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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( O% G; q! y+ nBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
) f7 X: V! k/ j% H# pExposure to Testosterone* S8 w2 g- k  p8 S0 l
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,26 Q3 u& _, X/ g0 A, c, d/ _
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
8 W# {8 t* ]& ?! v) T$ _4 v$ a# VClinical Pediatrics3 w# P; x4 t- l
Volume 46 Number 6) a& c. s7 D" g0 t4 h
July 2007 540-543
3 A- Y- I* Q* d/ n# X/ E© 2007 Sage Publications; {+ v8 e: u# p+ s7 ~, g- S" j
10.1177/0009922806296651
% H% ?( `& X* @" f& Q: N* F" N2 Shttp://clp.sagepub.com2 w, u, h) f0 o
hosted at
0 Q$ R+ x  P. N( E" p: M' thttp://online.sagepub.com: t. P% ~' B7 d' k" R1 i& \5 M! d0 t
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,% r- e) D! e# F$ E. K% P
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
( i' g- ^0 D* lprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated/ y! l) Y% `) K( U- P: r* a/ Z
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
3 `& [* u4 M9 ~a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 ?$ Y& H3 o- R, {, alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ e: C. T. h3 p% k
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 K7 q  w+ ^! H2 M3 J* ?6 Y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, F+ f( m/ W8 [3 r2 C+ S
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We! j& I2 T/ }1 F$ i: I. f
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  T- A# C% R2 Z$ |4 |: A. B' penlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
4 }& g! F. m: @" E: t6 I7 `6 b4 Lment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: L, ~  X' n. ~: d& A* H0 `6 s3 _4 ]to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by& G7 [# D2 n5 U, A* o
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
$ X* D% V1 _5 v+ [, ]mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this) d4 U; @/ f9 `
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
/ u" H  E7 Y2 X! Y2 xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 h) x( Z" V( T6 z. j/ t6 Kbly more common than the rare case report in the
/ s3 C) G2 n% pliterature.4
% ?; d- G$ W2 ?- B4 f+ ?Patient Report. J0 p- {% ?+ u6 ?. ]
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the2 k& \, ]3 s  L0 ^- F
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern* x" k6 a, [- B; B9 v
of early sexual development. His mother noticed$ V+ l- b6 \# `" E( z
light colored pubic hair development when he was8 {  Z, q! E" m  S
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; T+ ]+ A' y# a% q' oSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% ^2 C1 A8 E' @6 GAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' W7 c; x# ?0 k" x1 a
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
2 u" D; }" k, d: pMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ O9 _; j# r+ l6 ve-mail: [email protected].7 ^" K' U2 c9 B# D
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
8 E  [' I4 O. x1 }! N# Udarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 a% L) L& i/ F+ Bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
, G( @9 o0 V) z' Fwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with! w2 ?9 ?, E3 b) X: D9 D8 l
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
- E5 R; l( M% U8 R4 i20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 V$ z# h8 n( K# y3 G7 F( I
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
8 k0 ?8 G( e& I: fsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
: `3 R9 |( e  ?" `. c/ @and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
& A; r8 t0 |- B* W! w: uwas age appropriate.* k, }- K, A9 p8 `% ]) s1 |
The family history was remarkable for the father,
7 m( S% Y5 k; Z4 Lwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
7 D5 S! y, \1 f/ L2 _6 Ewhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
9 S2 R) C: I( m8 T& `height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! s3 j/ v0 I& z) d* U" |# c5 Y7 bearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.. T+ D+ ~- l, I& y$ D. v
The father denied taking any other medication. The3 S5 G- X! w0 n% L1 k/ c
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
4 F& F3 N( L9 y7 J: Z1 bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet0 d2 ?! V* D1 H4 H$ x
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 @# A! y/ r1 d" T5 s7 v/ \+ @
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-9 G" j$ K) i3 h/ Q4 Q# D- |" ]
tives. There were no siblings.
