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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 G: P. g) s: J; W# f5 [+ A
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
! F# ^4 D3 h7 l3 EExposure to Testosterone9 t. s2 j- M3 K" m1 e$ a
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
7 {1 r3 A, J5 Qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
, b2 \/ ?2 f0 A- C5 OClinical Pediatrics
( U6 W' ^7 @# C" R0 } lVolume 46 Number 6$ Y& e/ Z6 S* H/ t4 E
July 2007 540-5438 ^6 U3 g# O3 o$ B6 F- `
© 2007 Sage Publications
- O4 l! |7 s x& m k2 C0 D10.1177/0009922806296651: W: ]! I2 l! d1 k! f
http://clp.sagepub.com* y5 I# s7 N4 P3 J
hosted at% L8 B. Q$ u+ }# v# a2 R& ?
http://online.sagepub.com
0 S# Q3 x8 A) p- {1 O9 y, \; k1 CPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,+ c: s! o6 E1 b: f- h
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 I* K4 Z9 E1 B: z# oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated! o ^5 K1 ?) J1 _0 l* [0 r2 n3 M
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; Y' Q+ D7 h. s$ h& x7 ~7 Va higher incidence of organic central nervous system9 v" A6 [' \% T- S& |' H
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 w c/ @) L: t/ B! u
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic6 F$ R' n3 M; D5 b
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
( o4 B A0 D6 U: l7 X% x8 G" s+ Tcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 C- d( \; W$ f$ q: N
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 t* {& F; B+ C/ z& |5 jenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-) E- ~' ]: w! ]8 N
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due4 G7 h& V1 o2 \; A4 r$ W3 k: J/ O
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by' r1 K) |* [1 N' Z- a- m' f; y
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% M6 t. ^ U) V( m( Gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# W+ T( H' k# L* x1 x2 @# J6 Nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 K T7 j' j, A- y! O# L
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
8 N- | ~8 i7 ]9 v, ibly more common than the rare case report in the+ ]" Y" v- S! c% ?
literature.49 S% p: U. g3 ?
Patient Report
9 x7 F, [+ ~* n& j% B jA 16-month-old white child was referred to the9 p# h) Q- A% P! z- D
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, [ ~% J g" I& V. R. x( c' |6 Tof early sexual development. His mother noticed. q5 L( \/ p2 ^+ n
light colored pubic hair development when he was( x, N. B( b, m8 S% B$ @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 d9 m$ u* `+ y7 G
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( g3 m2 k0 r9 I3 {3 E* P8 }' @
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
1 M9 p. I X3 ?8 W, gProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of d( e2 S6 U8 b0 |: ^' s
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- Q7 y1 {- P5 d je-mail: [email protected].
2 Z+ z, |4 X8 O' W d+ S/ m5 |about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% s5 f5 E- b& S
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
1 K7 t! B. i' dment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ L/ g- F; j" t- cwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
j0 j6 p& b/ P; X2 G, y7 {a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& L. L8 m' T" v/ U% J; E20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 @9 L! A2 x* ~; Gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
! r2 K' j" ^' O" d* Bsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
& b$ s( h! F. mand his psychosocial and psychomotor development: p3 s# r8 Q# ]4 W
was age appropriate.0 Q" L( m/ a5 y8 K5 ~9 k y! u
The family history was remarkable for the father,
0 X n8 C' h y! l+ Q7 gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 C1 x3 A$ {7 A8 B1 S
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 y+ b! F9 R* ^5 d! e. ^6 F L( d- S: Lheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
( _6 h! l% q( Searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- I) \' H3 j2 m; `5 Q3 MThe father denied taking any other medication. The
' b4 D) Y2 |) ^# w0 F nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche: J+ j2 I1 b: |4 s
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 e1 I& H" {! W: l4 K6 K+ ?. ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-9 T, \8 O5 v! Y4 B5 I. t
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-) R. |5 Y7 H+ Z; q4 k
tives. There were no siblings.8 @" B# @( r) \9 G) R& {/ c" J
Physical Examination
- |9 A; S8 S) K7 UThe physical examination revealed a very active,
3 r1 j% j2 j! ?' | Hplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented! K- G3 Q2 c5 [. V# y0 @1 ?: c! ~
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 u) C0 J1 c8 x0 F, k90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg) u3 g9 ^( ?; ~* r' N# c; ]
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth ]% e+ G5 [( z- D' T t; ~+ \
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 I# f" Z$ G' h% n, K5 w! ]# qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
: h+ p1 o9 ~! F+ I: ^The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. g7 Z, Z+ N3 O" o" Z* i# wenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 H2 ~% y/ A6 O, j: w# }- e
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
) I$ |9 ~- w: c! _# T: D9 ndeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. L8 R; ], Z2 a! j% g; h! A5 z7 l540
* E. x* w) L+ c0 }at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' @2 }/ ]+ B$ L0 s+ E% athe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The2 y: E" x' Y p
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each. X4 A5 @2 x5 s, P
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 f9 |6 a& W: u+ p L( u: aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 N; h- i$ n0 ^abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ `# ?" w% Q9 j5 y% ~' P0 N5 W$ X
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' h+ p& R4 _) W, M8 P+ m% o% Xbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
