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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
& i: w5 ]) i# u/ V* z- j# F6 iBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
7 }& U: Y5 M7 B) N6 d4 @3 [+ B( qExposure to Testosterone2 t2 K4 X5 v. ~) [
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 ]+ h/ t- T7 D2 V0 D( \% @
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ Z' E) J1 S8 ]7 X* `+ t' zClinical Pediatrics( K% p; _; s& ~0 f7 c' p
Volume 46 Number 6/ f" n( Z: M1 {% A' b, q
July 2007 540-543
/ A& q# r+ r" K' _© 2007 Sage Publications
8 [* Z8 |, y R9 z10.1177/00099228062966517 J' Y( C% o5 m
http://clp.sagepub.com
- M$ [# f+ D- _2 M& u2 B7 dhosted at+ w; G; q- }( I4 o+ [) c
http://online.sagepub.com% k: K9 {9 }8 T* U; s: r+ Z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" X# d5 J) Q+ }4 R* j% i$ Tis a significant concern for physicians. Central( H" g4 b" j, z, K. C) g
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated5 N: ~ M* c V" Z" e) [
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has1 C' {4 g( ?7 j' c8 z9 q9 R- z
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 E n6 C5 n h5 M! t
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 p' c7 E+ p, C) X" A0 @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
@; ? z% D8 I2 Hhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
0 D$ T) r$ W9 m. V [2 Q0 tcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ o% M( F! J, ]7 h
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the* P& G# w' }) F9 E7 U, i0 Z, \
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, p$ l& }7 s) n6 `ment without testicular enlargement, which was due& r! h8 q; e& _4 U
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# K, k% l1 t/ [0 W& Bthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
d. s6 a/ B9 D( F8 y+ c" ?mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' U. A1 `) a; d' v p3 Y5 ~# O
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; s, \; C4 i* i* b6 F- n8 N
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-# K4 J5 B1 q( y3 T
bly more common than the rare case report in the( y0 x2 R4 D2 l
literature.4
# `" P' z* I: A) a( H# I' @Patient Report
, N h. S2 G9 W1 PA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
" x- {/ ?' v5 R, s0 i0 o8 P8 Fendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
8 {+ O/ X; v0 ^+ d3 c+ B# [of early sexual development. His mother noticed `( R' E0 z, q1 I8 X
light colored pubic hair development when he was
4 L: B# v3 }$ b! I; p5 LFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; _. |& Z8 O9 r6 o! s4 }3 eSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
5 Z1 ^. P4 V ?Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( M5 }; r! h; S! _+ mProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of/ v% Z% ~' i% q! I
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;% Y7 X$ b! u8 d/ W
e-mail: [email protected].8 p5 I0 b2 ^. C# z8 f
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( [; _$ x2 e* Q, ]- n
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
# l1 k* t( C3 p' `2 ~ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child* R! ` X+ N1 }& ?% w
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, U1 ?( {- `. Z) f' ~
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of# @9 L, ?. g" ~7 P
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 Q/ b! X' d: z: S f2 Tof life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ q6 e S# H0 U0 T$ `" d W
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" y% r0 D$ d7 w9 c7 pand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
4 E% |4 |, r! [' R! V9 Dwas age appropriate." n' z3 A& L1 R& c( N
The family history was remarkable for the father,
( I: ~0 l/ N+ \9 w7 h- s5 c+ P8 }who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; E; m7 z1 a1 Awhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
: T$ ?/ Z! D# f3 S7 y, n! Yheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! @- I& Z q$ `. @! Y8 ^; _early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.. F7 }9 F0 m( J- a/ C' i& ?! j& f
The father denied taking any other medication. The
5 v, n' b6 C1 \0 K" c/ |child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ o" { a2 S0 f+ W8 c8 a5 dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet/ r& c2 j" l" m: `0 K1 N v
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-9 r" R# K1 x0 z, @ r, P6 X
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 S; g7 O5 o% D: Rtives. There were no siblings.