4 M* ]; D; L& d4 [: C8 ~( E( sPhysical Examination
3 M' B! Z5 h2 L, T# zThe physical examination revealed a very active,& m; c" U) n6 ^! u% A9 F
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented- E; k/ D$ b( E4 I( z- X: g- O9 n
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 l% k# K1 f3 f90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 P: L4 m! j# a" B* a) S$ \4 u+ @(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth( z. M0 m. [7 L) e) N
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 g) T) D3 N, {the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
# ~2 k7 T; t$ ], f0 t4 y/ A* X8 _! F% cThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for0 l; D7 R" G6 \4 [% ~/ G& v
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
; l9 c1 s& s4 C9 m8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& A! t7 m6 _7 v7 |+ {developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
- n1 B5 r( E( N540* h: _. E9 }3 E3 m* H: C0 K, }
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 W  H% k' s* m- T4 V3 p) w
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 k7 J  h# i; b/ a6 R$ R7 `testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 D8 j' K# b" |( Y- \* SThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 b' K" O  L6 `$ ^3 J. J# i% [  Z8 ioily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no4 d: j8 Y0 o, p2 O! K
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! k9 Q) _/ j4 W7 ZNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& ^  d8 W1 s+ S. ]+ T1 e; Y2 c3 V$ F
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, S/ M3 O- d/ x+ Y
of papilledema.: \7 j* |. ]" }
Laboratory Evaluation
2 O5 ]% C7 u5 _9 v2 z, SThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by9 {2 I' @1 _  W5 e" l
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
! [) @3 i/ ?9 |logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal0 v5 S* @, \' h- q
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& R8 J3 F' B: r+ r- z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
  b, S/ f! s" Z1 }' H" V; E) clating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).8 w" C1 ]4 G3 Z
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ \0 j6 ~0 q" j* R/ `
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
( E( P' U$ ~6 r1 {& a$ Zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration( h) i8 M% i, c  l$ A* x5 _
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ |% R0 D5 ?- q( Y: h(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20) G1 q0 S& j1 @, i# W! F
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 \. A8 d8 p% t; c, |terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; D: U# x! ~0 z. E( w& G3 j
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
( x& D. L$ {/ V! {- Y- U49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)$ C  W1 k1 t1 L# N, b5 B, Q+ H  q
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: g4 ^; \  M6 p
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 {3 N; G% S' L# b6 h, \& O" U4 `testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),$ G; M0 O" F3 {' T
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than$ Y- `; t0 V4 M5 G' Y
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular; O! }  q2 b* W6 N% j# S2 i4 b
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 s  p1 O$ E+ O8 wconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
( d) G; `' m) N& R* H* ?(prepubertal).% Y7 @7 I7 b& W: w8 d$ J2 _+ J
The parents were notified about the laboratory
+ }2 _5 J( ?: N1 h1 Q' ?results and were informed that all of the tests were( @, c9 l6 K) U5 h' ^4 I( F
normal except the testosterone level was high. The# [$ s* R) [0 L4 K' B4 ^  [
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
8 d; x% k3 `! I; N, S' w. bobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ q9 h9 C& O/ q5 p' Bever, the family did not return for 4 months.
; {6 ~& W+ ]5 A7 e: q8 dPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
6 \6 Q# K8 m1 l/ G1 Cchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  C8 l) T6 H: X, d$ n% l* E& O& ]( ~2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) y% G  Q) I) _- Y% F4 X- i. E* S
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 G7 {9 e) S8 e9 S& t2 G2 @1 upletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
# x& b& G: m5 P( v5 U4 z  c7 @" vthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
/ r; V2 |" Q$ ~$ ^# ?7 K/ ?4 m% pmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.9 X  a' N' T* z/ Q) x
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 i, N# x9 s; t  c& z
ing frequent erections.
5 M5 Z2 S9 s" G0 [2 J5 mBoth parents were again questioned about use of& U& [# B. q" T* z8 g/ ^6 e
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 ]2 d' a# B0 S* S& j' i
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the5 V$ X1 \% }! {) p. @
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
7 z, q9 d2 O. T% i' w9 N. l; Iuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-0 g/ C0 C- |% I+ P( C4 }
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
, i9 {9 Z$ u# ra year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed2 `- q% X" g0 j
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
( C" e1 j. S; t# Z, B) {0 C( L! W6 uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 @& n% H, f' Dsecondary to depression.
8 p4 T& z, n" S( j) `The child slept in the same bed with parents.
