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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; W" }( S) g( H  s. SBoy Induced by Indirect Topical2 j7 J$ g; q  y/ a, V
Exposure to Testosterone
9 Z6 d& r, O& \4 o  V+ nSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2. j) o. ]4 b6 D7 p# E
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
( l4 {* W. I; E9 R* t$ {Clinical Pediatrics6 w( }' J5 }2 b' y/ A4 m3 U3 ]
Volume 46 Number 6& a3 d& _; x* @8 J3 i
July 2007 540-543/ m& l9 \3 t0 R. a) s8 [
© 2007 Sage Publications
; t  A% z  |% S9 x& e10.1177/0009922806296651" a# q% ?" Q9 d9 z0 t$ H
http://clp.sagepub.com  b8 |! [$ _) Q' g3 n
hosted at
5 Y! G( w) C( ihttp://online.sagepub.com3 y) l) T1 {4 x
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
! V; q7 R* k- ^$ r! S$ S# ~4 [- dis a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 I% L/ H9 L( _& s& o$ a: h6 ]% Yprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
$ c; S' K' a/ T0 mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- B) r* s4 W! |  n
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system" F  L4 X$ Y, a
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
! a8 j$ ~; P5 ]by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) h! N5 Z$ d9 F
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# E* y' p& i2 K! o+ r$ @0 V! m
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
, ]. ]  ?' F% r  J( _5 O3 c3 Dreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the( X( P) _3 @( K% l
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
" Z7 q* q$ H7 j& U+ S+ Nment without testicular enlargement, which was due" f- E2 j& i; S; U: C: [. y4 k
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 f- a+ M, }7 {; V$ A1 J" Q! Qthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-. O. V, A$ q- W5 _* |8 s
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this$ w2 a6 P: n% \& f1 p4 z; g
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. h8 @9 U5 @% m6 e4 ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 B2 |; _6 {& A/ p- Y% Z$ ^bly more common than the rare case report in the
+ E8 P6 t$ o$ a8 x. Q- q  w- Uliterature.4
9 c/ b2 k! {( u3 H6 q$ P: EPatient Report
0 L3 V1 n" e8 ~: oA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
2 c  [" v( f/ Q# s1 K; @2 y1 k4 Aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern+ l  e+ B' a0 T) t. I- L, S
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ |0 _9 V6 `6 @* z/ j9 olight colored pubic hair development when he was- J: t$ M# L, P/ b( ]
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of& A0 t8 ~$ L, ]9 k
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
2 t! {. k% \( oAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ Q) W2 ^+ a4 L% o& I
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ h$ B& A; G9 X# c2 w7 f/ M8 tMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: x8 ?4 Y2 J/ u
e-mail: [email protected].
4 R- I. E0 k8 E! cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# m% P& z2 W2 n( S2 C
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
/ b) W2 {& x* Y* S: Z% A+ Xment of his penis and frequent erections. The child2 N+ D' g  _2 y: ]' z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with/ Y8 B8 u( z7 I& u# R
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of. y" ?- ^" d+ V7 C8 c" o  Q4 a6 j
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; k7 B% m4 f) L9 E
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 @, d5 ?; B" t2 D
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,8 ~8 v$ h" }0 {
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: ]) v/ `, ^2 g  rwas age appropriate.
- ?* f4 P" A8 @/ q9 Z" P) MThe family history was remarkable for the father,, i' ?# I6 i% K! y0 Q
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! @1 {. V1 ?7 @which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
1 Z5 N2 ~, Y  u' j  K  `3 f% Aheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( h  I2 D* N5 [" T6 H& E8 d3 y
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
) U4 K! o6 @. Y* W6 NThe father denied taking any other medication. The" [% b% ^2 c' P+ f. o: h; e% C
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 x6 r* G4 J0 v% s5 G+ X: V7 n; z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) s5 ~; K9 F% K# i  F% i  d2 s
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-9 {5 p: A4 @* g. h6 p
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
( u( J4 R- A$ F% X$ |tives. There were no siblings.
