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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old% b* h* A& ]- D; r7 z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical/ S3 y& S& n! j0 ~3 j
Exposure to Testosterone: {3 \1 w9 ?% j0 h( K1 c
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) s6 Z6 A+ e9 T  W" j
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1( p7 M& x( H1 `& e# p& n
Clinical Pediatrics
; B1 p8 Q- T: @6 S4 E* K# oVolume 46 Number 6
' g' V( d1 V! K- C( A' Z  vJuly 2007 540-543
" M2 ~* s' A* g/ ?7 p  ~© 2007 Sage Publications/ C8 v( J; q' l
10.1177/0009922806296651& [4 b8 u  ~" F/ S
http://clp.sagepub.com
8 F( ~- P& s  r: s0 ]+ g. ehosted at& M; c! e# c( |0 O7 J. O
http://online.sagepub.com# ~# g" J- N, c. I7 m: k7 m$ d! C
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
( e* R/ u! G6 U# sis a significant concern for physicians. Central
. h, I5 K0 c# d% x6 Nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 v1 T" x, @( f# l+ \) n$ `
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has  u9 {& d* x: I  o& |, a
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 q1 d- V9 s, l  W7 j/ q  Jlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested& d7 X% Q+ E$ {8 p$ c% s
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% y, R, [+ r9 w6 U0 N
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
& [1 o/ [7 L& A5 }7 R( l+ gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' r. l. j* N! S) G5 B* o. q
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' M0 r$ s6 C1 P/ `) Yenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 f; A) e/ u' [, N6 l1 R
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due% L* _- Y9 P8 e* A+ L) l+ q& Q
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, _! G' z- V2 ]$ f. T% e# G
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-- O) X3 r6 R8 R3 D( |  l. B2 U
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this5 v# b9 z2 J# Z, ]: X/ |' ~
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ k; X: i; E+ [' ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-" l0 r8 L( Z7 X' t/ W: v  c
bly more common than the rare case report in the
& s% S7 A! t$ e% l; aliterature.4
. p6 o9 }$ A( B" QPatient Report0 F1 V  t1 d" Q% }" j3 N
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- u! E2 b; S' L' g' G# O# c- fendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' U" \1 U, [4 q6 G5 x% f
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ b2 a0 F  c( d/ g6 }light colored pubic hair development when he was0 F6 m  c  }; N; T0 y
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of1 _4 F& ^/ y2 g! b# @
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
5 J/ E& |0 A% z- xAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 u) O. z! w2 ?( N6 m" g7 k
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of( P& s7 v$ X2 w# N- o. o
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
! m# `. w, a. D$ N$ Ye-mail: [email protected].
) \* H3 b0 [" a. u: R  U  [' {  `about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became: ]. \; p! F4 u5 a: F: e: u8 r
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-  k, s0 z% D( V) q
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child1 g0 V" f" I' t! R& B
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, ~0 x' }) {' B0 i$ x( F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
; s/ |' F5 A$ q2 `9 G20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( N4 i( G8 w( B, H5 s, @# j; ]1 Y8 g" cof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
9 @9 K$ n$ r+ k% u7 O& Vsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,+ D( e: M/ l3 X) L/ p& R' x
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 U$ C; E# U' q3 x9 C; _% h9 ^was age appropriate.# O, B; n' \- M; U
The family history was remarkable for the father,% [- M6 v, ~5 p) a5 a2 w  u6 W$ Q
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
+ l# b/ c  p5 Y( ?5 Lwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; a2 k9 I6 O8 n  }2 a+ D  _- {
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat; |( H& |. L2 u% [1 E
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
! d; ?7 [$ }- sThe father denied taking any other medication. The
+ Z. T4 r! r( f( |. s$ zchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 O. g% j( k/ X$ ywas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
- ?6 h' C) {; o: U5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
  @5 }: D& w- }' t9 l- Scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-. H% s/ q9 L. V" M$ ]1 r
tives. There were no siblings.