# c4 j) Q, v. O- M0 W; P8 P1 \The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 X. G% s+ X4 M8 G# f; Vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ V8 n! v4 w" ]2 d6 b, `
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, T! m1 [) s/ J" I& [. w& FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
" b$ k- Q& o2 E3 t/ t2 o9 F4 Hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
% P! G9 k( b- _, j1 pwas high, he then read the product information
% S9 m9 W6 N& M5 [6 V. d3 \packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 ^2 H9 N* B% j' N+ m5 hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they/ U) D1 g" `. k
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the: Y" w: K/ L4 d; n1 }
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 [( p' ^# L5 a7 D3 }been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 A8 O. S) c2 Q# v& p8 I: ?
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) Q, ~" v% Y! S$ k/ X+ y$ ilaboratory to obtain the test.
% m: b% `# i, c: L! Z8 hDiscussion! O2 K( A* o' S2 N8 y
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 k9 j. {  @6 V  q, L: Fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 U- R' `+ z3 ]
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: v" n! R5 v; e! W+ u
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
: e4 B6 C4 H  J$ T; F  H/ m  x* Jthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-  }" r2 a# \% y! @$ f
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 M) X' i; u- H2 zmay have a central nervous system lesion that is# v, l9 v, s# x  n/ l4 c, b
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- i/ ]( Q8 A5 X. I" xamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
0 v% b1 u* M; l: Q2 msis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 |5 C: X  r; ^& G8 a7 A
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-: a2 T  |! ?7 [. f9 j4 H
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
5 i  W) a2 S9 ?/ I: Xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
& j% V$ X: i( f0 r( @9 I' d) V1 ggonadotropins.1,35 u% [9 x/ V, g) J
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 t6 ]+ q2 r2 V2 \
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
! Q; n1 E) \1 v) b$ {1 Vandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or5 @* y& F2 V) x0 M1 U
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-1 R! c: f) F* \
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* N4 U4 S# W( g8 j' xcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive( m# ]  y2 i8 b* ]
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
7 l. l% \4 Z# V) rpuberty in boys.3,4% k" t$ Y! R7 ?3 ]2 S5 E
The most common form of congenital adrenal) o0 |/ q. j+ ~9 h8 \& R
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
& `0 h" x8 n9 _4 S0 R: J+ ^/ wThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
3 u0 u! t, Y" E/ h6 }; }excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: V. ]7 _1 ]$ ]  K0 [& a. `an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen7 N2 r6 N% H$ S
excess.1,3
) L* [9 b  M# y1 _8 V8 aat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 B+ t" e# f2 I  {/ a, c
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
3 d  C' i$ F4 c* kA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-# ?' A) q+ x; ?( N
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
  Q$ [/ u9 h; B( T. L* Das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 I/ k6 A& r2 ]+ A) E$ y. ]# d$ _
very young age. The physical findings in these boys& h2 N# T- i6 V
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
& I% |- S2 O& V$ d9 ^# Uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- J4 Y7 ]8 o3 R# T- x3 d( L8 uwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# q. x& [3 o+ q& l  C- z/ f
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; G7 K5 ], v) j9 ]& u/ Epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 z8 Y$ u6 p, X1 s+ V- Sreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 w# V" n' q9 K% o" G3 [+ q: S* k
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only0 t$ o2 y9 H: N1 w9 }7 |3 a+ |4 ~5 \0 R
males; therefore, other male members of the family
4 u& [2 O& `& U1 t/ jmay have similar precocious puberty.33 o( A" s+ l' h- K) x
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ d( t9 i7 R  o% i$ D% m7 U$ Lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; S; G( E+ M" o8 V2 P3 lcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis) {0 o) J' e, t& K$ P) E7 z
was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 r% ]" K3 \) z' I4 |: k  g
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
/ K9 r4 ^( a5 Z: ~7 Utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the4 K0 B% }- _4 m, B
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-, T* {; A9 P: t1 B& {
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* Q* W* ~2 X2 N3 e: D4 x! `biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,5 Y9 E, p$ V+ N: G. [% ]
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
% J+ T9 x0 Q1 D- t; G7 T+ ~! N. }deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
! j" {& k0 }5 c0 _ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.1 N6 v- f9 i* Z, x) g) V5 S+ h
