 F9 q% m8 L, c0 k1 jhttp://online.sagepub.com8 y- w' l6 r! j) S% `
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
. @$ l/ u  _: j, Zis a significant concern for physicians. Central
* [, [7 J, B5 V& B  B; L+ Kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, q# R# N; E' n/ e& H& C; Fthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; C4 W" v8 |6 r2 E# h& D6 Y' \5 ^; K, va higher incidence of organic central nervous system
* q2 Z, c5 U4 ~lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 A0 I2 O, [  d* p1 {
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic2 S5 v0 J9 R7 B5 |1 t3 ^
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
, G6 k, a+ A* k* z1 Gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  J+ B  G! l6 t+ A  x
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the+ S; ~! o7 H/ c0 A7 a& L6 s! x
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, G/ J: g/ p, o3 [* T0 Gment without testicular enlargement, which was due' {5 E" ^# U+ V& X4 O! h, h6 L6 m
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
" Y8 i8 q) q6 _; |2 l& f) wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-' v, d! N4 i2 a' C: q: @  x) W: D
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& X  t8 H$ C' _( o3 }, xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of3 J  g* {" l% l+ a4 G2 q8 E$ t1 j7 L
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-% @3 }, o6 o: Y) u( \3 W& _; R: H$ I
bly more common than the rare case report in the, k4 S+ u! g0 ^! Q* S
literature.4
. r. R: i9 j  P! ~7 k% i1 APatient Report
# k8 o* Z! i3 f- p% y7 `A 16-month-old white child was referred to the: \% W9 b! D! @2 h) A8 s/ v
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern4 A: ^3 K! N2 G/ g2 s4 i2 e
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 N7 D( J! y5 T! b; xlight colored pubic hair development when he was
! E) z- C( v9 u6 ?From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* n6 x0 u: O) V4 rSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ e; ?8 V2 e" \! M. mAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
3 Q1 v5 e; y$ d; s9 HProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 A2 o( t9 a- u- t: y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 v0 R/ m3 k, v7 F. K' @
e-mail: [email protected].5 v" Q% g& A: n" X* J3 e! C
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( S, X5 z" \6 `3 K6 m& x+ x- r
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-( ^- j% P+ p! b- E( @
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! m5 f# i& D1 B
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with7 g$ p, U8 `5 }! i
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
  r, @! e! E3 t: [20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* `. B2 I; j8 ~1 @, O7 g  wof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. O  I9 P9 {" j9 b' ]4 o4 \9 Esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, w$ \4 z/ G: _! ~2 U& {$ U
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
1 k- A; N0 E( L  @4 iwas age appropriate.7 I9 ^$ l6 z( x1 W) }: s' ^" b7 I
The family history was remarkable for the father,7 K8 r0 g5 z2 o$ p
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
  f. v8 g4 H/ H5 K# T% p. c2 r2 Fwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s0 P9 ^! e- g) _, p- p' c, _( v, d+ E
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: g' U+ d1 p: a" L3 Z& u
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.- }8 B$ m: ]) K6 ]
The father denied taking any other medication. The1 q7 g( q/ z) N, O8 D7 E
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 [4 @4 _$ [+ Z8 ?, h
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet: F4 C0 P. J  g5 B- w+ a
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-$ J5 u) |" ?$ b# p
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-- x0 ^8 _7 g! |- r' u# h
tives. There were no siblings.
