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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
O/ q, O& f8 M5 c( G1 `+ U6 R0 YBoy Induced by Indirect Topical8 e8 |* s' p' ]2 ?7 J
Exposure to Testosterone8 m2 h S" k. g- j
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2* g4 a8 Z5 j0 p; l
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% w/ S% }. K `; q& xClinical Pediatrics& v$ h8 f9 e$ l6 i
Volume 46 Number 61 n5 e' z$ ^+ K# ?7 C
July 2007 540-543
4 c/ W9 ]9 x. F" T" {% v5 Z, K© 2007 Sage Publications( e' @% d5 J o: @! H, C
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 S) l% p6 d7 ]) u- Hhttp://clp.sagepub.com; g0 b0 d2 K- b% r- O
hosted at
2 J6 F9 q% m8 L, c0 k1 jhttp://online.sagepub.com8 y- w' l6 r! j) S% `
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
. @$ l/ u _: j, Zis a significant concern for physicians. Central
* [, [7 J, B5 V& B B; L+ Kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, q# R# N; E' n/ e& H& C; Fthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; C4 W" v8 |6 r2 E# h& D6 Y' \5 ^; K, va higher incidence of organic central nervous system
* q2 Z, c5 U4 ~lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 A0 I2 O, [ d* p1 {
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic2 S5 v0 J9 R7 B5 |1 t3 ^
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
, G6 k, a+ A* k* z1 Gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We J+ B G! l6 t+ A x
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the+ S; ~! o7 H/ c0 A7 a& L6 s! x
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, G/ J: g/ p, o3 [* T0 Gment without testicular enlargement, which was due' {5 E" ^# U+ V& X4 O! h, h6 L6 m
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
" Y8 i8 q) q6 _; |2 l& f) wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-' v, d! N4 i2 a' C: q: @ x) W: D
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& X t8 H$ C' _( o3 }, xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of3 J g* {" l% l+ a4 G2 q8 E$ t1 j7 L
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-% @3 }, o6 o: Y) u( \3 W& _; R: H$ I
bly more common than the rare case report in the, k4 S+ u! g0 ^! Q* S
literature.4
. r. R: i9 j P! ~7 k% i1 APatient Report
# k8 o* Z! i3 f- p% y7 `A 16-month-old white child was referred to the: \% W9 b! D! @2 h) A8 s/ v
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern4 A: ^3 K! N2 G/ g2 s4 i2 e
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 N7 D( J! y5 T! b; xlight colored pubic hair development when he was
! E) z- C( v9 u6 ?From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* n6 x0 u: O) V4 rSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ e; ?8 V2 e" \! M. mAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
3 Q1 v5 e; y$ d; s9 HProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 A2 o( t9 a- u- t: y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 v0 R/ m3 k, v7 F. K' @
e-mail: [email protected].5 v" Q% g& A: n" X* J3 e! C
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( S, X5 z" \6 `3 K6 m& x+ x- r
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-( ^- j% P+ p! b- E( @
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! m5 f# i& D1 B
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with7 g$ p, U8 `5 }! i
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
r, @! e! E3 t: [20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* `. B2 I; j8 ~1 @, O7 g wof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. O I9 P9 {" j9 b' ]4 o4 \9 Esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, w$ \4 z/ G: _! ~2 U& {$ U
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
1 k- A; N0 E( L @4 iwas age appropriate.7 I9 ^$ l6 z( x1 W) }: s' ^" b7 I
The family history was remarkable for the father,7 K8 r0 g5 z2 o$ p
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
f. v8 g4 H/ H5 K# T% p. c2 r2 Fwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s0 P9 ^! e- g) _, p- p' c, _( v, d+ E
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: g' U+ d1 p: a" L3 Z& u
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.- }8 B$ m: ]) K6 ]
The father denied taking any other medication. The1 q7 g( q/ z) N, O8 D7 E
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 [4 @4 _$ [+ Z8 ?, h
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet: F4 C0 P. J g5 B- w+ a
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-$ J5 u) |" ?$ b# p
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-- x0 ^8 _7 g! |- r' u# h
tives. There were no siblings.