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' I9 p3 Q" R( u0 S' W, Jsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
% v1 ^# s+ N7 Pthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. G, n, g7 V& ]* l5 Zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 ^5 a' i8 P7 I8 T% ]" f" Mdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
- A7 u  w9 m! Y! e( e+ P4 kterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was- ^, H; e7 H; W
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; Q" z5 G0 n0 q5 `$ {Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' a3 l! h$ w3 a4 f8 lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
9 u4 V/ \* _  a- wunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
7 X! i, B2 j: Y- T, G9 v1 T8 ^Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 m1 D$ g. J+ E( \* j9 y5 obaseline value in those females who were exposed to
# t; M+ T4 P. T2 ~) l3 K' l* deven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: N; N3 r6 [$ e
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
4 L6 i% M& X' A6 [, R' H: ution site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! F( D: K; j: q5 S( ?, KOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" f! T) A& y* {1 C0 ewhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that2 s0 z/ v& Z: n' Q7 l3 K
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 A- t' b+ M. }# ]7 V
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more2 ?8 ]" Q& G; x8 B# k
active in young children exposed to testosterone! {+ G. n. W' S
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-) `  i9 k1 ^, P6 Y8 W# S  x$ q
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 l* ?9 d& @3 r0 H
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 d  \4 W3 V& K, a5 Hchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and: s+ E& M$ y1 e0 V
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
2 \& D! e8 C9 A. c. oThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 T. x6 H( ~7 n8 w* _* J: }early childhood on pubertal development and final0 Q0 T  j7 b% D" F: ]  f
adult height are not fully known and always remain; g* M7 F1 h" H
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 u6 |! u/ M4 M- E- ^+ s. f7 dterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: e8 C$ x$ Z3 G) R" iacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" d0 l: L, r  {% h! A, n: fcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
: e& |3 c* U& q2 q. x/ t. s) s, qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,92 H% _5 r: \& ~# @; }- N! m& U$ M# E
There are conflicting reports and controversy
# C' \3 R: Q9 I: I1 s& s8 Wover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( r* q3 U# X: C* T! j* L0 v& Jpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# |9 E5 A, g7 n1 Q& K0 L( g
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
& W8 W, M# Z/ iulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, s) a$ h/ e4 ~8 ^# w
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between" ]/ }) Z4 e0 E0 b, S' G
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult5 [/ Q. Z  {# L
penile length in clinical studies.
; a/ I5 j, T0 f/ ^- J4 X$ v7 M9 sNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 G) J& W( C8 Ngoing to experience any of the untoward effects from7 U3 _- P, Q4 ~; i: d- D. h
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because8 {3 |# d, c" E1 y* n
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
, G6 U1 U+ |( O# R/ V( V8 @4 uAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of9 x) b4 Y2 W( \! h& ]
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 s9 r; u& M3 o* g
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult, A% [0 \- K! `9 ~/ M
height will not be affected.
; U3 a* x3 {0 X  `Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
$ M& |- @+ g- C/ Q$ w7 u* d0 ]ability of androgen products in our society may8 ]! B) v% V( v' x7 Z
indeed cause more virilization in male or female6 a' ^* \5 M% `, J. Z1 S
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-  W- X/ P2 Q7 `, p
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 t+ d6 K3 F- a  ~, qtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' S$ \0 }$ c& dgel should be asked of the family members during
/ x* M# Q" j. e, O/ t% S3 D7 A7 bthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-: f" t2 J& D) I3 h
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! k9 U1 x, o0 a! enosis can be established by just a few tests and by, }( w; t; o' J3 C" |: b
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* Q# J) e6 x' g$ K% \1 v
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- X4 l" e8 ^  ?5 r  q% E( [, F, {+ Vresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
9 ^; k$ V3 _% X$ C9 K( _9 Pinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
! r8 {/ Y% U$ A1 ?) u0 laware of this fact, because most of these children; M) u% j6 O5 C! ]6 g+ ?
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
: [! t' a9 ?4 X4 X- vDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
, v5 D1 h; z; N1 T: I% ewarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
) K/ S1 a. f9 @. ^8 K9 dfemale child who might come in contact with some-3 r" G: J7 ]  b. T  r7 S& X2 ]! P
one using any of these products.
