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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old0 \7 }# C: |" s. h
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical( K" @% D. ~6 B0 w9 M3 D; Q
Exposure to Testosterone
2 p3 B5 f8 |- ~, |, r5 [Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
( n( X5 [9 \( m! O0 g; Band Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ r! U M/ f3 N, t% Y$ a3 {
Clinical Pediatrics
# J. y: n- z2 }" k& q7 s3 O6 F yVolume 46 Number 6 d1 [. r4 ?8 G3 b
July 2007 540-543" k6 W: z( r# I; Z! p2 s5 a
© 2007 Sage Publications5 a+ A4 S- @ u9 {! W* h
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 O- }; P$ J5 n$ y: \2 ahttp://clp.sagepub.com
: o5 |9 s7 L$ _" ? |: dhosted at
! |3 D* V+ |2 F, b8 chttp://online.sagepub.com% D. \5 s. a6 }# a. d
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,' `: m r$ C1 ?- j
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
& b+ K3 h/ ]6 A# B& Wprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% q8 A) U/ b# f$ g' ?
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
# d2 o v- B3 S5 x4 qa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
* Q9 n1 J. W6 Zlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested C+ s# s' d6 c* Q$ @4 t& R
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic! ]9 A7 g; ?+ u3 |; s) L! ~. B
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
3 c6 H+ S' Y0 c- s u9 ^2 Ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ J: M7 ]8 @% k4 a9 greport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 ]* B8 |0 Z4 kenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-, D! A+ `" N# c
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
4 J9 q3 J9 \5 pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by: J" T, |' p( w9 w" L3 I# U
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
( `8 o9 e7 G* ymation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, k$ ~9 [3 D3 G8 ichild. Given the widespread and easy availability of4 I: M6 R4 v, j @+ o! z; B
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 T& z- ]1 ~$ G0 J
bly more common than the rare case report in the( V" l9 R, }& c8 a c! P
literature.4& e# t: Y5 i9 N/ j8 Q
Patient Report8 |+ a& V2 U4 }6 m D
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the8 ~: f. b2 W/ g$ S
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
' z1 c6 n; A: O2 m" M+ ]of early sexual development. His mother noticed
: Z$ m9 i% |4 M& m% ylight colored pubic hair development when he was/ h2 I' {$ v7 X
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 R* V5 X' G% o9 [2 x
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.. F/ _9 G8 H7 t# q5 B1 O
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
7 I4 t5 c' O& }$ s' g1 L# |) eProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
" G4 h" O% O5 y& G- O3 S# `0 jMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
, H; o1 X1 G/ ?: Ae-mail: [email protected]., E9 x* S K' A( p
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 V* F( L& d! w0 Fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 s7 Y4 a- o1 ?6 H; k. o; K, Jment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 o+ c |( z4 [* g) `was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 c4 O' w6 T: H, v+ {* w* s/ Q
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of, \3 V) N: t- k
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" {* x- b Q( V1 k; Wof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
$ ^' L7 H; c+ P' p+ d; e$ csolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
$ A' z& N# J7 [& G/ J6 R8 qand his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 c+ u8 k4 i' q
was age appropriate.0 E& ~& U. ^# D5 L8 k. K$ H
The family history was remarkable for the father,- i$ o6 w) S. I
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
) o* Y% d: P* H0 y8 L$ D0 D: hwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s9 M9 S5 i5 p" _4 C2 D8 W% n4 y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat; D# J' C1 |+ x1 q2 t
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
) v- l) P4 u4 e) l0 A3 j- SThe father denied taking any other medication. The
" O. |% p- J( n/ ?" f6 |. schild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche0 Q3 h8 K1 ^$ y( a! X- p( o- B
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
" H* P) p3 p- w' G, C+ u8 i# V5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
' r/ T/ @* E4 k7 Y5 p( p0 q5 G- kcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ w( m g8 p9 r6 w; a( O- X. c