% j! Y, r* k$ R# _! A& P8 X& p- bPhysical Examination g7 g9 L( X5 u! b
The physical examination revealed a very active,4 @# R4 w# g& m; c% H
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented2 L' s3 a( F4 _" l: F, Y0 T. j
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: ?6 {5 m" q4 a) m7 _
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: S( _. }$ D5 f0 |0 S(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# A3 O N2 j6 m) [/ Fvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
4 K1 x# [$ r1 N" w: y! Ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ s* i; |* I- _4 _0 M3 pThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for- g- D" F. i- q- B
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
+ N/ g& g. o% U0 f' u( y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ x5 x( Q! p7 [ T% t$ h# _# qdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, F/ f+ D, `* ~2 T8 x
540
0 ]. J, e3 W( ~/ D0 }1 a% nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. [# w( D; D- g Z
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
) O" f1 q! I9 V6 J' [: @testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' |1 B1 g! _, E3 n. N* D j
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ ]4 }5 W5 Z. N% w
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 ~9 |) m( n5 [# K0 |& |abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
1 z4 q: }# Y! U+ f" H0 s7 [# xNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 }+ t( |( T r2 obilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
?$ T" K, P9 y& N0 ?4 r! Tof papilledema.+ g; e/ J9 [- V, g) T6 C1 a
Laboratory Evaluation
: E' _, o' G2 Z. eThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, V' C5 x' T' Y6 Kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-0 S/ v: k+ I: }
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' x2 i7 t6 v3 }
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 G' `# D: ~5 @0 w5 N7 r) N' Q; mshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-8 l2 I. o3 J. ?& J
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 ^ |7 @" W8 y+ VThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood' P+ O' y7 i( `+ }9 X) V( ~
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
l% H+ _& U. vwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 N- z' J& b3 J( N5 W* |( z- j% Z2 Mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
1 A8 }* t6 d2 p n8 O(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 u% X! U( q: o% L; |2 T9 I
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ W5 g! R g5 Y6 |' z4 w4 E
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),5 |: z9 }" T4 L* y/ G( {: D
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to; y3 {1 p. o3 x# U9 w+ K
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 R4 G8 I9 L7 q+ i$ b1 Hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
$ y* K* C( \6 h+ {tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& _' ? W1 v! `7 a) e; l* F1 l7 V
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 W+ ]3 R0 @" \! X4 {
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than) f! a- d5 h, G( b N+ H' }3 c
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular, i! c8 y$ s+ v+ _- k
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone B Y$ e% K3 M/ H& h
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 ~. q" C' c' V
(prepubertal).) ^% ], c3 d' V5 U9 K
The parents were notified about the laboratory- R% ~' {, T6 U K
results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ w% r+ Y* A$ qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The _ h5 H% R9 S9 K2 G/ h
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to. Z/ h: L( n' L. j
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
+ a& q+ c0 R$ g& T7 Q! _7 `7 Pever, the family did not return for 4 months.
3 u3 `9 ~% ~4 P9 e y9 y8 ]Physical examination at this time revealed that the, x# v1 h) ]" Z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 r6 c0 [, M" ~7 b2 n2 ~2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
' N' K! T6 j( X& b" gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
2 T2 h* k0 a/ U# }) p( Kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at" `2 i3 |1 c; R( [" I$ O, F
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 24 r( D/ N# i' t) \
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. g0 ], X0 W3 T9 f9 tThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
) \4 o: @3 J/ Y; zing frequent erections.
+ S) N6 c+ C9 S/ k) M& J; C+ GBoth parents were again questioned about use of7 K5 _ @7 e$ i2 I5 X3 p# @: \
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 [! h/ ^+ z( Q! c# j7 ^the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
P6 c3 ]+ S; R* v0 E. ATopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; [' ^5 E3 F& M4 [" V, d/ |) Tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: v6 I, f: [4 Q& Ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 L# y8 @5 e; p
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 e, ?! G# O, U, Rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. [" U; P# A! x( L* i" J0 L7 nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ \9 j! s! ~1 s; o2 y; W Esecondary to depression.