% j! Y, r* k$ R# _! A& P8 X& p- bPhysical Examination  g7 g9 L( X5 u! b
The physical examination revealed a very active,4 @# R4 w# g& m; c% H
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented2 L' s3 a( F4 _" l: F, Y0 T. j
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: ?6 {5 m" q4 a) m7 _
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: S( _. }$ D5 f0 |0 S(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# A3 O  N2 j6 m) [/ Fvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
4 K1 x# [$ r1 N" w: y! Ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ s* i; |* I- _4 _0 M3 pThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for- g- D" F. i- q- B
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
+ N/ g& g. o% U0 f' u( y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ x5 x( Q! p7 [  T% t$ h# _# qdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, F/ f+ D, `* ~2 T8 x
540
0 ]. J, e3 W( ~/ D0 }1 a% nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. [# w( D; D- g  Z
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
) O" f1 q! I9 V6 J' [: @testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' |1 B1 g! _, E3 n. N* D  j
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ ]4 }5 W5 Z. N% w
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 ~9 |) m( n5 [# K0 |& |abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
1 z4 q: }# Y! U+ f" H0 s7 [# xNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 }+ t( |( T  r2 obilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
  ?$ T" K, P9 y& N0 ?4 r! Tof papilledema.+ g; e/ J9 [- V, g) T6 C1 a
Laboratory Evaluation
: E' _, o' G2 Z. eThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, V' C5 x' T' Y6 Kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-0 S/ v: k+ I: }
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' x2 i7 t6 v3 }
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 G' `# D: ~5 @0 w5 N7 r) N' Q; mshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-8 l2 I. o3 J. ?& J
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 ^  |7 @" W8 y+ VThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood' P+ O' y7 i( `+ }9 X) V( ~
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
  l% H+ _& U. vwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 N- z' J& b3 J( N5 W* |( z- j% Z2 Mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
1 A8 }* t6 d2 p  n8 O(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 u% X! U( q: o% L; |2 T9 I
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ W5 g! R  g5 Y6 |' z4 w4 E
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),5 |: z9 }" T4 L* y/ G( {: D
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to; y3 {1 p. o3 x# U9 w+ K
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 R4 G8 I9 L7 q+ i$ b1 Hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
$ y* K* C( \6 h+ {tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& _' ?  W1 v! `7 a) e; l* F1 l7 V
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 W+ ]3 R0 @" \! X4 {
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than) f! a- d5 h, G( b  N+ H' }3 c
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular, i! c8 y$ s+ v+ _- k
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone  B  Y$ e% K3 M/ H& h
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 ~. q" C' c' V
(prepubertal).) ^% ], c3 d' V5 U9 K
The parents were notified about the laboratory- R% ~' {, T6 U  K
results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ w% r+ Y* A$ qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The  _  h5 H% R9 S9 K2 G/ h
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to. Z/ h: L( n' L. j
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
+ a& q+ c0 R$ g& T7 Q! _7 `7 Pever, the family did not return for 4 months.
3 u3 `9 ~% ~4 P9 e  y9 y8 ]Physical examination at this time revealed that the, x# v1 h) ]" Z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 r6 c0 [, M" ~7 b2 n2 ~2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
' N' K! T6 j( X& b" gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
2 T2 h* k0 a/ U# }) p( Kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at" `2 i3 |1 c; R( [" I$ O, F
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 24 r( D/ N# i' t) \
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. g0 ], X0 W3 T9 f9 tThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
) \4 o: @3 J/ Y; zing frequent erections.
+ S) N6 c+ C9 S/ k) M& J; C+ GBoth parents were again questioned about use of7 K5 _  @7 e$ i2 I5 X3 p# @: \
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 [! h/ ^+ z( Q! c# j7 ^the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
  P6 c3 ]+ S; R* v0 E. ATopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; [' ^5 E3 F& M4 [" V, d/ |) Tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: v6 I, f: [4 Q& Ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 L# y8 @5 e; p
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 e, ?! G# O, U, Rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. [" U; P# A! x( L* i" J0 L7 nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ \9 j! s! ~1 s; o2 y; W  Esecondary to depression.