# Y) s6 z7 p% S8 ?& kof papilledema.
* g$ o" e' ^% y. ]Laboratory Evaluation
; d; b6 z |- f! P% v; kThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 f5 j) O" t" I) h" y& e. k
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; ]( R: ?! v4 _$ C# Y* B: K k
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
& t$ V+ V/ |9 c3 f1 h/ v/ Bkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test! j' B9 l+ _4 h8 c( C- w
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- D( q. C! V" ?6 k6 g* H3 K+ [
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 j+ ~" w9 b# e0 T# G+ U
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 I P: ?- `3 Iurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 H3 t9 z7 I3 A' q6 b! A a4 F x$ O
within normal range for his age. The concentration. i+ ~% B3 ^( Y9 `7 L; h: ^
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL t1 |- q8 X; T, ]: e8 P
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20' j: i: w- {* w' e' P! ?' W: @
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-+ m: T' }. a) w
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; g5 ~' @+ z" b$ a; u! Z
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, z* m0 r2 @1 F% J49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)% D- I; z# M6 \& o1 \* }
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-4 g: K4 w5 H9 l; m- f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
. k; ~4 r3 P# Z( Otestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 q# K0 K }7 L" l# n, Gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than# i8 Y. u% t c- }7 z! F
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
! A2 i% n- K+ x5 mstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone" j, k. Z# |0 J3 f' V+ p& ?7 I/ Y8 L
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; l: { h$ S; k: o* I+ g2 a(prepubertal).1 n% A# r r: _% R
The parents were notified about the laboratory
4 X. G) U9 R& \5 l) h& Lresults and were informed that all of the tests were' a$ w2 a/ O. c* ? j9 G8 x# _( Z
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: C: ]+ s! u! Y7 X+ {, ufollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to* N. Q* `) Q2 I. s
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" B1 s4 m2 O. F: v7 K0 `3 Tever, the family did not return for 4 months.- @( M4 F0 m5 }
Physical examination at this time revealed that the/ r4 @& u0 {: k: q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; [& j; @" ^3 B" J/ J0 l
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained' K2 `& \/ O% Y$ m
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
1 o1 m" ]4 }' Y5 Ypletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
2 f* A4 y4 q A# bthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) J# N) h" B6 m: `0 E6 {
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., Z, l5 S x9 N! m' E
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ x# K" N8 [- ]# S* g8 B# aing frequent erections.) W( H0 I# h. l4 p
Both parents were again questioned about use of
& a7 q9 q, t. jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to& N. |: F/ @0 O; _
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ s! H+ U( S" W8 Q9 @, Q LTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" Y& L/ m$ @6 B: [- F* d. m& _# ?, X7 p" o" uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- `1 O$ F! p P' T* Q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) E8 y; @+ `; b+ g* s. Ka year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% F J# o% c- [. _; Hto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
- Q+ i, X7 X& T9 p, R4 l% n& Pscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
! |, Y. t; \& |: j; m( p: @secondary to depression.: `8 d* P( G) ?( M7 S! H, K0 h
The child slept in the same bed with parents.1 ]" v4 U+ [5 g7 e8 q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 O7 s( C0 R* }) nchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( L, K5 o8 a4 `. O3 J& u" Mnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 o. Z7 o( ^# ^9 O9 S6 y; i" t
The father also admitted that after the phone call, l# A! A) o" U0 V
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
# |1 I6 y% F8 ^; I' B, [( K) V0 Owas high, he then read the product information% G5 F0 e8 q0 P
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; \8 A* _. w% Q8 |! p; g5 ?son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 b6 a7 v, Y- [
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 Z/ @% I9 B# F5 y$ O7 E: W) Ffather was not hugging him with bare skin and had& D; \( T- J' I' j
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone' g6 o( b/ p2 w5 ^' c
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the3 O, ~- ^, a. b8 j% r* }4 S
laboratory to obtain the test.