) c& J* n3 ?# R" Q  ]: R# b4 gReferences0 V/ M/ T: z: a9 ~: `
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& X+ S& _* j5 U& ^and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 r* Z3 c8 n2 B; v+ N) }% z2 l; K# B
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;- T! f; E. M% C; A* w  p3 X2 f
2002: 565-628.6 Q0 B! U9 J; Q
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# d7 E* x' |6 g0 J  {
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 r0 t; I( w% t& O  q) y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical/ ?- ?6 S* e$ {; x# g
Exposure to Testosterone
+ L9 T# l1 q4 T% k: s/ @Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
8 f) }4 \3 k6 l; c( [/ Xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 n% p/ d5 a6 M% n) k$ SClinical Pediatrics
+ m; o$ k# J2 E8 Q" f$ H" u/ nVolume 46 Number 6
: a* L2 Z) d( F" l5 M' X$ dJuly 2007 540-543
! d9 y# O" `  x* J© 2007 Sage Publications; w" ]) d% {6 K% H' x- g
10.1177/0009922806296651
2 R3 J$ p& U/ y$ q0 Shttp://clp.sagepub.com' z& o& G, @% V& q1 g9 a8 h' @% V
hosted at
& V& {$ e( T5 w" D: }: C6 ihttp://online.sagepub.com
$ l5 d: O: @8 TPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral," m$ \3 x9 P8 n/ Z/ b) X. w2 R
is a significant concern for physicians. Central8 t) S( d3 w$ }, J$ }9 s
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. {- x' i0 c9 E3 N/ u! _( W
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has8 `1 h( c: B% t7 w; e+ u
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
4 R, p1 V% i2 c- S' U- Jlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
3 j8 {! O/ ~' Q; vby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& }& J! _% P% F) S5 r3 Bhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-5 [+ ^% n4 c& ?% g" h6 Q
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 l% @" N* Z1 t  [( B3 wreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ A7 B# ^7 l* h7 k8 J
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-7 `( w% I! @- h* o* ~5 M
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 I5 F/ V1 O) X, P3 Wto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, d7 Z8 _* g0 _
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' s, q! o8 h! T6 kmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this; g- X# C) G2 ~  ]" c  D2 ~
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of1 s' v; k: d/ t& f9 q
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
- y  _4 K/ K. n, d$ \bly more common than the rare case report in the
5 \5 u% y) N; _) iliterature.4" ~$ v& u# S  I$ [9 Q0 ]8 ^4 W
Patient Report
2 C- V. B* c+ Z) L" JA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
; ^$ A1 k" l7 O" M  }endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern" R3 b  k3 w6 R" f0 j4 _  K
of early sexual development. His mother noticed+ z' Q, A! S, J# s
light colored pubic hair development when he was
& d! I/ M6 S: K: `& `From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' J3 Q$ E1 ~$ g) wSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
) h- s9 Y& T; N$ s9 Y, DAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& w' c4 J) O" C3 o
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of( _9 m7 j4 z2 m% g* `* b
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
6 B' C; x# r% `  i9 O3 Ke-mail: [email protected].  V9 p: X4 r: O0 t/ \5 T
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became; F. m  Y- t% u) b# u, O0 k
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) z) _* Q, p0 j- p% fment of his penis and frequent erections. The child6 c% {9 S1 A( V
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
9 V8 O0 t- l6 W/ u1 }, Ca birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of9 ]0 ~3 T% }1 p+ M4 k& v
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- v- ?% W# Q) o% ^
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
' O# @1 P. c9 h4 u7 wsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
( s6 O* s5 ~( }( o6 B( H3 pand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
) }+ q5 F# t9 _; o8 Twas age appropriate.
& }# V+ Z, y+ `0 k7 |  h" s2 z5 }The family history was remarkable for the father,
6 k9 b8 P* E9 S2 o$ f9 m' gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16," r6 ~# f$ j2 Q! s' I! S! \3 }' i' [
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
! k1 S$ Z, U% Z) w5 n2 B7 C3 F  t) Fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
$ p( d  n$ ^) @9 K+ _early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.0 d! H6 y) t* F0 n% ~
The father denied taking any other medication. The* d! O6 x: r$ ?% i1 z9 c% g
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) k, ]7 _; q- s$ O6 m$ Q1 U8 b
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 g2 t$ g0 i; @% T% Z5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-' \$ J5 [; h- S# O5 c( z
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
8 R, F! S6 [% r( M  k0 Gtives. There were no siblings.# M0 v+ S, N% @9 j! B$ D( m
Physical Examination- W8 `0 q. Q. h6 m+ t8 L& l
The physical examination revealed a very active,$ N) H) I6 D8 E' B9 o# T( q+ C; Q* ?