6 u5 B% ^1 ]9 X# o  y9 ~4 FThe child slept in the same bed with parents.4 R1 f$ k1 k  I/ a' m4 ^
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( G  I. u. t$ U% q* Schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
4 M( D6 A( T" \( Enificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. L# F/ F* J, q1 ^- N$ n
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
0 v! U# n9 x. Vwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby3 ?# @$ L. _) s1 d0 j
was high, he then read the product information
) Q) A3 W9 n' N/ Gpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-4 o7 x0 a3 n6 Y1 s: \! X
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 v0 K, T$ S8 _4 v5 d9 F
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ D$ ]6 y! y, H, F' L4 ^father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 M' z, |, r. \6 Jbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ `+ B/ ]; r" x- utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, l9 O4 r* r) ~; w' Z, J# vlaboratory to obtain the test.1 `' }4 b7 P/ A1 q8 Q/ e: j
Discussion2 O% S* S: j; e+ r" I
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" c5 k* V/ B4 O0 ^7 `0 Y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4/ W  Z- f2 f# E
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 T: c" C7 S1 \/ C) q. vit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-4 E0 _/ m: g/ n: \. P& t& F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 U7 \5 b! l" t3 H) `mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP- |/ H# h, B: `: l6 A7 T/ h  U
may have a central nervous system lesion that is* ?$ q: G- @* [( \
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-2 `" D1 S/ W' Y5 S" r, ^% }
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 k+ M- z! _) O2 O/ n4 D
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in0 i! @  A7 y5 ]7 _6 z+ F2 N* h
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-; T8 w1 z( ?8 {' r& S" k
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
9 p: s5 c% h- J3 O' \5 erical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: x- }2 a9 \" E$ K" c8 }" tgonadotropins.1,3
* D# I: X" G2 j, k- eGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
8 a3 k7 i  ]# C6 I; i% I* Qcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
7 P+ }& V9 x# d5 e9 }+ X. `$ xandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 g9 T9 G, `% e. ?" y# W* Eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
6 X% G5 P/ ^7 }/ v! h0 C" yulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing$ v  l7 T% {7 w# G6 t
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
5 c1 l# R& N5 s) ~adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# r2 l; }, P: `puberty in boys.3,4
. ?8 O" R6 M; }. yThe most common form of congenital adrenal
, B0 Q' u: Y' f8 Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
7 t! t- Y$ F# Y4 L1 ]9 M6 H$ tThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ X) r9 s7 u) q6 ]6 X7 |2 _excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( @( G* K, W' {7 l$ d
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ A, K  l* \- w8 }1 l. X4 ]excess.1,3: E$ M% s4 R8 d2 M6 ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) o8 R8 c! t9 ?- S$ n8 K) N542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' w- t1 P0 l( c5 Y0 DA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* c* H7 {9 T1 W$ V$ Tindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
5 l1 R' R% n  I) r! g. @( [as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
0 ]' z5 v# ^% r" `) G( Vvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
* i  V! Q1 Z, X) L( T- z/ K8 o* d; Xwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 G/ d6 o5 T8 d3 {! U" M- A1 G  v% Q% [including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. A# e. I' o8 Y8 P2 H* u/ a
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 p0 d3 J6 ^: Y- P6 @. R
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
9 ]1 J$ n/ M8 X! X+ bpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-, ^' q7 Q$ [1 V- s
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked& U) T8 ?+ B/ ]1 [/ D
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only  l2 t; @6 q/ |
males; therefore, other male members of the family
  A* }# W" R2 w! k" Z, @may have similar precocious puberty.3
1 n/ f5 k  P7 `& ~3 `In our patient, physical examination was incon-5 a8 \8 C$ Z$ V3 M4 U2 [$ M
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 h/ O+ V5 u* }* Z: Y
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# F( U' d3 y* p) fwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
( ~, j/ b4 P" t, t, u* Estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
2 m9 ?% c! B9 I$ }7 Dtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 Z% V1 d  ?% }% Zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ s0 x3 d1 B& Q/ Y' y0 q0 b# F* I, M: t8 m
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- F6 @8 a" N8 |; }- q( j! Rbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
: }. y8 v) O1 \: T, A/ I" T: Z4 ^either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase8 D7 D3 v; a* B+ W
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
; y) F  m: k: x  g1 M4 {6 iing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* E8 T: W* ~5 L7 |  Q/ CThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly* a* h3 c* ]  ^( g4 J
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 T. ]$ Z' [1 V# H- Z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 ]/ m6 t  P6 Q; N! [
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 ~& Y$ q; b3 \4 l, j
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% N$ j+ l: l& r& z* l! @
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 i% w( P3 U* Z" ^* E
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’! K: Z) u' ^, P; t# ~. O
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or# t# d/ B8 L. O
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 q5 j0 z1 h/ d' [1 F7 G- V* Munprotected females through direct skin exposure.