- R7 K% F# q* QDiscussion( O0 z& b! r- ^5 K
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary: H7 M9 a6 H, _4 r
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ Q+ L: r- ]. H) U4 f: \
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* p$ X% i3 F+ }% O) w8 _
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-4 ]% {6 i7 h" H, s5 T8 {+ v1 u
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
! H+ |* ^8 s. @3 b* Qmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 \- ?* M' f xmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
. E7 k3 N0 ?7 P: [, A, Lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, u e! Q1 Z5 u: f8 J8 v1 V; \& B$ I
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 w' i8 t" @6 z& b* t
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" d4 t& E, A: `7 h; i- M0 {* vboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
2 S! |6 x, B# T" Y2 Bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' x' l! n: \, S2 }; ^rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by3 ~: O: g3 @5 m
gonadotropins.1,31 [: \) l5 {- ]8 D* b0 B9 j
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
5 q/ }# L* f& M# D0 s3 _7 ?( gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. `2 j" N( b9 ^7 o; H t; v# @androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 Y/ S( [. j2 ~% H2 w
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( v2 m6 T" U0 w- h; d7 `
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# o9 i5 |8 A$ a( f acongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. B$ g+ a& c3 N f) I: X: Oadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* R+ J/ }7 o5 e5 W( j& L4 p
puberty in boys.3,4( D0 J& ^" U6 p; B; }( U5 h; F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
; I! }! K% R0 u8 `$ \* lhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; Y0 F0 k! k4 B) h, Z& ~9 r: qThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
J" Y, }1 j# V4 Y: s Dexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
{9 \' D3 R8 van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: D) K" n) K) b. Nexcess.1,3
. l$ A; p4 w# j: O$ @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- g4 f9 e: g$ l; _
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007" \3 p# e3 n, \6 Q$ h
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-" U; u; i# B4 R v1 _0 {. t
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
: i* Z, {4 l2 e( las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ K) R4 f! \; f( d6 G
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 ?# N, ^) \5 B4 @. hwith this disorder are full pubertal development,4 @( L7 B8 V5 y9 q( y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
8 H9 ], Z- f* [' [. ?1 [with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: |9 ?6 d" D- l7 ~! C: O
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- K" Q) S9 M1 ^/ D' j$ Jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% N0 D2 c1 P- p$ R, l) Q
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: K/ c* z" |( E$ D7 `& G8 C; ]. jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ N* g2 T p4 d9 ~6 M0 G1 L( H
males; therefore, other male members of the family+ N: \* r2 S7 ~6 h
may have similar precocious puberty.3
1 A4 Z! a3 d: o+ s( Y8 UIn our patient, physical examination was incon-: C( b. o1 I. Z( F& M
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
. ?" o7 o! i# O, W; Z% z6 gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis5 t, T2 Z) i; ]6 e& k) m, I
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% d9 }* k8 |3 p- Y, \% Z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' j2 `6 z% C) [+ z6 B c, ^testicular enlargement is not that evident in the, F% J& u. A9 |3 k
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" l4 P4 M! ^, R- z
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* Z2 E' ?/ X8 T' J( v) Tbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
$ @, D% m( f4 o- F; b% S) A! ueither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
9 d7 l; k% t' r8 Ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 Y1 T( p' _. L/ T$ h
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
7 O9 \* g: l% t1 uThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, e7 |! |5 E2 f* ?/ F$ xsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
" ?; K2 V: D) Q5 p! }2 E0 @! J. T7 Dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-3 N9 Q9 f" Q* u5 H, D, N
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 m* @1 H( ~. Odecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
7 w$ v: N: L4 ?, Jterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
! E! V& ]8 {' I# B2 U( ?using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
9 G, r; Y, `5 V, }( `5 z' pDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or: N5 @- {6 d% _
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