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 d# a: Y$ l0 d2 W3 h8 ~a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
( d' V# }0 A, D7 I4 z90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 y+ n- {$ L9 i; c(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 k7 A+ F3 U% t8 _
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# L2 ?' B8 Z0 X% ]+ S
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
9 z7 S' o8 u6 G. pThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# @1 f# t1 V5 Q; Zenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of- r! ~! X" V' Q; {/ J3 k2 |3 @
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" T$ ^" Y) z6 O: n2 Ideveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
- q2 N. s! x; A8 a( d1 o540
' [( y5 s" o. _0 F" fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ B+ W3 g9 J" v
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
* f& c3 Z) J6 ^testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( ?3 d& ~7 W% E4 ]" [! c- lThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) ~3 G- `7 A6 f! ^2 Z# e' I' p
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 V* s% a- E3 F/ p! T& g8 s
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 O2 @6 D0 B5 `8 f* m
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+% \) e$ J$ K1 [) `1 W) F
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
+ D& M$ }4 S( K+ y$ |4 ?of papilledema.
# C4 `* n$ R9 K2 gLaboratory Evaluation
! n: s" s6 y1 @( K, E( V+ F( F# CThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
3 {5 M, z# `, s, R1 l/ i3 Uusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-/ k# E. H$ N* |0 p5 O$ O. v
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal/ E! v5 |( N. W, a& m: b3 Q
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test% R3 s: U# }" e. Q$ m$ p$ T; l: ?% ?
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 i9 C' ?1 L% j# i. V- N& @' C; F) alating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).. K: Y& {- n( I0 d# ~# j8 w
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 n3 S; y# {/ I; ^! Gurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
5 y! q0 G; R" c& ?% B+ l- mwithin normal range for his age. The concentration$ Y6 c; C3 O& m0 R" K
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 i5 T% H6 Z' i3 X. g
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 203 L0 L2 W) d% ?6 O  V' b
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 {  |5 ^( z- ]8 X9 r
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
6 ]: i. j1 G: _* I; [desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
& j& H: A1 \$ M( L5 S49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; P% r. j& L* `* Dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( ^+ p* F! @5 B+ R
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ Q) ]! `% G/ Y8 X0 a2 C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ K$ V, J" X+ E! kand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 u- ^$ ~; L  E% o; v/ x; S5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: H1 v4 }$ |7 @  S! Nstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
6 U: s- a3 k+ d# i% `) v& gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL- T3 D& U/ A' S; X  g$ _* W5 H! s
(prepubertal).
# J3 R9 C  O/ pThe parents were notified about the laboratory5 x2 N1 q3 l" Y, g1 `8 j/ l
results and were informed that all of the tests were8 i& O/ e* X: G3 M3 U: Z6 r
normal except the testosterone level was high. The5 V$ M( t3 K. Z% L" k- N
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to- V# s/ J1 o5 G( Y" o
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-, E- K2 Z) T7 T/ ^' L$ [2 D9 f
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.( f1 S1 p- c, c6 Z
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
* ?- H- y6 i5 Y8 ^% n5 c' Z3 C4 tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
. `. M/ W0 k8 i5 H4 c2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 q: R; H; i! J: \$ _8 Runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 g& q( @9 L# ?$ b3 D% q
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* \6 M  J2 E  I
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: d6 i) V% O9 M3 [$ o" @
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.2 M! ~) i) m( g; n
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-# _$ ~( v2 a- e( B6 z8 i! C8 y
ing frequent erections.$ R6 b5 E2 Y. h) {, T; [1 R
Both parents were again questioned about use of
/ f6 {% b* u' H% jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
+ v# b  G' P. x8 G  `the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- @6 ?* X# J' L( A; w; bTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 |; ^/ X, K( Z6 ?