: P. I$ U+ Y9 u' B; ~Physical Examination
, g" g/ g2 L+ j7 RThe physical examination revealed a very active,/ ]$ X/ _4 A* I
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
. ~2 `2 [6 y9 z- ya blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was  Q5 p, t8 R  `* ~! u# F# X
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
) [/ U: m5 K- r' d(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth: Z6 e( J5 o% F0 T' B0 ^9 Y
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of. `9 Y# d2 H4 @. u3 k# B! j
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.0 {  `. V" D: f4 W+ C
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 h! P7 e( `: x7 `enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of0 D# L9 R9 ^( d
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well/ f& ]2 `% s. v* |- V9 d! D  o+ ~, F7 S
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. y* O! B4 [, g540
  p, h5 Q) V( e# C( f6 @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" `* ?2 a+ q6 c4 X( \
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
8 Q  N% X4 V) Atesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.! J4 _7 C% g; ?1 O& `% s: c; Y
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat; |6 j# F/ m" y& ?$ Y
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 n8 R# ?2 j) C! w7 t1 I4 L
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- Q) e  W' z8 J" u8 [5 @Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) e: l1 J# Z) m7 pbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
: N; n/ A7 v$ m* T- xof papilledema.+ [' C& r7 \3 y' [$ `
Laboratory Evaluation
2 Y5 f+ Z1 J: ]7 ZThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. m+ ^! C7 }# C! [: susing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
5 a0 J9 y2 I7 A& `logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
5 ~) @. `7 F% X. Pkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test- ]# o8 F# B6 B: H2 c. R& e
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! H6 H9 K0 M" V9 s) A) u* hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
9 G! L/ v! y: j: d: ZThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 z5 n5 `4 @8 v+ v: G8 [$ g7 w- @
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" w+ h1 t& D% M# Twithin normal range for his age. The concentration( s* c$ Y7 w1 L; X
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL* ]3 d* r$ w, B! ^
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20% a7 j" D% {) {1 y
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 z, i6 f( C6 Lterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. ]9 d7 _6 z4 a1 E
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
" F9 n# p3 K, `+ q/ b" a% p49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)( L$ `: ?. M0 s9 w
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-" O3 H# U3 l( ^
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total* r9 X# J% j: k: l' t
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),' w9 e" a$ G. K. o
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
8 h! q) O! o, }, i3 g5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular+ I/ T9 H) A2 h6 y0 y' P
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone1 s% J! ?7 Q! F! F
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
" Y: t# m/ d6 N" Z; l! F4 q1 C(prepubertal).
5 l/ H8 F: `* F8 fThe parents were notified about the laboratory+ c8 O0 _, z" M  G1 w
results and were informed that all of the tests were8 ^6 ?9 t) _' T
normal except the testosterone level was high. The3 T+ N6 q1 G, l% }1 I
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to% K2 [2 V: x; c0 z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( K8 R9 R/ A% Z  r0 O6 l3 B% ?ever, the family did not return for 4 months.& E4 t& D7 l9 V* [" m2 d% ~4 n$ D. n
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
2 h8 X( F3 y3 j* r( l; A1 pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  |3 x% F  t; |3 n4 Z2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ s' b# Y" w" Aunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( ?6 {( W/ w4 f7 w- m* Xpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
6 a2 \( y9 m2 j" ~1 hthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
$ a- W* y2 Y) N" b% \0 F* KmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. y0 [2 m- T! U9 ^5 _The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-. u! L- C1 O* p  t
ing frequent erections.! W) Y3 k3 D) n2 b/ ?
Both parents were again questioned about use of8 H1 O! B  C( v2 ?9 q: c2 C
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 j! ~) B5 q! a9 V( b# i+ ^+ n  r* {the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- J) _+ _" q, c$ ^5 Z% k% N5 xTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; N, o1 p. {- {/ ^, W
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
3 p6 z2 h- X5 [ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! Z2 ^1 d+ u, B* q8 s; ~
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed, {1 I+ ]: |2 L0 _: j1 B
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 J+ h3 Z$ }% N- H6 B
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido+ u& a: B0 @: `7 ~
secondary to depression.
# S" g" B( Y# e" }' h6 `The child slept in the same bed with parents., {1 `" E% c; z/ ^1 ~. l
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
2 M# {) i& A0 b% u" p' g  pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 M! J" x* l* F% w
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. b) _8 T1 |& L* M* G( H1 hThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
+ s( p/ X0 g# O' K: |when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
" p- y' U  x+ x6 nwas high, he then read the product information6 R/ x3 f' k" B8 R: @0 V, w
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* m* \8 R8 H( j3 r
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
5 P/ T0 }9 }* _5 Z: T  Rdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the$ R7 |- k8 s/ F9 q& g2 B; A
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
. G% V  N; ]) y% k8 U" [, f4 I; K0 o) Jbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
& E, k/ ?7 O) B' {8 N9 xtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the6 p" q2 [/ d- y: |' w+ m7 I
laboratory to obtain the test.