6 u5 B% ^1 ]9 X# o y9 ~4 FThe child slept in the same bed with parents.4 R1 f$ k1 k I/ a' m4 ^
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( G I. u. t$ U% q* Schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
4 M( D6 A( T" \( Enificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. L# F/ F* J, q1 ^- N$ n
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
0 v! U# n9 x. Vwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby3 ?# @$ L. _) s1 d0 j
was high, he then read the product information
) Q) A3 W9 n' N/ Gpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-4 o7 x0 a3 n6 Y1 s: \! X
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 v0 K, T$ S8 _4 v5 d9 F
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ D$ ]6 y! y, H, F' L4 ^father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 M' z, |, r. \6 Jbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ `+ B/ ]; r" x- utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, l9 O4 r* r) ~; w' Z, J# vlaboratory to obtain the test.1 `' }4 b7 P/ A1 q8 Q/ e: j
Discussion2 O% S* S: j; e+ r" I
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" c5 k* V/ B4 O0 ^7 `0 Y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4/ W Z- f2 f# E
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 T: c" C7 S1 \/ C) q. vit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-4 E0 _/ m: g/ n: \. P& t& F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 U7 \5 b! l" t3 H) `mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP- |/ H# h, B: `: l6 A7 T/ h U
may have a central nervous system lesion that is* ?$ q: G- @* [( \
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-2 `" D1 S/ W' Y5 S" r, ^% }
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 k+ M- z! _) O2 O/ n4 D
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in0 i! @ A7 y5 ]7 _6 z+ F2 N* h
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-; T8 w1 z( ?8 {' r& S" k
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
9 p: s5 c% h- J3 O' \5 erical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: x- }2 a9 \" E$ K" c8 }" tgonadotropins.1,3
* D# I: X" G2 j, k- eGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
8 a3 k7 i ]# C6 I; i% I* Qcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
7 P+ }& V9 x# d5 e9 }+ X. `$ xandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 g9 T9 G, `% e. ?" y# W* Eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
6 X% G5 P/ ^7 }/ v! h0 C" yulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing$ v l7 T% {7 w# G6 t
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
5 c1 l# R& N5 s) ~adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# r2 l; }, P: `puberty in boys.3,4
. ?8 O" R6 M; }. yThe most common form of congenital adrenal
, B0 Q' u: Y' f8 Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
7 t! t- Y$ F# Y4 L1 ]9 M6 H$ tThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ X) r9 s7 u) q6 ]6 X7 |2 _excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( @( G* K, W' {7 l$ d
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ A, K l* \- w8 }1 l. X4 ]excess.1,3: E$ M% s4 R8 d2 M6 ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) o8 R8 c! t9 ?- S$ n8 K) N542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' w- t1 P0 l( c5 Y0 DA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* c* H7 {9 T1 W$ V$ Tindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
5 l1 R' R% n I) r! g. @( [as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
0 ]' z5 v# ^% r" `) G( Vvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
* i V! Q1 Z, X) L( T- z/ K8 o* d; Xwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 G/ d6 o5 T8 d3 {! U" M- A1 G v% Q% [including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. A# e. I' o8 Y8 P2 H* u/ a
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 p0 d3 J6 ^: Y- P6 @. R
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
9 ]1 J$ n/ M8 X! X+ bpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-, ^' q7 Q$ [1 V- s
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked& U) T8 ?+ B/ ]1 [/ D
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only l2 t; @6 q/ |
males; therefore, other male members of the family
A* }# W" R2 w! k" Z, @may have similar precocious puberty.3
1 n/ f5 k P7 `& ~3 `In our patient, physical examination was incon-5 a8 \8 C$ Z$ V3 M4 U2 [$ M
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 h/ O+ V5 u* }* Z: Y
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# F( U' d3 y* p) fwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
( ~, j/ b4 P" t, t, u* Estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
2 m9 ?% c! B9 I$ }7 Dtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 Z% V1 d ?% }% Zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ s0 x3 d1 B& Q/ Y' y0 q0 b# F* I, M: t8 m
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- F6 @8 a" N8 |; }- q( j! Rbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
: }. y8 v) O1 \: T, A/ I" T: Z4 ^either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase8 D7 D3 v; a* B+ W
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
; y) F m: k: x g1 M4 {6 iing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* E8 T: W* ~5 L7 | Q/ CThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly* a* h3 c* ] ^( g4 J
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 T. ]$ Z' [1 V# H- Z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 ]/ m6 t P6 Q; N! [
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 ~& Y$ q; b3 \4 l, j
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% N$ j+ l: l& r& z* l! @
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 i% w( P3 U* Z" ^* E
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’! K: Z) u' ^, P; t# ~. O
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or# t# d/ B8 L. O
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 q5 j0 z1 h/ d' [1 F7 G- V* Munprotected females through direct skin exposure.