tives. There were no siblings.& O9 Z! Z3 z4 i
Physical Examination" U( K" ^* M+ E- a0 n
The physical examination revealed a very active,; ?- t$ e* I! k
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
, n6 I* g& [: ?5 [8 P; c6 \a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 H4 x$ u* d, U
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
* t7 d; Y0 N* C- t(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
. ]4 q2 U( Q; V" w9 ~- q" hvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of7 M. p4 Y7 J. B# q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
& j7 D/ N W; `1 J5 C5 H- b5 f3 NThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for9 e: `4 O" S, I P9 Y" B
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ V) z, a; \+ V, y
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 q0 U& k# N6 A$ u1 K+ J5 |" l3 {developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 K1 N6 i, b) |9 U540
& Z% g5 \ b9 G. r7 Qat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' n% L( s& R5 c4 n$ y( ^1 b3 s
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; f' Z1 r W2 \) P
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each./ w& _, O5 ~. X) I; M0 [5 S
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
% o' _4 X& w( |( l. toily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! {- k( Z( w3 {3 k3 n- E3 Zabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.9 D, [ ?) g& Z w$ Y* [
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+: }) `( F. X, I0 k, U6 T/ E- r0 K
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
' }& V7 M! q" z1 n5 d" A c4 kof papilledema.4 I+ m# x0 {1 b( ~
Laboratory Evaluation
0 q9 k& m( d) a; i, gThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by' x' F* D3 q7 W1 b
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
! ?8 ?7 K J0 ?6 O" N9 Y% llogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal8 R, U+ }& c8 [1 t" e
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
! M7 q$ {! b0 sshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 S. ^: \. f2 e& p" Rlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
: X3 c, A% L( j- k1 r+ A/ {+ aThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 Z! @& [1 k( B1 f, a" g/ T! X4 curea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were' F U' o! w3 G ~
within normal range for his age. The concentration( s/ B# A3 h/ s
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 B1 z0 G2 ? z3 M(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
6 R5 Y: e8 |& I" Q/ i$ N! _% H4 J7 sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 E# p2 l2 I: {; c( Uterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
# E' r/ q* F L* P) odesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
7 Q" ^) X7 h3 e49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- a4 C4 g% l: kwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- {0 [ v+ @; ]) L" V9 J1 ^( A
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 [/ Y* q# x" K; k( v* a
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ j$ U7 Y$ k+ ]' Z, E. }
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than7 h( G) j+ s- O" N0 n
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 Q) ^* j7 i# c5 B2 B
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* ~/ C, V, u; b5 G) x u9 C
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 ?5 i: ]( o% I; R(prepubertal)./ f% c- k7 Q4 n+ \9 H4 `
The parents were notified about the laboratory. Y; j7 _8 L7 f. e3 [9 Q
results and were informed that all of the tests were. g( g/ i8 B9 c: Y4 W
normal except the testosterone level was high. The( G! Y6 H0 |8 J" r, N s
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to1 c' ]2 _6 x' n2 O
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
6 h8 I0 k+ X( {1 h& x! v3 Bever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! @0 W( K3 b2 T3 WPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
) N/ F1 R' O) D R* ^child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained- K' O$ s2 u( t; w, i
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained5 Z- ?, I) s3 a
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
. o" L( m7 ?7 U/ f$ zpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; R! @! d4 i$ n! S( K$ @! q! ithe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
7 J4 r" F. R3 l; x+ [mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.8 ]8 s* H6 n/ v( z1 I* ]# k
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav- h4 w% L- k3 _8 D6 t: Q
ing frequent erections.