" \9 U5 D! w7 S& d$ Y1 Q9 XDiscussion* [) ~+ R* T" p3 F) c
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
6 [/ ~: h' X. ]0 A  f1 M9 j/ p" Ksexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; {6 S9 D0 ^$ B9 N9 _, y* PPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: Z2 |, P7 W& s4 _7 a6 t
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-5 x& @, x" `; K
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-8 Z1 x- R. l: D' g) t+ F5 G
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% F* k; p) c* D6 w( Umay have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ ]& n& {) l6 U$ i- B* Mresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 p: u" E5 E9 {, C1 mamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
; T. N) k( J- c: ]$ L0 S7 hsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
9 Y% w) L3 q  L! a6 jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
( o! s  I) L% I" @ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
0 r4 C0 B: Z2 F: x* _9 ^0 xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 ?6 o  N  B# F- y/ q3 R& v. b2 a
gonadotropins.1,3
; \) O# d3 ]- X1 xGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-$ w2 m9 n$ s" P; X& a, D4 X
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
% Q) v- {9 h. D0 Kandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
. _0 L) g( A# j5 k4 m/ r# T1 R, zexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 d+ n: K7 V+ V% w
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# F5 L* K+ n" Q" b+ Q# ?" ^9 R
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: l$ Y9 N5 m- v* O4 @
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious" q3 l6 v3 K2 _* Z
puberty in boys.3,42 U: K; Z. x! N0 p8 F
The most common form of congenital adrenal  w. y. e1 w+ y( Q0 f8 l* ^! N7 T
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.) H& f3 C/ F! p& X* A! [3 w) z) `
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in8 c, I) Q8 R7 x
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,' `7 O) l# h9 z/ |! r: q
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 a3 K8 [$ u* i  I4 K: rexcess.1,39 u/ C4 K1 f: t% c5 x- Y! \
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* w  ]5 W- {6 ^2 e542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- ~* B  R4 x  R- R. Q! p  C& \3 T1 DA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& }: f3 r* {2 x8 G  l% B% O% V% I+ l8 xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known0 h" e$ o/ Q- s  e7 \8 E
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
7 Z) D% @' B+ G; O' P% B2 ^) Z& r7 Kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
' K8 F5 ^* `) E9 l. ?+ [with this disorder are full pubertal development,. k5 P% m3 D0 P6 l  C  j# t
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# Y" V$ G2 ^+ x0 u- \" @& owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 q4 F4 o$ G. L! N. Qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ P3 `# @& e% F3 ^* I7 w+ Lpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' \$ L0 B7 g: E8 x  q$ S
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked8 M5 |) z$ y3 o5 d3 g0 B  M$ O
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only# Q8 L4 n) ^5 j0 F9 x
males; therefore, other male members of the family, I+ ?6 J; M! r- k1 n
may have similar precocious puberty.3, x8 X7 e/ J- F) {0 e6 L  w
In our patient, physical examination was incon-% E5 @7 ^, C. E% n# Q: I
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ C8 r, \! Y) {
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
/ Z2 j7 F4 @/ K) |: d2 R. `was in the differential diagnosis because his father* B; d) ?) C2 b  r, L
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& d) d1 m+ I+ T2 S' k; H
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the8 c  D' C. r6 }* n. g; T; P  n% |3 G
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
" Q: G$ I  U: W4 Gative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 b4 F) ]" Y' g: Q6 m, D
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; N- z$ j/ U9 B  C5 i) a& Weither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# f+ E& D# @" J2 K& x
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-6 @( ?! v  o( j3 f4 F& Y
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
+ v4 d% U" H. |: [( D( `% P& WThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
$ \/ X+ _6 i0 r( a. ^$ \suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
7 w8 Q7 |4 f- [$ `$ S/ v% Sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; I+ G% {6 ^3 S9 x/ N2 R* |3 H, Cpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' f. ?5 z) Q+ i3 T' y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 }: E; F" _6 R; V2 C/ {+ Y+ h
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) A- w5 c- Y* k' \$ O2 e
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’+ s) G/ g/ e2 p0 ~- i
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" C( }& n0 h  H: j, ?8 @9 kcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) K& M3 b0 w+ n& P* b+ Y
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.1 R- q2 o/ g' Q$ e
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, Z3 A' Z, s) x- c: p; G2 o! vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 y% ]  a+ [3 f" l2 qeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' d2 i' ]3 X7 H, V: x) p9 J/ H
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 _3 |* R7 q) }1 x
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.& a* H) F1 p4 D! C' x2 a' T: Y. l
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,6 }; p. k+ `( y4 r- {2 b! S0 n
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
: q- B7 i) I# N# |dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% P" N5 ]9 d' z8 T" Bterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more8 G' u. I6 m. m5 k. r
active in young children exposed to testosterone
( T: _7 z9 c% d8 K+ \exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-1 V# P' |( w# F" E! b
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" n* \' x( l! F( L) b% a* Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) S8 T$ Q' o1 ~: p8 C
children results in an increase in growth velocity and- m. p0 k6 S8 T6 O( b
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) }: I$ N2 a9 h
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during- @6 e: c/ g, Z# w& ?