4 G1 x8 i& R, y" SSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
( E5 z. L7 ]2 _  _  s+ Mbaseline value in those females who were exposed to7 Z% H+ W5 C' d3 ~
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
# M: _# g, ^1 ^4 n- Zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! A3 P8 f9 C. i( ?8 ytion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; W$ J- e5 a, ]' U& l/ {: q
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 U1 K* {0 t3 r& `& Q. r4 b! @8 w
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' Y% r9 d: q# \
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
! n: a6 U( L5 jterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more3 m5 F, E& o. E7 C& @6 d& u! b
active in young children exposed to testosterone$ d6 Q( v: J! b: V
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ M- B2 `$ j' E8 Hdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to4 Y- p$ S2 E. W2 s5 _0 |& t, Y# q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 A2 U; b" d! ]# X0 `7 v% Bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and$ b# E* F: j% f; c5 \
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) T8 Y3 C- A% K( u* h9 w4 F; u
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% z. q) y9 S3 ]- B$ q% [. f8 iearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& W" A: N; P; j3 s5 d5 \9 \% C& Tadult height are not fully known and always remain
- t1 M1 g  D5 M# |# ta concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% S( \; I* V5 ^! v; Q
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some4 U! M  a: b) y) s0 t
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after6 J3 ?/ u4 e3 ?# R3 y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation  L. \2 x8 S4 u# e" P1 L
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
! u( U: u) k% R9 J1 UThere are conflicting reports and controversy
( _2 {" j* K* mover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ l, a+ F7 a" w3 G5 Z- \penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 K7 b3 e* G$ h4 |" X% B' C
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
6 L8 v- {! _% v- j% A; B; n2 Sulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
6 k+ p5 q4 R5 u& D! @/ f2 NSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ K- M& `6 b' @  a$ P) I4 @1 Vchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, d# m: Z* p( V1 M
penile length in clinical studies.. _* K/ x' q) L: [, F& d- ~" \+ `) D' a
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
( F5 A  N. t# e! ?going to experience any of the untoward effects from: R' n7 [9 R, ]) Q) [! _/ X% O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because8 A+ `8 g# M3 `7 e% U' w
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.9 n9 M* u& @. E+ n2 G+ k
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of) `$ [- N1 Y! j' U. M0 s! j
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' g% t6 m8 C/ ^  S
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
* U7 s; Y, u$ y1 ]4 qheight will not be affected.
& e+ A/ b  P, A# aAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 {+ k" e5 P& |- {( s. j
ability of androgen products in our society may  u2 w" b8 |4 I! {% a
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 y, P1 i. x' x  V7 F2 I: Cchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-  k6 Y3 W& D# p) |; l
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
. v& N" x, l2 W* {2 W, mtioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 G% a$ W1 b( J8 P% p1 P  }
gel should be asked of the family members during! l* T- I, t4 |3 B' p( ]" e
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-( ^& Q% w- {  g0 |- E+ l1 o) ?
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 R7 L' j% n5 F0 V' I6 s9 P
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 [; ?8 @; S% \" ?2 V: E5 U
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 F- s) h* R( `1 T7 V) e& Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) |- Z" |3 c) n* W. U
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
9 [' J$ Z% S  z1 @investigation. The primary care physician should be' O& k3 ^/ s7 y1 l$ P
aware of this fact, because most of these children! \) F1 P( C# c9 d& U$ ^) b
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( G# g% t, ?, r
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a$ @5 j$ J/ {# l
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( h7 X( U" Q# y6 K8 yfemale child who might come in contact with some-
3 G" C: \6 P: p: Xone using any of these products.( M( `2 |( Q. y* o
References' [2 ]8 ]' [) K3 v+ q& B
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& G) S; L* a) z
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( I1 H/ Z! e5 Y$ Q' I" @Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" C6 e( R! z  Y) Y1 n* V
2002: 565-628.