+ ~. R+ ]; K$ s. r. ]& B( q5 Y( @Physical Examination1 v' x! F& Q2 o0 O4 j, \. Y
The physical examination revealed a very active,
" i4 U+ X R. Q& U6 W! U0 |4 X" h( J, Xplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented# j( z% d, O' J( S9 i% s/ l& R' f( v
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% q7 Q2 d3 u0 ~% W. E
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 ]; Q8 U9 d& F' r/ M% R
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) v5 `& U7 }% Q$ W3 U
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of/ n8 c2 g; q, ]8 T1 x9 t
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement. t7 h( T- j- u& {- d+ S# Z. H. m
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for9 ], E' l( p, b; l' c4 Q* `- o
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- y* x" B- `+ t3 B0 T b# i; @4 C( y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
2 m, [. E& z( Ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around. v; L$ E4 S# d' t' R U3 v# D8 \
540
" E# `3 C" v1 Zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 D# |1 r/ P o! g! U) b2 A* f2 K* athe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 I( h. s5 I4 z! s
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.! E% o& M. c H/ U
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 g* q( ]4 ~3 P8 roily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
) K3 h% A- o% G B3 Y" x7 Tabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; o3 R8 ^8 W- J6 Z6 N
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( K, F# P2 V! z/ K$ A2 B5 V6 bbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 F& {* @) i2 ^- T2 e: ` N
of papilledema.
) z6 N% A8 T2 q! O2 MLaboratory Evaluation1 ^3 p7 Y/ h/ T" g' ?$ d
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by0 t9 x7 B+ Y2 { M l
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 O N' U$ @0 u6 G7 |: slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal# h# ]& _5 q3 B5 m9 W0 F
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" J2 ]3 @2 G( l( n
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 c! P+ {- \3 B: o0 h5 M) }0 O Flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( H1 V0 _9 E5 q, ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
3 S! g- `( A0 Y8 d" Wurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# e6 W) S0 p! E9 u
within normal range for his age. The concentration
. M2 f0 v% b5 Q$ `+ d/ E8 ?of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
( _! y) a% ?/ Z! G7 S% F4 l& I1 G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20; O9 H* C% k* J8 I3 T( @
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-8 o/ d+ p8 h \
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
, e+ m3 N/ }6 ]desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, p5 Q: S5 c( \7 f% U& F
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)2 B ^/ V; J: B4 T. Y8 [
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
% r/ \$ P0 `/ w* g/ ~tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
% w8 |! Z3 r# \( C+ Dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ T' n8 k+ w: n. L4 U" nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 b& z9 O, z% M+ ]
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular) T( T+ n1 V8 g( T2 B
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 R; z% Z6 K& X' @/ M3 }& T# ]# l
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ V2 o+ D, A5 D(prepubertal).
/ ?) |3 T, _ `! A* [0 Y+ }The parents were notified about the laboratory8 j3 W+ u* n9 Q# Y. p
results and were informed that all of the tests were
, E; ?& k2 e: X# ^normal except the testosterone level was high. The8 a# c% n8 n" _% d: D5 [
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 z V" k) _& Z$ b+ B) |' Gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-1 W1 v# K. W K+ u6 k8 `9 R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. ]( r9 f* Q; q' Y: l! NPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
J3 }* c4 P4 ?& l; rchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
# p4 G3 o- M9 U' W! O2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- h! J" _* C# D& c9 munchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 g7 S; r$ Z( q+ f V6 Tpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, B1 f+ c& E8 `* Z3 D: t1 }2 Athe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
8 p* X& u% g) F7 R2 ~& bmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 r. F- N f7 ?$ ^) [+ j
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 Y0 e0 C6 ?, s8 R; Xing frequent erections.
! f5 t; G/ l; `% S, U+ {# E! aBoth parents were again questioned about use of6 h5 C( Y' S' Y1 f, |5 _( p
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to6 w' x+ J8 r( T" N ]
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the+ {" P( K! E$ `) W' e0 f
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 ?" K* G; \( ]& V* I5 _use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& e& ] X3 ]: D% q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- X9 C3 U. E0 Y& Z5 X% xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! r. v- U v: l8 vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 A/ I$ M$ c3 B( Yscribed by his family physician for decreased libido- o% Z, E3 B/ b( g8 |7 n
secondary to depression.