early childhood on pubertal development and final& u; O# C0 ?# x1 G$ a" w
adult height are not fully known and always remain
. P; {' Z. ^) G5 {) Ea concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: p' b( A8 j% ^$ \terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some1 R& Q  h5 J3 G  H
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" b* S8 l$ t5 V  F2 V1 ccessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# m2 d# R0 C# @/ ^% L6 x9 e) M" J
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 A- D7 \; B8 Q# z4 q- MThere are conflicting reports and controversy
! C8 m* }" ]. Y1 _6 {2 `6 Gover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
  _2 s& a3 `) L. bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal8 g5 O$ |3 D4 o/ W
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-% e$ b# }) z0 q1 K9 e; i) K
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
4 y: p5 y  y2 P& I! iSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between. ]9 |! S# x. N* i) }
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult9 i* n/ z8 r; }7 E* _0 v3 j) A
penile length in clinical studies.
) Q5 L1 R2 e2 C9 z' W: a) s* [; {Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
% V# O9 b# G) Fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
. y( c0 D. K0 ?. |) b: Ktestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 F- D' f2 h2 L
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time./ u3 {. x* W' I& ]6 ]( F" @
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of5 X9 y: w" H( b  o" ^' h
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
) i7 `& Q! [+ r0 ]% L3 L( fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( e6 H, e& ]) L. d
height will not be affected.
0 _7 z$ H* L1 G  |( D, N' R: s1 DAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. y/ B, a: R+ _ability of androgen products in our society may6 }; ~9 H; g3 s: ?9 }! [2 M/ X
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
" E2 Y: U2 J* i9 ^9 Achildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-/ d' D3 B  c! U$ q
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
6 g! u7 ^& j$ j4 {7 dtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' x9 [9 a$ ?8 @) M2 ogel should be asked of the family members during
  }8 D# U: n& F# q6 \* t# f* Lthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
+ r; P, J, W8 t1 T8 a/ Bilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
3 N  x% g) _$ k6 A: vnosis can be established by just a few tests and by, ^; g/ i$ A( i6 V( p9 z5 `3 a6 Z
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a( `' ?2 w/ ]3 _: [5 _! a0 q* D# M
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
( l, u: n5 ^3 \result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
( |, L( Y, w0 z3 F+ s% K9 s% z* Ninvestigation. The primary care physician should be3 Y# m4 M% @% h
aware of this fact, because most of these children
' F2 j0 N" t( g0 m" wmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 }" p/ K1 A2 a4 X+ \. l
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 |5 Y  z3 z/ Z3 M! n: }warning about the virilizing effect on a male or8 \2 N  A( J! |1 a) O9 G. g5 Z$ e
female child who might come in contact with some-0 }/ E+ Y- V/ y1 R4 H* f1 W
one using any of these products.
, `, C; V" a6 f# rReferences
( ^% D3 ]# ?$ i% n/ u5 S' M) n" Z4 n1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation) j4 R- ]6 ~5 U' i
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric- x. S$ \& C1 Z6 _! y* q6 R
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* o8 q7 j4 l. u+ W* N" L
2002: 565-628.