! g" N# w8 \( e: ` M; i: }9 f1 VBoth parents were again questioned about use of
- }7 s% B0 v; S) b5 dany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
" u3 ~" y. q: f: h7 _the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ W5 ]9 t# X ?1 ]5 y& \/ y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- u* t. i, B/ @" W7 A! B) \use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
; k5 G" M# i$ d7 N! _4 U: ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
2 K8 I# I4 ]1 ?' o# l. b. Ha year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 Z1 M7 Y% K8 }8 q: |6 F
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
h% J" j5 j, c. w" sscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
" M$ G2 i8 V7 wsecondary to depression.4 J$ y: n% l- X) b( k. _! `
The child slept in the same bed with parents.9 I! J; o7 w- n6 C
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
: |6 @ z9 }9 Dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
9 E$ e" Q( {& {2 E ]- T5 d! Vnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' c0 j; j r* E0 l' d
The father also admitted that after the phone call,! V; \% G# Z+ o( i; b1 E+ b
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
8 ^9 A% W% V1 [1 wwas high, he then read the product information
. ~( _# M1 n: D# ]% Tpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-# j; i- G% @" Y# L6 U% X9 o! f* q. _
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they4 n2 l5 d% f* w: y5 w- H
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 ?" R$ C7 m# `. Z9 s* H
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 f! B+ `. D( J, F! ]been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
# k8 f# n3 O( @: R* u# ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
% k2 m$ b6 y" Q) X# b, Elaboratory to obtain the test.$ E2 z7 v" x8 h& A0 M
Discussion
# w. q/ a1 ~0 d G0 P; {0 q& _6 aPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
/ k- }: J8 l% r% _sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 W' E7 s$ Y8 P- \: S; y7 X- vPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ n& t$ u5 ]- Vit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
6 y" h3 N" |' H. A# ithalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-8 I) W: |( t+ y7 Q/ g
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 M; t, d; O3 Y* S8 Rmay have a central nervous system lesion that is6 u* W6 K/ t4 _: A+ m K; S
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-9 Y5 }; Z; P& C. e4 B9 m8 V
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-- C6 F) u0 E- f! f+ m8 @, C
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 V+ v9 T K9 m: Y# fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
. R$ L& r7 R8 H8 Nization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 L, q9 b3 L# q, r& m4 J
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 B# h; ?/ j' J {6 l, i
gonadotropins.1,3( t5 N% q3 W3 y/ B/ B6 c
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, L- k2 D9 T9 L. M; pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
& g; H+ A# y2 i0 ^6 l5 l, Candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 W9 F2 D. P# K' _' L
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
+ p6 Q" H/ }: g- Mulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
, I0 T; k8 C0 |# d) \7 v( bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive& m/ f1 x) |" j6 {) n9 f' b; ?; P
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious$ }/ I6 |( U+ P+ d5 ?
puberty in boys.3,44 F* H: B/ _6 v# d& F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
. s T' n9 ^9 i |; rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
' G# |" |" m ]9 q# hThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 ]1 v) e2 W+ E6 N6 C
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ Y" z; V" l4 N# K; oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen* t4 {, G; T3 `' k$ M4 |
excess.1,3
3 {6 r6 V& Z* @1 D4 ?+ Nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 \$ i9 c: M( s/ x. C- r542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& v$ T; P$ X( k0 r- b
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
5 ^& J6 q" x9 R# e' M2 windependent precocious puberty, which is also known
; P* h0 N% e3 Zas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ {7 m& j) q( f! E! i p4 R
very young age. The physical findings in these boys$ w* _3 ^/ E3 p' u- y- I
with this disorder are full pubertal development,5 B1 A) ]' }+ r h
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys9 _% s6 \ Q u+ |, p
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder5 Y$ a5 m# @' |. t! i. C
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! m' y, M, E! F8 I; G. `
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-8 \; k- X' L. F) Y& A( Z3 b( N
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) H3 ~- ^! s- P' V* U/ Jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 b* m# e5 P N+ c! F4 emales; therefore, other male members of the family3 B' F! b) ]1 g4 D
may have similar precocious puberty.3, f& g4 ~3 \3 I& I2 }( m* e
In our patient, physical examination was incon-7 ^4 x9 g: O/ d! ^ s
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
{' i" a& D. }) M0 b. Ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
! ~* z/ i% z0 m% U8 ] t3 ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father
% F1 F q* V8 A3 Z, `started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% X1 K3 N/ e4 A: o, K7 itesticular enlargement is not that evident in the/ h( `. n: g1 _( a5 `% o
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-- c# U' `9 W7 x' G/ j: X
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" o; N& g7 _4 M, G/ kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, ]& q, _3 o7 D/ {9 h- K3 Oeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% \4 m: A+ J; u n9 Q
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, ?6 z7 h4 n3 u/ N