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 u5 k# C! A. _  F/ d8 O+ ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' Z7 Y3 E1 L; L; c5 _/ W% ?& s
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed  Q& `7 u0 s7 J( y& w% x- J
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' I% b! o4 Q9 V6 }
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
  c0 J/ s6 q, Nsecondary to depression.* o7 s: E+ j, k6 x+ `; e' X$ ~
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
: ^+ y  |6 r$ j6 [" t9 xThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
% @! Y# K. O! f4 ]+ m" Hchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% i$ F3 {2 r$ c. `4 i6 a7 v
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
  w, |5 s; T/ l8 r6 V. hThe father also admitted that after the phone call,; o9 B. R- X1 R0 e5 x
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
  o( _3 W9 U( cwas high, he then read the product information
$ T- S# z, z$ jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-2 ^$ Z! u7 F" ]3 E* f9 T% L/ a9 D
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
0 q$ N; I5 H, {decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 r5 X4 g  U0 b) y% S+ X( |
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had: ^5 ?) }9 {  w. f1 g$ c* `2 @
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
2 B% \: h2 o1 O" S7 K& V* u. E9 Ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the4 K9 m' T1 \* e4 w/ \
laboratory to obtain the test.$ r4 A, g* X, m0 I  z! X' ^
Discussion' ^, @6 n# H  w5 p& H* q5 s
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" ?- ^- q! M6 {1 Ksexual development before 9 years of age.1,42 ~- X6 p$ c. Z' y
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 V! E- z! s* C# H+ r$ g4 t$ T! e
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-+ j( {% {: B! j) O2 k
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
% _+ l* z7 ?; K/ z+ M# y: ^) w2 M5 L4 vmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP9 X+ K- w0 R' \6 s+ {& c
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
) P0 l* W; o0 r" {3 e5 {responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-2 Q& R5 f1 X# W3 }1 ]. ?, V
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
8 T) Y( ?& l4 O1 E& _" }8 ssis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 V" D3 K# N! n" r: Cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
6 y/ E. f' E1 c( x, J$ e; X- Qization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-/ a' S; l, G, u5 {
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, M# v: \% A( {2 |( [8 V% ?gonadotropins.1,3
1 z7 |/ N2 i6 w) ~$ @Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- p" Y4 t9 a- V6 \4 Hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ f. V4 z7 N3 \9 [# tandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
! i3 ^+ L) O* a9 |5 S$ H. O2 \# mexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" s0 U$ p  V4 X3 C" v5 b
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# k1 `* P+ x8 d2 N0 M
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
! B8 d6 c+ ~6 `) V+ radrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 s# {1 w8 K8 Y; f2 Ppuberty in boys.3,43 ?* p8 e9 a0 Z: d* Y) l2 ~
The most common form of congenital adrenal* D! i/ g2 H3 O
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
* x7 T  K; A+ c# q5 F9 dThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- t" p( h/ u& d4 u: t4 Z4 F' G9 D
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
7 P8 d7 A8 M) L# n4 s5 `an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 Q& |: d  J+ }* M1 H
excess.1,3
6 c" g1 T2 C4 O, B4 `( fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 |$ t+ l! u! X: V' J/ `5 H542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& O. f8 i( K+ f2 h! ^
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) p. y9 Q+ Y' r& d- ?/ _
independent precocious puberty, which is also known; Q8 o- U% d+ u% s
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a# j3 g) b0 J# K2 U1 I  _
very young age. The physical findings in these boys1 S- T' r- Q, R8 x6 l' y
with this disorder are full pubertal development,3 j7 H4 O' B& }5 s, n$ P' R% V
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  T# P! y, R1 x$ g9 M) Q1 Uwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
; x/ z. _/ M& A6 w8 i4 i) Y( ?  bare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
7 k+ `; T) h2 r  z& epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-3 J) ?( ?; S8 `2 y
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked4 m3 ^8 u7 {4 ?+ P' B9 k
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 P* M2 R: J! cmales; therefore, other male members of the family3 V7 O/ D, z: l/ ]- W
may have similar precocious puberty.3+ v1 ]8 G& k7 ?$ B) V6 d2 d. G0 F
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
- i- \% j" r! v2 u4 G! N' Lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
6 H7 w2 E- F' e/ Hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 S- F* W( N! |* @was in the differential diagnosis because his father4 r8 l& J- J# z: W0 u
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
# e$ L  F4 g+ Xtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
" s5 H- J! ?( u" {# E9 e6 [beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( }# o: z2 {! p7 a1 G
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our) B5 j$ N' H3 Y  T8 I
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; R# P/ |, E6 |( _either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase& _. ]$ o. b* b# g
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 X8 {' m- A; n2 h
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
8 @9 `( y+ P8 O3 @, i+ W- jThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly; r0 U/ ^1 R6 W0 `; ^9 X, @. s) P0 e