1 i4 R4 I2 X6 Q3 `4 p" b; @' H2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( H+ ^- I" F0 f  E6 s
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
& i: w5 ]) i# u/ V* z- j# F6 iBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
7 }& U: Y5 M7 B) N6 d4 @3 [+ B( qExposure to Testosterone2 t2 K4 X5 v. ~) [
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 ]+ h/ t- T7 D2 V0 D( \% @
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ Z' E) J1 S8 ]7 X* `+ t' zClinical Pediatrics( K% p; _; s& ~0 f7 c' p
Volume 46 Number 6/ f" n( Z: M1 {% A' b, q
July 2007 540-543
/ A& q# r+ r" K' _© 2007 Sage Publications
8 [* Z8 |, y  R9 z10.1177/00099228062966517 J' Y( C% o5 m
http://clp.sagepub.com
- M$ [# f+ D- _2 M& u2 B7 dhosted at+ w; G; q- }( I4 o+ [) c
http://online.sagepub.com% k: K9 {9 }8 T* U; s: r+ Z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" X# d5 J) Q+ }4 R* j% i$ Tis a significant concern for physicians. Central( H" g4 b" j, z, K. C) g
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated5 N: ~  M* c  V" Z" e) [
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has1 C' {4 g( ?7 j' c8 z9 q9 R- z
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 E  n6 C5 n  h5 M! t
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 p' c7 E+ p, C) X" A0 @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
  @; ?  z% D8 I2 Hhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
0 D$ T) r$ W9 m. V  [2 Q0 tcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ o% M( F! J, ]7 h
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the* P& G# w' }) F9 E7 U, i0 Z, \
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, p$ l& }7 s) n6 `ment without testicular enlargement, which was due& r! h8 q; e& _4 U
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# K, k% l1 t/ [0 W& Bthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
  d. s6 a/ B9 D( F8 y+ c" ?mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' U. A1 `) a; d' v  p3 Y5 ~# O
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; s, \; C4 i* i* b6 F- n8 N
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-# K4 J5 B1 q( y3 T
bly more common than the rare case report in the( y0 x2 R4 D2 l
literature.4
# `" P' z* I: A) a( H# I' @Patient Report
, N  h. S2 G9 W1 PA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
" x- {/ ?' v5 R, s0 i0 o8 P8 Fendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
8 {+ O/ X; v0 ^+ d3 c+ B# [of early sexual development. His mother noticed  `( R' E0 z, q1 I8 X
light colored pubic hair development when he was
4 L: B# v3 }$ b! I; p5 LFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; _. |& Z8 O9 r6 o! s4 }3 eSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
5 Z1 ^. P4 V  ?Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( M5 }; r! h; S! _+ mProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of/ v% Z% ~' i% q! I
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;% Y7 X$ b! u8 d/ W
e-mail: [email protected].8 p5 I0 b2 ^. C# z8 f
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( [; _$ x2 e* Q, ]- n
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
# l1 k* t( C3 p' `2 ~ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child* R! `  X+ N1 }& ?% w
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, U1 ?( {- `. Z) f' ~
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of# @9 L, ?. g" ~7 P
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 Q/ b! X' d: z: S  f2 Tof life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ q6 e  S# H0 U0 T$ `" d  W
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" y% r0 D$ d7 w9 c7 pand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
4 E% |4 |, r! [' R! V9 Dwas age appropriate." n' z3 A& L1 R& c( N
The family history was remarkable for the father,
( I: ~0 l/ N+ \9 w7 h- s5 c+ P8 }who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; E; m7 z1 a1 Awhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
: T$ ?/ Z! D# f3 S7 y, n! Yheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! @- I& Z  q$ `. @! Y8 ^; _early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.. F7 }9 F0 m( J- a/ C' i& ?! j& f
The father denied taking any other medication. The
5 v, n' b6 C1 \0 K" c/ |child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ o" {  a2 S0 f+ W8 c8 a5 dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet/ r& c2 j" l" m: `0 K1 N  v
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-9 r" R# K1 x0 z, @  r, P6 X
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 S; g7 O5 o% D: Rtives. There were no siblings.