6 [% c8 u# [/ W; z% }4 VPhysical Examination1 {2 b8 S5 j$ V
The physical examination revealed a very active,
" R( ]- f. Q# N* N( d1 nplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented4 @3 L. n8 c: F) ]
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
, f$ x, t" @1 W6 S90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 _$ W# V+ C! z# ]) C4 i8 D% b(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
0 A1 e6 n' O' A$ t8 P9 d. lvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
( n3 x3 W# h& B+ I" k' }the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 {- B1 ^/ L/ x
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for9 `6 V& Y: C7 |5 {4 o
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
9 A6 O7 e3 ~) x2 p8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well6 ~* {& U- ^" q0 s' B" @% R1 x% l
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around; |% J. e* m* d- |: ~- P
540
0 z" R+ Z* W+ M* M; wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" [, q: ]! b+ D9 {+ c/ U& wthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The4 Z. a7 a" N& g9 G: z# i
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.: R' z+ l2 l1 j( Z" |
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat$ u9 t4 H6 ]! V. i
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& _. X/ ^0 O8 x
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.! H4 X  N9 T/ L. {, @; Y& j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& O9 Y. V6 m) ~' Y, D. }  e
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 u% }4 K; {* E4 F! O0 Hof papilledema.
/ Z/ n& v1 r  T  B, p& p. H7 L0 [. VLaboratory Evaluation% ?* z9 h$ H' x! b
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by. V9 k6 g! ^% G
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 {8 E/ g; z: ~$ ]
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal7 E; L7 I1 Z; d5 m5 b1 Z
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 B. A! h8 y' J9 O7 S6 v/ i# cshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 W" K4 e- E- p( Y" d" g7 f
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).. h1 F- M) r& @8 D) {) c9 {
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% N/ K' D+ ]' z$ R" |* t# ^: B5 vurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were4 W& _% `* g% f
within normal range for his age. The concentration) _+ L& C1 N6 _* d5 U4 f
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. U) ]2 D8 z+ E/ L7 |* s! j
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20' S* I$ v4 @. N. ~8 A
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 D: g# D% t' ~$ P# y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),: ^# D) f. K3 ?# |: A
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to! Y# ~* e# ]  g, X
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- L! n4 i- h8 j  A% V
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
! H% e6 A3 n8 q2 M! x/ ^" O; Mtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" P4 n& V1 s+ X$ Y" B8 r2 ytestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),; |# H. K$ B( T2 b& d! F+ y
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than! k* J- c$ M/ L, W
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" _$ c; U( c0 s, V- ]4 K2 ~2 cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone/ L1 L9 d- e! z8 X+ y4 p1 j( H
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL9 b) P$ Y- p# y" a
(prepubertal).
3 }) C. X6 o' \2 L! aThe parents were notified about the laboratory5 Z' u: V+ P# S; i1 H
results and were informed that all of the tests were" q: n1 T$ R9 d5 l0 T! W7 B
normal except the testosterone level was high. The% a1 `( a0 E5 i4 A) E2 c6 R5 r
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to5 m  T* X1 Z% X6 `' d, u
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' \; m. w7 s% B# ^4 n
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.# u- h) ]% m+ ^; U! l: r" ^* S! i5 {
Physical examination at this time revealed that the" i6 ^0 y6 n7 m0 c
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ j. K; y* y- }; j" o2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 x9 y$ _5 N8 c
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 `8 Q4 N2 s  S  c6 V8 f4 D" x6 n  f
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at, E+ R+ }" }) q* Q5 X
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
. R2 [$ k9 y! o- j+ dmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 W' O( b. }& u8 _$ T0 ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 v* {  s) N: S3 h! s$ V% ?ing frequent erections., F: l7 r( N% I. l- c+ y+ F) H( ?
Both parents were again questioned about use of
% [! w! V. a. M0 e! `- zany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
, W5 S& W! X$ v) gthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the% |( k7 ^( f' p1 o
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5416 Y. U2 b8 }. N8 i
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 _3 n- N6 C, ]- h: O
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 @  `! y  c- I
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. s. v  M+ b( ?7 s3 x9 Fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-( L4 W. _0 N. p0 O
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% b1 ]5 K( T* R/ v+ U& ]secondary to depression.
  m9 c3 P$ D8 AThe child slept in the same bed with parents., y. |& W( h% i; q, q& N! R+ M, |0 ^5 c
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his6 k: I0 g+ D8 p0 z) }
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
3 e& I* H  d5 C. {. p- b$ t, b& lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.  M8 j. E+ |1 S# T3 k8 v; ?