& h- j  Z, u' S6 e  p5 _6 s' l# y( M2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* a) j) r5 \* o! ?9 cpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old& q3 c9 f! [/ U+ C
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical4 e  z6 @- ?/ k# D1 }+ R7 u
Exposure to Testosterone1 |0 n& Q+ e9 ], ]- W& _) M. `
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' C9 D) p) S* v, y  W4 {. X9 @and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
2 b6 g5 y8 h! PClinical Pediatrics# o- S. x& I$ W# f! w
Volume 46 Number 6
+ Z/ B1 O/ d8 s1 Z. EJuly 2007 540-543
3 }  D. E' t8 c) b© 2007 Sage Publications
9 A) X5 }( y3 ^9 y6 U10.1177/00099228062966514 w( i# z6 I" D; }$ N/ z) J/ m5 i
http://clp.sagepub.com* L1 W9 g4 b& l; h& T( u) e
hosted at# u7 b  x" X+ i5 J0 U' \
http://online.sagepub.com
* q% M8 {  [( R6 BPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- W3 N" o* W  V- f' }1 t+ ~is a significant concern for physicians. Central
2 {' y# u, E4 w0 @- ~$ zprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated( h) s7 z/ O! e: S( _7 {) D1 L) V
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
( s. g7 t) N+ w- na higher incidence of organic central nervous system: [0 R( F( _2 C2 b( V  X9 G$ n0 ]  \
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ m! @/ [- d8 ^3 w
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic9 o0 {# [: S, v
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-6 H) k0 C, u% \. J# {
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We, Y: ?  y0 `8 A8 z* ]) W  {
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the  ?! n4 @% C# ~- j' B& z& S2 @
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
6 j7 X9 h  k3 N2 E8 w/ {ment without testicular enlargement, which was due& Q1 T. z' u/ O8 M
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
7 k4 C" l8 c- e# t: F" gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% b. B+ M0 Y. {. G2 r6 _mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# ^9 q0 {+ P& z; J3 ~6 ichild. Given the widespread and easy availability of0 E) g, w( B! t# E; T
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, ~) V2 y1 d. @  G" W
bly more common than the rare case report in the
4 f$ P8 [( A  q. s$ S& Nliterature.49 E/ y4 B% t% b) o6 |
Patient Report, m& v* k! {, ~
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
8 ^6 {) m: H0 ]4 j2 S% w# @endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- j# V' \/ w; r, w% \, i8 F0 aof early sexual development. His mother noticed( Z8 y9 ]- e: Y, Z, e! }
light colored pubic hair development when he was
( S8 ^% v( w, ]From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
, x( a& f# r& H* }' I- l/ }7 HSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ n5 b; m# o% z/ C; q. KAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
$ n! ]* t! o* p7 @: N0 H8 vProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ P5 n: A" T4 ^2 D$ _1 I5 k' N4 K; J+ d
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& J% E. o# v$ F, Q2 t' De-mail: [email protected].6 j; X' k3 ]- ?2 p
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, U) L; ]9 V) cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-5 z" s! ^7 Z. J- r! L, B6 ]
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  o8 }8 f! k* e8 K4 M* A
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 ]: Y9 K- k" ^: |/ ]9 Ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 D  `9 X- C- f. s
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 K; m2 E. P- }+ G) D1 Q
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with7 V9 @1 K9 y% H$ w8 Q; d  n+ Y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,- |' k. H" Y% @6 q; }0 R# F9 Y1 C& i
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development' Q1 G" C* x; c$ o
was age appropriate.
! H% z, O/ T% `( X% g( c& RThe family history was remarkable for the father,
8 o$ N* d$ k$ e1 O9 c: [who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
3 x2 ?( ^" Q( [2 [# h  [) c+ q! ?which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 X; J7 @' P; I) Q9 A  A
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ v, H5 @! y$ O/ e. q( B0 r. learly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& [; g  V+ v- ~( s) o1 |
The father denied taking any other medication. The+ q6 G) s4 L) n1 y5 z! `- Y7 L
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
' T2 g# C" L1 w9 B3 b3 Uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet, t( v0 M/ K, [9 P% J$ ^
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
4 k+ e7 r# S" P6 h9 t  ^7 icocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! S+ A5 x* }) N6 p& gtives. There were no siblings.% h. P  T& F; m" I0 ~3 g
Physical Examination# d0 [8 H2 T1 D
The physical examination revealed a very active,
' Y  Z5 o1 R4 a; E# c8 e' _playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. Z, x; c  v6 P. n( A" f  X# w
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 H5 W6 R# {$ o% Q' _5 o. D! `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 ]5 ?  [" m& [( V0 {9 d
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! l6 w. z; j; d7 z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 ?0 A$ _1 g. _; G5 @the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
6 t+ U2 i8 n. I. f5 G" uThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" B$ I1 J% ^/ N1 E- l8 ~8 |enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of! b( S& K; i' `0 Z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well. }  P- F7 A2 I* s' b- u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. M3 x% T1 ]  |( E540
# b! y7 K$ o: V8 @8 _  g: Cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ H8 v- h# r, a8 F. Dthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; m1 }. q# @: y  s9 ^
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
# p' a0 |& K( ]6 S9 b* r' p7 m' `The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
4 q  ~! `' P" a, ]- a+ poily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& v% N9 j7 |3 X5 t6 l' T; X
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' }1 L9 o# C% m8 E3 E
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 |% Y8 u) v, c: U# J8 mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion" C$ B0 P1 W3 w7 c+ `
of papilledema.