+ ~. R+ ]; K$ s. r. ]& B( q5 Y( @Physical Examination1 v' x! F& Q2 o0 O4 j, \. Y
The physical examination revealed a very active,
" i4 U+ X  R. Q& U6 W! U0 |4 X" h( J, Xplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented# j( z% d, O' J( S9 i% s/ l& R' f( v
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% q7 Q2 d3 u0 ~% W. E
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 ]; Q8 U9 d& F' r/ M% R
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) v5 `& U7 }% Q$ W3 U
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of/ n8 c2 g; q, ]8 T1 x9 t
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.  t7 h( T- j- u& {- d+ S# Z. H. m
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for9 ], E' l( p, b; l' c4 Q* `- o
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- y* x" B- `+ t3 B0 T  b# i; @4 C( y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
2 m, [. E& z( Ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around. v; L$ E4 S# d' t' R  U3 v# D8 \
540
" E# `3 C" v1 Zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 D# |1 r/ P  o! g! U) b2 A* f2 K* athe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 I( h. s5 I4 z! s
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.! E% o& M. c  H/ U
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 g* q( ]4 ~3 P8 roily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
) K3 h% A- o% G  B3 Y" x7 Tabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; o3 R8 ^8 W- J6 Z6 N
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( K, F# P2 V! z/ K$ A2 B5 V6 bbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 F& {* @) i2 ^- T2 e: `  N
of papilledema.
) z6 N% A8 T2 q! O2 MLaboratory Evaluation1 ^3 p7 Y/ h/ T" g' ?$ d
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by0 t9 x7 B+ Y2 {  M  l
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 O  N' U$ @0 u6 G7 |: slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal# h# ]& _5 q3 B5 m9 W0 F
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" J2 ]3 @2 G( l( n
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 c! P+ {- \3 B: o0 h5 M) }0 O  Flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( H1 V0 _9 E5 q, ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
3 S! g- `( A0 Y8 d" Wurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# e6 W) S0 p! E9 u
within normal range for his age. The concentration
. M2 f0 v% b5 Q$ `+ d/ E8 ?of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
( _! y) a% ?/ Z! G7 S% F4 l& I1 G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20; O9 H* C% k* J8 I3 T( @
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-8 o/ d+ p8 h  \
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
, e+ m3 N/ }6 ]desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, p5 Q: S5 c( \7 f% U& F
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)2 B  ^/ V; J: B4 T. Y8 [
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
% r/ \$ P0 `/ w* g/ ~tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
% w8 |! Z3 r# \( C+ Dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ T' n8 k+ w: n. L4 U" nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 b& z9 O, z% M+ ]
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular) T( T+ n1 V8 g( T2 B
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 R; z% Z6 K& X' @/ M3 }& T# ]# l
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ V2 o+ D, A5 D(prepubertal).
/ ?) |3 T, _  `! A* [0 Y+ }The parents were notified about the laboratory8 j3 W+ u* n9 Q# Y. p
results and were informed that all of the tests were
, E; ?& k2 e: X# ^normal except the testosterone level was high. The8 a# c% n8 n" _% d: D5 [
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 z  V" k) _& Z$ b+ B) |' Gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-1 W1 v# K. W  K+ u6 k8 `9 R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. ]( r9 f* Q; q' Y: l! NPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
  J3 }* c4 P4 ?& l; rchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
# p4 G3 o- M9 U' W! O2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- h! J" _* C# D& c9 munchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 g7 S; r$ Z( q+ f  V6 Tpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, B1 f+ c& E8 `* Z3 D: t1 }2 Athe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
8 p* X& u% g) F7 R2 ~& bmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 r. F- N  f7 ?$ ^) [+ j
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 Y0 e0 C6 ?, s8 R; Xing frequent erections.
! f5 t; G/ l; `% S, U+ {# E! aBoth parents were again questioned about use of6 h5 C( Y' S' Y1 f, |5 _( p
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to6 w' x+ J8 r( T" N  ]
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the+ {" P( K! E$ `) W' e0 f
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 ?" K* G; \( ]& V* I5 _use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& e& ]  X3 ]: D% q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- X9 C3 U. E0 Y& Z5 X% xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! r. v- U  v: l8 vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 A/ I$ M$ c3 B( Yscribed by his family physician for decreased libido- o% Z, E3 B/ b( g8 |7 n
secondary to depression.