" Y# a% f' }$ N2 p$ d( `unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 x0 R- O- x5 v% w4 HSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ \: Z% q G6 \) S6 [1 e. d* ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to" k s ~9 X$ V% t9 r" S
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
$ p. h( ~; ]/ y- b/ [6 S6 cpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-( b) {# o: A. \- p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.& D3 G$ r( x W r; R$ `
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,+ c) |) Z6 S h; ?* P
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; Z" V! p8 o+ f/ y4 z( Bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 m0 H2 M5 X6 @( Y N
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- R% `: j$ @- @7 `
active in young children exposed to testosterone& K: X5 x" @8 Q- ?3 q* L2 Y8 Y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
' B# r9 g# ~/ Y5 ?+ o# ]2 rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, L6 y; I8 v2 S# }; q# avirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( l- x! n# D9 o; Kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and) n4 ~$ s' M) m) M( K0 g2 I9 X2 j
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.1 t% c2 d$ k, E. A# R
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during- L0 a3 @( K1 V" b. K
early childhood on pubertal development and final( I* u( d& Q7 f" {- ~" v$ C: e
adult height are not fully known and always remain, w. I' y# c" b: j
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. [* ]6 a, d" x2 x' @- j9 ~
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% _$ a* R" G& P5 _2 p4 S! c7 K
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
. l6 i3 ?" m0 n) z6 N% G4 h" xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( V8 M5 @$ s& q2 ~: q* e; Pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, s5 a6 o$ k2 ]$ e
There are conflicting reports and controversy( R; w2 G. i( b0 F0 I- T
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
3 W: c! y3 R$ P1 |0 C. _penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ B- {6 j2 G$ y5 O0 q4 b) j: x
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; Y* w/ I9 ^( w E- s7 x
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% O& I: x6 w% `2 d3 T
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 c7 w) o# B4 H
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
; F u C0 a) U+ A# Spenile length in clinical studies.
4 Y8 r- N' s" T" n5 S1 @$ B# ^$ P+ \Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 ]1 c. s/ d2 G4 Xgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from1 X9 _/ S" [/ ^) s! z m: ~
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; b7 T" q8 L3 F; i& athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 J3 w f, T; d! ^! m* ]& G
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of, t( T2 P9 J( ?+ B
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at$ v: y7 U8 O0 R# y6 O' ~9 j
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
9 L) x" M1 m6 S6 W O7 rheight will not be affected.+ o+ G+ q% ?' m+ x
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
* }% x! u: I7 n8 Z7 |5 Pability of androgen products in our society may
4 d( P8 ^% V. D/ a/ Y+ w; K! a. ?indeed cause more virilization in male or female
; K8 ]" w$ U) c8 }children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 ]5 }* l& q2 [, H- cgen products must be considered and specific ques-8 l! y" F5 Q( `+ z* s8 g
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or" ?; _3 r6 h( z+ q3 C
gel should be asked of the family members during2 |' F' }# p( z7 T1 |1 n2 n6 o
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-% \+ ^4 m; f$ V# d2 L- W5 O: v
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 N) [4 b/ N/ l) M6 a' ^5 z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ H3 h y4 n4 uappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a! f: { U2 c/ R+ j5 V6 S, q" B
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ Z2 R! e' V* E
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
% H& Q' x. ]& o, }$ Xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be: x. O$ S; ]+ b3 B* Z- A, w6 k
aware of this fact, because most of these children0 N% p- B6 \. S! a2 J, p
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 z1 O2 Z) r u. F- R/ v
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 Y4 y; g) I. q) ^( o9 b1 qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or1 ] k2 \" @4 N$ r$ P
female child who might come in contact with some-
0 H$ Y! R! z7 Uone using any of these products.
: B6 P7 f- e) L7 U) I5 a) KReferences
) t o$ J) j" Y4 w1 w1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 @6 i+ O l+ t7 P% Uand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
5 Q, i7 s" C, _& E& r7 ^Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! N# W' D( |% t! N& _" _
2002: 565-628.* k# t# W" }* V$ f0 Q7 _
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious; n& h0 `8 w N
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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