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
# }, o4 @( u8 r. c! u% ~. Xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" S% z7 c9 Y- [/ {& o) xpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 A* |! g' n' X  \. S0 j
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-9 j; @- m: o3 R
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: A+ b1 y, b. ~) k% F: F! v
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
' m" i6 X" q" ^+ n1 VDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or9 P) U/ B. g; m7 w, Z- Z
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ ^: V: U6 s" _0 z, J6 ^3 {0 T
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
; X0 m7 @4 F3 O  q2 jSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
) D# A, p+ {# H& |8 b* F# Rbaseline value in those females who were exposed to2 V. p& H' u* p$ d* _
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 `  e) i  Q* b4 m
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
1 w# H: `0 I; b# Ztion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.8 J5 I6 E* m& K) n" c7 |" t
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," \9 z" ~, r+ s3 j' N
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that& `  i0 N: A! L3 k3 w8 S' L( w. u8 n
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
& x: D2 i  `5 Y( Y# D+ g0 i; Pterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more, T$ q; L6 F- p) b; G' ^1 D
active in young children exposed to testosterone; s9 U7 l0 `. `& U/ _1 ^# Z2 H
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 T# v! t) I  {. c; j- K% b$ n
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to: Y! `5 v6 A. k! T& w7 I
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
! W2 B( j3 G% @1 _7 M5 Mchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
( A# ?$ R; F6 k5 }8 Vadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. u2 k5 D/ k4 ~  LThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' Q/ M4 D8 x5 n4 Q) O+ y' A& fearly childhood on pubertal development and final
: p% E' Q' A" I% L9 gadult height are not fully known and always remain% [/ K0 @. V5 }3 I2 H3 c% V$ w' {
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-+ G! H) R7 A) z$ b
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some) N# p! O! Z. Q/ r* |
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% O# E+ m6 l1 |3 @cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation" H( j5 ~) ~5 `' q. ?4 Z
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9( t( c; t, o/ L% \9 d' K, w( F
There are conflicting reports and controversy
4 V) }+ q. S7 [' f% g6 j9 aover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult. g* ]/ K: Y2 }( h! P
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, j$ h2 s2 L, \6 E& p
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-- I4 J9 e7 h+ a7 G0 a9 i
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 `% X* [7 y( B8 E" fSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between; B) F- k! U: t
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 m9 S- [: F& n5 E" _  l3 X
penile length in clinical studies.
/ u# s6 I0 C& H4 XNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) [: K4 `1 G) U) M+ V: dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from( p3 G8 f- Y! v# G- p
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because, S; c1 G+ @# M/ G' h% i6 O
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. l* H8 G1 p8 r1 Z4 Y' }0 A
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of! [% _+ m2 a  r! v/ K2 B
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 y! x, t* M% K' L" w: L1 i5 l# pthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
$ ]" u2 z7 D7 o1 a5 y$ Sheight will not be affected.7 C: P8 i2 F* I; Q4 J
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-' f5 E& P7 B1 b% B; ?
ability of androgen products in our society may% I5 z3 P/ i  u1 a+ P9 }) W$ n9 a
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 M& ?" u2 D" Y( v& {8 ?children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
, d4 F) R% D# f8 ]gen products must be considered and specific ques-, a) N* I0 o) ~# w/ r1 D
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or. b0 M- g9 n# Q% Q" t* q1 J" S
gel should be asked of the family members during
7 Z5 {( S) p; a7 ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
1 E: R! C0 n/ Milization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- N: D' q# w# Q2 j3 Anosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% S5 P  }8 F! K, ^appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
0 s$ G! t, C% O. mhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) v5 ]" N3 a5 Y% V. _result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
( S1 z& V4 P* I* T& cinvestigation. The primary care physician should be  A+ J- ^; ]9 K. w2 {
aware of this fact, because most of these children* d( U# r- z: d5 B
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ M8 w& ~$ E+ _8 A" M1 V# q3 e
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& |2 b  b. c3 U0 ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or! a2 [7 \+ A  ^& F% v( a+ ]0 |
female child who might come in contact with some-
, h: e2 T  \, n# z/ ]one using any of these products.
1 }( S# [  T% ~$ j* X2 w9 [* [References
# [3 r/ J- _8 o/ x: k0 S1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ v* ~* O5 B0 C! `  p
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric7 n, k5 T6 a3 l7 L8 e5 v
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;- S: x/ Z/ Y! P5 q1 o6 p
2002: 565-628.( r& K9 E0 P8 i$ X
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious8 Y' p  A( o/ H+ x
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
3 m" a3 H/ A5 {! U9 Q; ^8 ]
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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