2 Z: ^, }; M7 w5 O2 G1 p6 hThe child slept in the same bed with parents.0 c( t4 z9 {, [  D4 s
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his. u" d8 x6 k1 f7 A/ i8 ~; x+ C
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-' `& G1 P- O- I; W. `
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% x% V, K) S2 |" c
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
" m" U7 v3 o8 L* W; hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
( S/ o/ h" w2 h+ awas high, he then read the product information
6 F0 q; l; g  `- Ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 |2 ]7 H& v' c$ `6 i& O, e5 D
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 i1 F4 D* r, T; x( Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the# j. t6 F5 K) e7 p1 |
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) U5 U: l) y9 Ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 ]; H/ L& `, h
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
" h( v. B( O2 _$ a" llaboratory to obtain the test.% @' p" u1 R$ \. m) F8 M( S
Discussion2 U1 l: u5 R  u3 `" K  w
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 N/ a6 J/ s. t1 }
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, Q; Z) v3 c1 p2 i# pPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; U% v( ?' [: o4 Y! l) Q3 U  x5 E5 `
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( K, }! V3 Q8 y: athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 a# F; M* S$ h, h# G" U4 O0 @: Pmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* |- C, \: ^4 ?  c$ X
may have a central nervous system lesion that is, J4 `( w; Q4 }5 M& u
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-  {* t/ t$ G) i# l+ m* C
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ D8 q5 O8 o: p% N! o  K# S
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# T* R1 e7 ^$ ^: l" {7 n/ Qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# K1 _4 V- W3 Q0 j5 [9 X  L
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% S% f  E% u) q( e' i9 Orical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
& g1 x& N, N% t4 P+ `gonadotropins.1,3
+ f0 B3 X, C7 H$ n2 i' hGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: I8 ~7 T, h8 M! H; r2 [2 zcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
7 Q4 c! w+ j8 U8 K  F& wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* I, t  D+ e1 l9 A. ~* A- Kexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-9 L  I, ]1 ^4 p  S9 l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. P" j$ d8 k4 X; a% F+ scongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
: h. ?+ h& T. l5 e4 @: ladrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
* k4 ]1 N7 o/ I1 c7 zpuberty in boys.3,45 c  A& C0 {7 R2 S% }' i! c# y
The most common form of congenital adrenal
: |8 ~- k' N6 I* P3 i, q# c2 n' {hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 z' ?; h4 }: q) G. K3 K/ L
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) g+ _% K$ C  ~* U4 Q5 kexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: p3 H3 m1 y6 m3 c4 @1 oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 H! i- p2 t. E# u( p
excess.1,3
; F. C7 ~: x1 \6 ?9 xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 }& V1 H4 i5 b1 c& R
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
/ u: |, ]1 S2 X7 aA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& y7 H$ M2 l2 `: `6 y6 dindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 J6 ~- s. f6 `( M$ f7 `5 mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) e$ j& A. C& S. i
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
0 o' F! [6 n7 W/ ^with this disorder are full pubertal development,
4 B  }+ Q: w$ G- |including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys- o) O1 j1 E+ }& c5 D
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 J! `3 _" T8 o0 Q, z) iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; X( \+ R' N" q! U; y7 e7 xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 U8 I* s) b' c% H- I! C9 Ireleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# ~0 _: W8 b6 Q9 N( g8 D6 `autosomal dominant disorder that affects only+ V1 p% w& C, ]% V, L8 U
males; therefore, other male members of the family; b5 ?2 z- c' N5 E2 ?/ k  r* B2 k5 f
may have similar precocious puberty.3* \8 e% G5 H  R) s
In our patient, physical examination was incon-# W! M3 A  _" W9 E* z" ]" K
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
# a1 f9 H. e" ?& icles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- M' ~! Z4 K  {: O5 p4 l# ?was in the differential diagnosis because his father: d+ O7 c' c( ~1 D- r- E
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,! K1 b& a1 c/ s. ~# l
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the# [+ Y& o2 v' L) H3 V* b
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 D7 E! ?% h5 Q2 h, g
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 B+ d$ a& x3 c' l3 B' o' Tbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, ]7 u2 C0 H  @; g) E
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" m7 r7 r. {5 t# A' y
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-1 f# P- `$ r9 P2 s# ^$ I+ g
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 X3 n/ R- |4 DThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly2 q/ T# i8 ]/ a0 {0 `* C$ x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because  \$ c. N$ V* Z4 ?+ S
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-$ N! m. \/ m4 L- M( P5 n
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( x, E, v1 J, m( ]. m6 C! ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