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
( s7 s/ w! p$ v1 r# _when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; Z  G8 d! a- C2 H! d- Y4 a
was high, he then read the product information8 n9 v  k6 W$ U
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' @- r: x# M8 r6 w: e
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: K1 @2 T' C! ^0 Q5 }
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# c5 `2 P# @9 A" [, F6 ?father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 C: N, l5 O) S: n9 ^4 g4 z
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 T& z; w" s2 Q  c. _$ J2 @test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- P9 ~* q; \' F1 _4 j9 zlaboratory to obtain the test.
# X8 ^$ C9 M5 R( ~5 u9 V+ `Discussion4 {: u2 H6 L: @1 S) R& j4 I
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
# D. s9 m6 Z/ T! C% e: ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" S1 ]. _' t- P6 PPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# ~2 q! _+ v. j/ T! ?# L' d
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
  R+ Q0 e. F, T# L9 g  Othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
8 l' I5 \* a9 p1 vmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: W/ \5 t; B+ _. U' |
may have a central nervous system lesion that is) F% r* z# l" M/ P8 X) r
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 S; I8 @0 ~7 |' O$ J4 A
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ }8 @! q4 ?1 H1 R& F. p4 ]3 W
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 y( H  _, o6 `6 n  h' ^boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ ?8 |, k" c7 R% e4 Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-6 ]0 n+ H/ v# V
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
$ P# {0 y# E' Z1 Rgonadotropins.1,3
* m; N* i4 i2 p( cGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' u& w0 _, r" ?# r, t) w
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: U6 C2 O% H. P- c! f  x0 zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or  T+ a1 X) A9 U% n4 R
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( A2 A/ y- B3 B% l3 M& k
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing6 e, N7 }3 Z' ~3 F
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive& C2 s: s7 g& a0 b/ t, a  b( A
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 ?, g: X+ C5 K; x* w: w- j! ppuberty in boys.3,4
* ?( H/ g- e( K- ?; W. ^The most common form of congenital adrenal
5 v8 P8 L9 {' w: ]6 u. Dhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( x! N6 G% V  R/ M$ g6 |0 d
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* {1 X+ h3 Y" j2 T) B7 J8 [$ V7 S: sexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
  T/ O4 N3 W) V6 u2 r, N+ {" X! Van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen( o1 B3 m, i  M  W5 Q) L, c
excess.1,3) u# [) u+ D3 x3 g) h6 w
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 q2 l  F# S% e4 I: D/ @1 ^542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007( X0 ], m0 h! F" ^/ I
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& S: z. M  t, P5 U# windependent precocious puberty, which is also known% p3 m# P; v  V" j1 ]% j# [
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a# X9 j- b% ~9 X8 ?7 N7 m! G
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
& H4 B0 I" R2 q1 W  g& v# i, z  N5 [8 u* Iwith this disorder are full pubertal development,$ {. c4 R' J3 A9 }7 p
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ H+ h0 d. x7 pwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 A" U" H  ^% }6 v# ~" f
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* e* P" s4 k9 F& y# e8 W
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ h6 j- {1 q4 }releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% e; g* Y2 k% [5 g: Cautosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ g; `. Z' Y' @; z9 R
males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 f- F% s3 @- x1 m; Vmay have similar precocious puberty.36 o; t( Z' m1 w' E/ W7 A
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
1 K( t+ D. y; L! P6 _! Nsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' Z7 i4 V3 ^5 g+ Gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' c; Y- w5 ~7 [5 u1 x# q$ swas in the differential diagnosis because his father
: H) R% |) l; c- n$ O6 istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- n7 z, v, y, p( y7 ztesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
; G8 {0 ~+ O/ F8 t" P0 {' T+ \: _3 Abeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-. C. G5 q# `+ ^0 |9 A9 N% L
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 \* z( Q0 y/ B* S
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  M- X9 E" Y" O" l- {) g6 g
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ M& W$ p0 S. Q6 m- p' b  xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
1 j2 f7 @- L* w! oing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
/ V/ H/ u6 u" p2 |% RThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly2 q- P5 F% N5 S8 x& H! L) h