; B, f# `' p) q# P3 w0 aLaboratory Evaluation
( x8 m; f! F- _; r( l# NThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by3 f4 n% Q0 B# B3 ]
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
8 w! x0 ?) I2 z; r0 elogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal/ Z9 M' m$ n. X1 |# n1 H
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
" [( j4 g4 ]$ E: C( G2 i6 I( `showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-6 U. z, c8 Y+ K1 p. o% G0 y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
- a' Z% i, h+ [6 `! M; ]The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% Y( l% o  u! n: c3 w
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 k8 e& s8 w* H7 ^) x+ b9 Z- [/ K
within normal range for his age. The concentration
  D# V- h9 J7 `7 z5 \% qof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- R9 |/ {6 [7 Y; {(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20" b5 v) X+ t5 J9 d$ D/ w
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-. f7 J2 R* t+ J  C1 f# ^* y# L
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 T% u& S8 F/ s4 ^- T, e! F0 [
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
& D/ {) j# i3 P! j3 X# i' N0 a( e49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) c. y2 C% H8 f# b( p: I$ hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-+ k5 k1 R7 y$ h; b& J
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. R. M! O* |) V5 S
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 G# g) z6 W- _( B& Z" o; S9 V& Jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& L) D' S3 S" E1 p: N" s+ T
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular# x: P" c4 l- y, o0 Y0 f3 @
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
, ]" ^) C: u! cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL8 I8 @( Y* [/ A, Z' d/ [5 P: [; y
(prepubertal).9 J: E% k7 G" {7 T4 Y! a% C3 T  Q
The parents were notified about the laboratory' Q0 |3 F: l* K' L
results and were informed that all of the tests were
0 Y9 t# H5 m5 B2 e) Xnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ W2 u9 V% o( E+ G6 R  sfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to3 W4 w% N7 V7 T1 i1 R- b
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-2 N# ]+ A; T: h" b  b2 R( H
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& [+ ]+ F$ V' D0 qPhysical examination at this time revealed that the7 L6 a" Z  g3 C" O6 |3 E
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 k1 E1 @* Z. L5 b- L2 X2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
# g: m9 M  T2 yunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 U. h1 _* Z+ I# r
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at- }, R, i$ A/ l6 Q
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2# _; Z& p1 h3 R: @  t0 |' Y
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
8 N* s3 y  q  V0 M6 a" B' fThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
6 a% O* M0 Z. I! F, d( l4 Y6 ?$ n, ping frequent erections.7 M3 i. `0 ]8 B) m$ W: J
Both parents were again questioned about use of
; ?/ ?" s1 _$ ?7 y6 x6 Yany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
+ l4 @4 J; o  G2 D8 n, ]: lthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) ]# Z4 U. n6 z+ u- Z
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5417 ]0 C6 n/ ~$ V2 }
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: j8 s: E0 [( H5 Z: ]4 ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for1 m3 w. j, j: G: c- q. e
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed: t. g2 G* O2 G/ U
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
4 Z% T9 [: u$ [9 D' v4 Q5 O% J( ~/ oscribed by his family physician for decreased libido& G: ~. j$ a9 R, d4 ^7 z
secondary to depression.
4 G9 u" C- [3 N* cThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
: z6 [' R# B6 c: CThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his  t3 ]; G; }/ r% e0 t  L; g
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
, ^7 r$ M* z# K+ m# X% gnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.) t+ s' {3 ~0 n5 A5 w
The father also admitted that after the phone call,5 u6 P* y) f0 r% W. R8 Z4 B% \7 ^5 ?