% X  f/ h4 R4 _! |# F! Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 h1 q3 K+ q, C7 o: A: |; f$ ]using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
: R' _( F* `/ g; vDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ H7 m& {7 R) u2 A! c
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% S, ]7 l0 O+ [( Y8 b5 ]unprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 m3 F2 V" r' d% B5 e  _, T( F( G
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ y8 }: e3 \2 q0 _  s$ M  Sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to% B6 g+ s6 Z( Y
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
/ M/ U( b& G$ ?+ wpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
* {; W( [& Q* I# |9 dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
8 p# U, e/ T. h* P. ^+ COur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,# P) i  N7 U# @
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that3 O# j' p+ B, x
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-# f+ S, d( d' J+ w/ L1 M- ~: ], `
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
, t- k* r- C/ I  lactive in young children exposed to testosterone! X8 T+ _9 T1 V9 e2 }! {
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; G- v5 Q. q( e5 C' Z
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* r% Y# z! G* }2 n2 A$ I
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 A0 C) f$ ]+ V6 j, H/ x* w
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 K3 b% J" I2 [, V2 wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 r: U/ T* l+ H! [2 j
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 W: G- y$ i% F* n5 Z2 rearly childhood on pubertal development and final5 G; \1 I- c+ n: V: O! m0 Q
adult height are not fully known and always remain' e2 @) r2 @8 f$ ^
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
) o" G2 c, {$ Q- sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
) g# t- r& S' d$ ~; j+ j6 Yacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 |- A% Y) y6 |1 J/ K5 ^cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
5 n" s0 _. f  [2 ^7 _. edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9# r. }+ p1 D: D( ~2 d+ d$ Y+ ]7 b
There are conflicting reports and controversy1 b( S- d+ O8 F
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
2 B& C1 T; y9 E0 Ipenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal1 ]4 s8 G. `6 v/ i% I
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# P$ s* U* I6 B( m3 }ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,8 }, x5 u5 O. O/ L* h  O- m9 j
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( K0 W+ z2 b8 G4 u* h" z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult) a$ }7 r+ R. f' ]+ U5 X* T7 r$ v
penile length in clinical studies.( P( k5 J3 |+ X: X/ F% Q
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ q6 ]% @0 f1 u! A) q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' ^: A/ @' q8 h+ @+ p& U/ B
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 O, s( l2 a7 E" L
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 }, A! J* Y$ u, H) VAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
# s& B/ O3 }$ g( Wdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, O+ S8 ?  @! B: N& b1 {the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 p& W/ k2 w/ j  O) b  T; G
height will not be affected.5 `. |8 ~# i2 b
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-2 D  ?4 ^# E( X: t* n5 G1 L# k1 ~
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 X, B: T; e, ^9 q% Y" Hindeed cause more virilization in male or female1 H+ E) W0 z4 u, {8 l2 s. }* v
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-3 ?9 v) j+ {+ Q0 B- ^2 F% ^! Y
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
/ e# B* l# g9 b! `tioning about the use of a testosterone product or  s5 [. G6 K1 Z* ]/ }
gel should be asked of the family members during" s# j0 _# \' l% Q3 \
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: G7 O) e# B; d+ V9 Dilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-) w) d; Z, R( N. @8 a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ Z9 A0 j9 p( s! c- }9 B; S  v. cappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 P% ^% l% Y6 j  g* O7 [history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 ^  b* s* x. Z' V, B
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
; ^7 r4 m5 N3 X4 D# z  n2 k- vinvestigation. The primary care physician should be) s. n5 j1 l- J$ T! B8 k
aware of this fact, because most of these children  e5 j2 u3 X) w* }
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
' U7 P+ t/ o) U" i& L- @' yDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
) U. a: K& |, ~* R' B4 C- n3 Owarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: R  n& f' r$ t$ g8 i! B- [  A: ^female child who might come in contact with some-
+ a/ V/ V' Q, h3 `% M+ F2 ~+ zone using any of these products.
7 @+ w3 G, O, a; \References, j$ v  |1 x* e# F+ y7 K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
. Q+ i8 H; e4 H, aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric3 k1 {9 Q7 L* j: n/ u% L! H
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, m% Z: I5 o# ^8 B2002: 565-628.
# Z1 a- O. T) _& G2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
+ O. `8 M+ C6 N5 v+ q6 {puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

( M  n: k7 J9 d' W精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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