2 Z: ^, }; M7 w5 O2 G1 p6 hThe child slept in the same bed with parents.0 c( t4 z9 {, [ D4 s
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his. u" d8 x6 k1 f7 A/ i8 ~; x+ C
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-' `& G1 P- O- I; W. `
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% x% V, K) S2 |" c
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
" m" U7 v3 o8 L* W; hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
( S/ o/ h" w2 h+ awas high, he then read the product information
6 F0 q; l; g `- Ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 |2 ]7 H& v' c$ `6 i& O, e5 D
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 i1 F4 D* r, T; x( Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the# j. t6 F5 K) e7 p1 |
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) U5 U: l) y9 Ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 ]; H/ L& `, h
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
" h( v. B( O2 _$ a" llaboratory to obtain the test.% @' p" u1 R$ \. m) F8 M( S
Discussion2 U1 l: u5 R u3 `" K w
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 N/ a6 J/ s. t1 }
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, Q; Z) v3 c1 p2 i# pPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; U% v( ?' [: o4 Y! l) Q3 U x5 E5 `
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( K, }! V3 Q8 y: athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 a# F; M* S$ h, h# G" U4 O0 @: Pmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* |- C, \: ^4 ? c$ X
may have a central nervous system lesion that is, J4 `( w; Q4 }5 M& u
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal- {* t/ t$ G) i# l+ m* C
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ D8 q5 O8 o: p% N! o K# S
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# T* R1 e7 ^$ ^: l" {7 n/ Qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# K1 _4 V- W3 Q0 j5 [9 X L
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% S% f E% u) q( e' i9 Orical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
& g1 x& N, N% t4 P+ `gonadotropins.1,3
+ f0 B3 X, C7 H$ n2 i' hGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: I8 ~7 T, h8 M! H; r2 [2 zcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
7 Q4 c! w+ j8 U8 K F& wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* I, t D+ e1 l9 A. ~* A- Kexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-9 L I, ]1 ^4 p S9 l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. P" j$ d8 k4 X; a% F+ scongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
: h. ?+ h& T. l5 e4 @: ladrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
* k4 ]1 N7 o/ I1 c7 zpuberty in boys.3,45 c A& C0 {7 R2 S% }' i! c# y
The most common form of congenital adrenal
: |8 ~- k' N6 I* P3 i, q# c2 n' {hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 z' ?; h4 }: q) G. K3 K/ L
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) g+ _% K$ C ~* U4 Q5 kexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: p3 H3 m1 y6 m3 c4 @1 oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 H! i- p2 t. E# u( p
excess.1,3
; F. C7 ~: x1 \6 ?9 xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 }& V1 H4 i5 b1 c& R
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
/ u: |, ]1 S2 X7 aA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& y7 H$ M2 l2 `: `6 y6 dindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 J6 ~- s. f6 `( M$ f7 `5 mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) e$ j& A. C& S. i
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
0 o' F! [6 n7 W/ ^with this disorder are full pubertal development,
4 B }+ Q: w$ G- |including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys- o) O1 j1 E+ }& c5 D
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 J! `3 _" T8 o0 Q, z) iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; X( \+ R' N" q! U; y7 e7 xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 U8 I* s) b' c% H- I! C9 Ireleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# ~0 _: W8 b6 Q9 N( g8 D6 `autosomal dominant disorder that affects only+ V1 p% w& C, ]% V, L8 U
males; therefore, other male members of the family; b5 ?2 z- c' N5 E2 ?/ k r* B2 k5 f
may have similar precocious puberty.3* \8 e% G5 H R) s
In our patient, physical examination was incon-# W! M3 A _" W9 E* z" ]" K
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
# a1 f9 H. e" ?& icles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- M' ~! Z4 K {: O5 p4 l# ?was in the differential diagnosis because his father: d+ O7 c' c( ~1 D- r- E
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,! K1 b& a1 c/ s. ~# l
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the# [+ Y& o2 v' L) H3 V* b
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 D7 E! ?% h5 Q2 h, g
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 B+ d$ a& x3 c' l3 B' o' Tbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, ]7 u2 C0 H @; g) E
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" m7 r7 r. {5 t# A' y
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-1 f# P- `$ r9 P2 s# ^$ I+ g
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 X3 n/ R- |4 DThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly2 q/ T# i8 ]/ a0 {0 `* C$ x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because \$ c. N$ V* Z4 ?+ S
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-$ N! m. \/ m4 L- M( P5 n