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
' r  ?, V' d) F# h5 y1 wwas high, he then read the product information, n  \' \/ l5 S  X
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 D5 {! c9 u( a# J! T: K, pson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 k4 J9 {7 F% A
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the9 z( Y' i3 ~* u- A& M% w+ Q# }7 o
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! J' s+ n+ D% n7 O; `been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. R" [! [) C. [2 w! }( Z5 n
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the( M7 ?+ {- T) n) |( C
laboratory to obtain the test.
4 K4 f" S! K% k) E! sDiscussion
! A+ A3 ]' r3 n# ~/ T( |( @Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
6 D8 o. V% h' E; n& r( H; d5 msexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 v. x4 Z  q& ~: r
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& k" y, h' ~) J4 L" fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
: b( R' U4 E, m$ xthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-) d+ i- W7 |& @! x& H
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 g2 Q: ]. M; A' W( e& \may have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ N5 s$ T0 v& }3 [responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, h  d/ v* Q% S, o+ ~) ]1 e/ G
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- j, k4 ~8 J* t+ A- {1 I; x: Csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
5 p0 I' s) m/ t2 h' ?0 S0 aboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ g- R9 ?7 ]) x, f6 Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- M; D. \2 E7 w; P/ b
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) A" `* x: |) f2 Q5 A: D1 B' U
gonadotropins.1,3: _& S) i- k0 |5 ?3 |5 c
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-  D+ [. w! X9 o" T# v# _& t
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
& U% Q5 w7 e- y1 s5 y, Tandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or3 a9 @% B* C8 r( B6 {
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
; G* |$ h& M0 M- v9 m/ Z' Qulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 r$ _0 C) s/ a: G; _congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* Q3 i6 Z9 N# }+ Z) h& C  i0 Nadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
$ r( O' ^5 @7 S+ kpuberty in boys.3,4% w+ X6 \9 b' r7 o) F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
! |! d! V3 e, f3 p0 Uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.) i' x  P' U) @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* N; O' x7 t  h# u# {
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,! W& l7 i5 ]& I
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen- I* ^! x# C1 r
excess.1,3
! L( j( e5 I. Y: a) \at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( \/ \* H( E/ R) Y' A6 O542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' |8 }: f9 G0 J" u! @3 X
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-! f5 E  g2 z9 c$ R( P: @2 r9 V$ k( \' p% O
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 `  d) F5 X* r0 e: k  Y/ h! Las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
6 A: S( v' i& Lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys; F- k' j+ l& y% j, x- V% h. t2 X
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
( w6 r+ W7 |3 p; z$ X4 x! sincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ D" Z0 m" ]' k+ E0 k
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
, a$ s7 X- F! h- r9 Y( Eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show6 a7 _# d0 I. T
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-5 N* ~1 S$ x* g* M
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked/ x/ t0 T& c  `& |, U3 f
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' x: S+ ?% }3 d  W9 c% Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
9 b6 ^# i' q( \; b( j' m; \may have similar precocious puberty.3
, U$ ?8 [& [- a3 k% ~In our patient, physical examination was incon-  s5 N' ^7 C$ v7 L8 v8 _, Y
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
7 U* B: e) p/ s9 I/ t& |) Vcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ ]  J; d- x5 ^1 W- @
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ O* ^9 x- ]1 Rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
! R1 _$ F' i7 Q6 m  i( H# Ntesticular enlargement is not that evident in the9 q  r4 I4 f  w, J: o* H
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-9 c, e7 b" q2 Z- S* m2 j
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* q0 C2 F3 M( R3 V: `7 {2 |, E- y  kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 q+ O. b4 c+ z' R$ Teither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& \" g; ~& K0 O; H& G8 d$ tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
- F9 v0 t9 j8 `1 V3 Q: Ging the normal level of adrenal steroids./ v, ]( ?- }/ D! O+ [. S
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* \8 r  _9 \5 ]- T& Fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 I- ]6 v4 s+ N4 xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
+ T) B6 i+ I1 c2 Z4 L. ?' w  M1 Upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and1 R& a/ y6 _  K+ I- f4 P4 ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-/ M/ O* S4 K8 n+ b0 [7 l
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; ]1 q$ ^% T$ a) C# P1 @