4 G1 x8 i& R, y" SSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
( E5 z. L7 ]2 _ _ s+ Mbaseline value in those females who were exposed to7 Z% H+ W5 C' d3 ~
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
# M: _# g, ^1 ^4 n- Zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! A3 P8 f9 C. i( ?8 ytion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; W$ J- e5 a, ]' U& l/ {: q
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 U1 K* {0 t3 r& `& Q. r4 b! @8 w
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' Y% r9 d: q# \
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
! n: a6 U( L5 jterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more3 m5 F, E& o. E7 C& @6 d& u! b
active in young children exposed to testosterone$ d6 Q( v: J! b: V
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ M- B2 `$ j' E8 Hdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to4 Y- p$ S2 E. W2 s5 _0 |& t, Y# q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 A2 U; b" d! ]# X0 `7 v% Bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and$ b# E* F: j% f; c5 \
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) T8 Y3 C- A% K( u* h9 w4 F; u
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% z. q) y9 S3 ]- B$ q% [. f8 iearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& W" A: N; P; j3 s5 d5 \9 \% C& Tadult height are not fully known and always remain
- t1 M1 g D5 M# |# ta concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% S( \; I* V5 ^! v; Q
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some4 U! M a: b) y) s0 t
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after6 J3 ?/ u4 e3 ?# R3 y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation L. \2 x8 S4 u# e" P1 L
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
! u( U: u) k% R9 J1 UThere are conflicting reports and controversy
( _2 {" j* K* mover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ l, a+ F7 a" w3 G5 Z- \penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 K7 b3 e* G$ h4 |" X% B' C
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
6 L8 v- {! _% v- j% A; B; n2 Sulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
6 k+ p5 q4 R5 u& D! @/ f2 NSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ K- M& `6 b' @ a$ P) I4 @1 Vchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, d# m: Z* p( V1 M
penile length in clinical studies.. _* K/ x' q) L: [, F& d- ~" \+ `) D' a
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
( F5 A N. t# e! ?going to experience any of the untoward effects from: R' n7 [9 R, ]) Q) [! _/ X% O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because8 A+ `8 g# M3 `7 e% U' w
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.9 n9 M* u& @. E+ n2 G+ k
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of) `$ [- N1 Y! j' U. M0 s! j
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' g% t6 m8 C/ ^ S
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
* U7 s; Y, u$ y1 ]4 qheight will not be affected.
& e+ A/ b P, A# aAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 {+ k" e5 P& |- {( s. j
ability of androgen products in our society may u2 w" b8 |4 I! {% a
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 y, P1 i. x' x V7 F2 I: Cchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro- k6 Y3 W& D# p) |; l
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
. v& N" x, l2 W* {2 W, mtioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 G% a$ W1 b( J8 P% p1 P }
gel should be asked of the family members during! l* T- I, t4 |3 B' p( ]" e
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-( ^& Q% w- { g0 |- E+ l1 o) ?
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 R7 L' j% n5 F0 V' I6 s9 P
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 [; ?8 @; S% \" ?2 V: E5 U
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 F- s) h* R( `1 T7 V) e& Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) |- Z" |3 c) n* W. U
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
9 [' J$ Z% S z1 @investigation. The primary care physician should be' O& k3 ^/ s7 y1 l$ P
aware of this fact, because most of these children! \) F1 P( C# c9 d& U$ ^) b
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( G# g% t, ?, r
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a$ @5 j$ J/ {# l
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( h7 X( U" Q# y6 K8 yfemale child who might come in contact with some-
3 G" C: \6 P: p: Xone using any of these products.( M( `2 |( Q. y* o
References' [2 ]8 ]' [) K3 v+ q& B
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& G) S; L* a) z
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( I1 H/ Z! e5 Y$ Q' I" @Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" C6 e( R! z Y) Y1 n* V
2002: 565-628.
& h- j Z, u' S6 e p5 _6 s' l# y( M2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* a) j) r5 \* o! ?9 cpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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