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because$ c+ u. ]. X1 i# T0 e9 t
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-( ^) ]: e. [1 R6 g2 @
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ Y3 k1 ?! {% {" q9 [. z% q
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. Q3 X- A' w2 H9 n# [) gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( h- x+ b. q4 qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’! G: V" C* u% s- J3 C- v
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 Q( [2 m* y' l8 _
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 [! C$ r- ^! r/ V* v
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.; J) P1 [. P2 l7 b
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 p; @6 K+ ~. C: pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to  Q* _; U6 p! [9 p: b( Q, v5 ~
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
, U2 Q: A% N+ c* [4 ?* opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
" [7 t& X& m! Z8 I3 B7 ltion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 T, T2 D' t  j7 A
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ m4 N* {$ n! e. G) @
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; m; ]- w8 ]0 F) Edermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-( W* d, A5 o$ ]& @; Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
! P) P; K; w7 Z$ A3 {active in young children exposed to testosterone
+ ?1 Z$ h- ?9 P( \# A7 Iexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
0 N) l( S$ U% u# ^drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ \1 h# j. Y5 P
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
" n) h" K3 n1 J' ]  ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and8 Z. h# X6 R4 o) |4 u7 i
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
  p; }& {# h7 cThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( H/ n/ V% R9 k5 k( f: K0 xearly childhood on pubertal development and final
  |8 Z! E8 I( _0 jadult height are not fully known and always remain# K2 O1 g! }8 r! R" }0 L
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
# q. [- D( p+ ]terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some- y, v, @. |: p
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ c! s/ _3 k2 O2 ~  ^& Icessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ S7 L0 r. A. Y: |
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 [" `6 N& p$ i  ]# N/ _; L3 CThere are conflicting reports and controversy; x3 \7 I! D( ~) p# T* N- Y5 n
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult! m2 j- H+ ?7 ^+ c: `; Z3 t& \' I
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 x$ y" `0 D/ R6 n
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) i# G4 {: Q; Z6 s, P  Eulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' }' Y' ]( J+ k! F+ ^6 A  e( MSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
! r$ n8 x3 G( q! `9 X9 achildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: U4 m) ]. E- n2 Xpenile length in clinical studies.
, M& F" X0 `  h2 UNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
- ^1 B6 o9 S0 E/ H' {going to experience any of the untoward effects from8 [% A! z- L: f' z
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# @' ]1 D7 e- |$ x- }the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
% g' h& K; V: X, {7 {; f( y9 @Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ F$ i& Y9 O4 V: L/ `diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; f) V: ^' {# ^9 c
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" G5 ^" T5 x. E2 ]9 ~% yheight will not be affected.% O/ j1 N1 `6 m8 c9 k5 b) Z9 x
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-+ i2 A0 }, |3 v2 ]5 H6 i
ability of androgen products in our society may
3 G6 R% p8 R# {* s% G/ x! Vindeed cause more virilization in male or female( k' X5 D, d. N8 L* y' c* A4 Q! N
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-4 l: e* z3 w+ ?/ d/ c! w8 a; f
gen products must be considered and specific ques-% W& e5 j+ K) ^9 L9 C
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 J  r6 D  r/ S, _; T' b  b! n- sgel should be asked of the family members during
& J! H9 @2 C  d6 n6 {the evaluation of any children who present with vir-- I6 c' A) ]& l5 l- }" d
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
( |! V8 e; {8 C2 Y) Jnosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 }9 O6 o  S; i$ f4 V
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a3 i* j$ j+ v2 F! i
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ y) S4 |/ f; z2 B% ~; tresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
9 D: M8 e2 o) @8 hinvestigation. The primary care physician should be& i* x1 V3 I9 w& }: v/ ^
aware of this fact, because most of these children: m4 [6 k7 Y; o1 \" W; p
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
  A# e0 D: t3 X8 f. y5 DDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
+ k0 I0 N4 M& c6 n" Swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or. H% i4 \; T4 G- b; a8 ?. @
female child who might come in contact with some-
/ e  O  b* L) }* [! P- gone using any of these products.