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ g6 q0 O8 U8 u, B4 M' M3 [Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
) _6 D, J# w1 O$ D6 N- Jcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 M+ }% {2 V" A: P! r5 A
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 ~2 z9 G# v5 z  Z2 zSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
& }. L; e5 u; x9 i" Pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
+ R( A: }/ K1 B5 w& F1 R' |  t4 [even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
$ \" R! _8 n7 J1 j" G3 mpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
4 r6 M9 X5 R6 n, Ntion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* Q8 u1 p/ c! X6 h' v: m4 z2 I
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: g: a2 S, C& J) s8 k1 m
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( {8 Y2 B8 T7 \+ O4 }: D
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( c. n" _& @0 Oterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more, @3 a3 E) X( M! t8 m8 z5 H
active in young children exposed to testosterone; N9 z% G7 J# d& ~, P9 \/ Z# q
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: i7 o/ K  B! Mdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
9 `/ V4 z1 d5 c% J- V( Pvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in! V! Q2 t3 Z/ W  x
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
& ?; b4 v" K- J' F) x9 j0 Y& radvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 g9 b- @5 A+ U' _, K
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during# U- M2 Q$ v& e: ^- ^7 I  v
early childhood on pubertal development and final
$ j5 v  X  s6 v# V. kadult height are not fully known and always remain" V4 a/ Y7 {- x2 m0 N7 F3 i
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ Z. O& K0 K9 A8 u5 l! c1 x' {
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' X) \5 a" G/ w' @
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% w; R3 @+ `4 k4 l; o5 Lcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 v: p5 z0 o! G0 \6 A' X  V7 R) i
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
4 Y  a( X3 m8 E" K! tThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ p* c, u. ?5 r' x5 tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- T/ @& I0 \( p7 R6 r! F
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal  l9 L% j. D5 y- ]
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-' ^5 y7 v9 p! W- g
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* d2 p7 W1 p  d+ aSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between& N! |1 E) ~. A# w  R) n, o+ `
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
  U  B2 J/ l4 P2 r) ]1 Tpenile length in clinical studies.
4 o* }- |, C! r7 T3 xNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
* C% I( V, k" w- M- n9 Fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 ]# r" ?. R# G" U3 d- }( R' A7 l; A/ Dtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 r0 x( a0 F, A8 pthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 |% ^5 X4 l9 p" TAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of3 t. ?/ M( l, z1 ~1 p' |$ A# _& R  d
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 T+ Y7 ]' n% r$ }- f- \( z; C4 O# Pthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult: T% D5 P. E$ K* s9 o# S
height will not be affected.& Y2 e/ p6 ]8 l1 e% Y
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 i! _+ C8 h# `6 E. S0 G  z+ _ability of androgen products in our society may
# |3 r2 T7 O% W* o8 y  Lindeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 [4 k; Q8 Y# I4 @' l: v# Echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
  e0 c# A* j) G0 |9 m; I+ tgen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 X/ {8 A. ^# B' L8 otioning about the use of a testosterone product or
9 A& r) K) z5 i( d: ^& m) i" tgel should be asked of the family members during
0 G, b5 F1 C: v3 J7 G5 w0 Cthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 F& G, I. M$ c6 I# y8 I
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 w+ b7 Q$ H- ^% s! T3 F
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( ?( c. H' N: f: I# f/ Jappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
# H+ p, M) t0 x2 k* i( xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
0 f9 |# O: e5 B  M" _: @( F- Hresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive% U2 @  H& I4 P" g0 m
investigation. The primary care physician should be# Z) W. |* [8 L9 |) I" C  i
aware of this fact, because most of these children
& f# o8 }- A: i/ j9 y* \  y( nmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( W: E4 f% c- Q: L: ]) G6 R0 C
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a. v0 E7 ]9 ^7 `7 s3 [
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
$ `+ y! I9 r9 b& ?. Tfemale child who might come in contact with some-
# r6 O1 a0 }/ r7 Fone using any of these products.3 q; p" y" M; W" q8 X2 _4 f6 J
References
3 ]( N. i& ~4 `3 W1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation# |7 m1 J, I" K: x( X5 }
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 z( w$ x) m% g
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;& A9 R) l" ^7 m& ?! K2 Y
2002: 565-628.
( g5 P- e6 ^! p; S1 Z2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
% w: V0 m4 f+ j0 v4 Z% u/ j& Npuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
+ K9 V# X3 @0 }
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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