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* g }. Q( X$ n [3 UThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
" J) b! p. h* x& d! N2 Lsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 C* R1 W* v ]. x: m/ Y( P% N
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
2 e, K! q( s. o8 U/ i' [! {pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 w* |# b: ?' J0 B* D+ Sdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
% j! v( S9 S! R7 x0 Zterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was, V3 ]; y+ @$ t5 m& q4 A. V& Q
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’8 J$ Y9 g8 x* z4 |, I3 X+ N
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
- x7 u5 T/ l/ q3 u" }cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 R9 K! L# n. w2 v
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- L9 y, i) C, J2 P2 e5 LSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 c+ P# O) f$ J! d. c
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
' U( Z# D2 y8 q- N3 m- f. `even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
+ g+ u0 v" Q6 L5 ^+ G8 j; ypartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-( ^0 K9 x$ g8 `$ d6 y
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
$ H! g! [, i, W4 f4 x! b6 xOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 D6 y5 O/ O/ B' {which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
+ }+ w* I. i6 R: x9 Z( l7 T7 Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-6 g/ L* l$ a5 c- A' `) D
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more2 f1 b' E( R* S t; I) d/ X! |
active in young children exposed to testosterone
# g. {* A5 J: u0 H/ x. _exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* G/ c* m* w2 v: r) H
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 K- h5 P) \7 {+ Nvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ \. g) N5 u1 D5 J8 {: Kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and! _; [$ C6 H& A- I# V3 N
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! W5 \) `2 J3 U
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during8 `2 D0 O1 a: f% [
early childhood on pubertal development and final. w7 a" r i4 c. D7 i
adult height are not fully known and always remain
7 ^8 @: X+ S0 T, z6 s [! ^a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
" ]; L" |7 x0 o3 {terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
& c9 R2 k& C/ c+ s! Bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
' ~+ D9 b8 n% x. @- q0 Pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
% b6 j5 J/ v& C; w$ L9 Adecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
+ G5 `3 W. f! K& C) Y7 nThere are conflicting reports and controversy2 b) ]+ t" H, P' \2 P# y1 S6 M* I: U
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
" d, B: S- j& G; tpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 Z; w3 C9 a' ~4 g5 C
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; v5 v0 F- Y+ q/ Q7 b8 _
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! ^5 w6 x. U+ F. g# _* m9 B, ]
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between% f* l( l S( y2 [! |! e
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult% ?' b) A& c5 H! Y% i1 ^* x
penile length in clinical studies.& R* ^. f. Y8 W2 e" ` |4 u5 T
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ x! H, A( G" k. [( _" xgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from3 H$ n& {) s" j9 _$ z" m, }
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because& Q% \: f9 W1 g$ K
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 Y E; [! ]2 P: ]9 S. u
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
2 V4 P2 b/ `( c" ?2 Y3 L# Xdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) S& `5 r$ K+ d; V2 e7 V" a: w4 J- C, n
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult* s, i4 p, j( s6 v3 q; r
height will not be affected.! n% L; [# M: o4 e% j% g4 P) b: i
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-1 _2 g: ^7 _- ], K" }
ability of androgen products in our society may
0 r% l6 [# V" K5 F# a" r$ R: a8 Windeed cause more virilization in male or female0 {: `1 l% e- `
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 v' I7 t( _' @/ w" U: A4 L
gen products must be considered and specific ques-7 b: v6 W) b$ ^# f
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
. \6 r) y" Y7 q2 i7 E8 Ggel should be asked of the family members during
' v+ r* B" y4 }6 \: n+ Tthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
1 I4 J4 a) v+ T# R* s& |ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- |" A: {- I+ ?6 D& F; I" Unosis can be established by just a few tests and by; e: c: W0 c0 K, F4 b
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
* s0 k6 z; ]6 d3 q" O' p4 Khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 E4 C, G# M: }, P
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! D; Y9 k; _: V* p
investigation. The primary care physician should be1 L; V- r% O& }1 }, I
aware of this fact, because most of these children$ s5 x! ]' {4 U9 C! N
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 r. U) X/ n3 G/ F" NDesk Reference and package insert should also put a! x0 g5 P; Y, o/ a( }7 r
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or3 X; c- |9 E0 N5 g8 x
female child who might come in contact with some-
; b/ A3 X8 w- R; ?% D7 Eone using any of these products.' a1 ]/ ]6 O/ j1 C4 z
References7 O; a3 } T, {9 W& O. s0 P
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: q6 Q( [& E* d% p6 l: o
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( h% m; {" V2 y+ _# `: a8 h" a4 ]Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
. u3 |) g" `+ r, s/ H0 y7 q2002: 565-628.: ~# o9 K. s+ y6 o: g
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 i9 H8 L8 ^6 A" D( [- d! Cpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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