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( x, E, v1 J, m( ]. m6 C! ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
% X f/ h4 R4 _! |# F! Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 h1 q3 K+ q, C7 o: A: |; f$ ]using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
: R' _( F* `/ g; vDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ H7 m& {7 R) u2 A! c
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% S, ]7 l0 O+ [( Y8 b5 ]unprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 m3 F2 V" r' d% B5 e _, T( F( G
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ y8 }: e3 \2 q0 _ s$ M Sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to% B6 g+ s6 Z( Y
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
/ M/ U( b& G$ ?+ wpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
* {; W( [& Q* I# |9 dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
8 p# U, e/ T. h* P. ^+ COur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,# P) i N7 U# @
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that3 O# j' p+ B, x
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-# f+ S, d( d' J+ w/ L1 M- ~: ], `
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
, t- k* r- C/ I lactive in young children exposed to testosterone! X8 T+ _9 T1 V9 e2 }! {
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; G- v5 Q. q( e5 C' Z
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* r% Y# z! G* }2 n2 A$ I
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 A0 C) f$ ]+ V6 j, H/ x* w
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 K3 b% J" I2 [, V2 wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 r: U/ T* l+ H! [2 j
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 W: G- y$ i% F* n5 Z2 rearly childhood on pubertal development and final5 G; \1 I- c+ n: V: O! m0 Q
adult height are not fully known and always remain' e2 @) r2 @8 f$ ^
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
) o" G2 c, {$ Q- sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
) g# t- r& S' d$ ~; j+ j6 Yacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 |- A% Y) y6 |1 J/ K5 ^cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
5 n" s0 _. f [2 ^7 _. edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9# r. }+ p1 D: D( ~2 d+ d$ Y+ ]7 b
There are conflicting reports and controversy1 b( S- d+ O8 F
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
2 B& C1 T; y9 E0 Ipenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal1 ]4 s8 G. `6 v/ i% I
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# P$ s* U* I6 B( m3 }ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,8 }, x5 u5 O. O/ L* h O- m9 j
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( K0 W+ z2 b8 G4 u* h" z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult) a$ }7 r+ R. f' ]+ U5 X* T7 r$ v
penile length in clinical studies.( P( k5 J3 |+ X: X/ F% Q
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ q6 ]% @0 f1 u! A) q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' ^: A/ @' q8 h+ @+ p& U/ B
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 O, s( l2 a7 E" L
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 }, A! J* Y$ u, H) VAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
# s& B/ O3 }$ g( Wdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, O+ S8 ? @! B: N& b1 {the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 p& W/ k2 w/ j O) b T; G
height will not be affected.5 `. |8 ~# i2 b
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-2 D ?4 ^# E( X: t* n5 G1 L# k1 ~
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 X, B: T; e, ^9 q% Y" Hindeed cause more virilization in male or female1 H+ E) W0 z4 u, {8 l2 s. }* v
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-3 ?9 v) j+ {+ Q0 B- ^2 F% ^! Y
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
/ e# B* l# g9 b! `tioning about the use of a testosterone product or s5 [. G6 K1 Z* ]/ }
gel should be asked of the family members during" s# j0 _# \' l% Q3 \
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: G7 O) e# B; d+ V9 Dilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-) w) d; Z, R( N. @8 a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ Z9 A0 j9 p( s! c- }9 B; S v. cappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 P% ^% l% Y6 j g* O7 [history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 ^ b* s* x. Z' V, B
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
; ^7 r4 m5 N3 X4 D# z n2 k- vinvestigation. The primary care physician should be) s. n5 j1 l- J$ T! B8 k
aware of this fact, because most of these children e5 j2 u3 X) w* }
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
' U7 P+ t/ o) U" i& L- @' yDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
) U. a: K& |, ~* R' B4 C- n3 Owarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: R n& f' r$ t$ g8 i! B- [ A: ^female child who might come in contact with some-
+ a/ V/ V' Q, h3 `% M+ F2 ~+ zone using any of these products.
7 @+ w3 G, O, a; \References, j$ v |1 x* e# F+ y7 K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
. Q+ i8 H; e4 H, aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric3 k1 {9 Q7 L* j: n/ u% L! H
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, m% Z: I5 o# ^8 B2002: 565-628.
# Z1 a- O. T) _& G2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
+ O. `8 M+ C6 N5 v+ q6 {puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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