( q  C) n* C" z7 O9 k. _% nReferences1 Q, O- Q6 }1 Y: l' ]: b+ M  V: l
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
, R# j3 K" p, }: h$ Cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% z+ f' `9 q/ V" E+ D2 O1 f/ Z3 G
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" a! m* o1 _1 l0 p
2002: 565-628.8 t* h% E$ U" w- V4 o
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  {- m4 n2 q& c% S7 e0 e5 opuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
* m$ H9 z4 e: k9 HBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
. Q' G1 S  f4 R7 tExposure to Testosterone
% n: m( p; }' x$ L! [Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ ?6 f) N! Q. ^6 y9 v$ }6 ^( q5 X
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
7 S7 {7 h  ^1 E, C$ W0 iClinical Pediatrics2 ~$ T, F  u0 R( ~
Volume 46 Number 6
& }: u. O% ?2 W& h* U- l5 P" q9 RJuly 2007 540-543
. ~5 C1 c/ z3 s( H% r' v© 2007 Sage Publications' q5 _2 i( M& {$ C" P7 W* N6 l
10.1177/0009922806296651  ~6 B6 p9 f+ r" G9 C6 N
http://clp.sagepub.com
3 L2 @5 V' y0 Dhosted at# [% S3 ?7 x- @! z  y
http://online.sagepub.com
. V, ]4 l' l: P9 [* JPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,3 b3 f! `  M7 h5 T5 g  \% @4 f0 E: j
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
6 y' C# g3 y' a% ^0 Z$ F) E; uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' P7 U+ E1 n  S  ?through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
/ Y1 Y5 @5 d6 Q# c0 S9 W1 Sa higher incidence of organic central nervous system. S) R( I& F: a. P
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested8 F0 F1 ]; T+ r& [, m
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
, x' @! R4 N( N3 y$ U0 @hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
; _# b9 r/ w2 t+ H: Qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  i1 [* A( E3 e* V5 d! E7 n" d
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the3 X  d7 B# O1 W4 r/ q9 n: X9 F4 G
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
; E' c& X: d* U. j' T5 Ement without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 \' d3 h: d- r# U/ ^1 K  h6 _& P% eto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
- @$ D* k( [4 o6 f$ }the father. The family initially concealed this infor-8 I3 i" s: l  t/ w/ L; X; U( E6 Y* e
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
" N# |6 L! {! F7 W7 V6 y; |9 a' Schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 O- r( }/ [4 m# L3 ~: s3 \
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
# B1 _, @7 |8 G' Obly more common than the rare case report in the* e  Y! s8 Q2 E1 }
literature.4
( \8 [0 n4 O9 B; x) {% x- VPatient Report
& Q: I9 B9 O4 VA 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ Z* M  `9 s! b
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. W& B0 z6 E6 p6 V! H% Gof early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ }- v# `/ F( s* [/ y" R8 olight colored pubic hair development when he was
/ h( ]" w, c7 b* ZFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
1 h% b5 J9 P1 S3 m: K# TSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! \+ L: J% s1 p7 z" VAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
. i' _, N1 [1 K: D3 ?: EProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
* p6 z7 Z* e1 F( l! y, VMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 J: Y9 G, x1 ~+ [# t: oe-mail: [email protected].
& d# H' X  V/ a2 w2 @+ }about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 E$ B# J: o* b( F1 G5 C' t
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-2 o+ J: C, d* E
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
5 R2 W! v" S% ]1 L7 @9 y8 kwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, M3 F" z5 J" L) n0 G
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
) p2 V4 `% p# q+ `- X20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
. c  p) \. h. A3 C; W# W0 Zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with% i- R$ o; x1 ~) z
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
9 P; d% I; ?* w! I9 Dand his psychosocial and psychomotor development5 a8 r4 q0 X) ^0 f
was age appropriate.; ]1 a3 z% @! `8 E; p
The family history was remarkable for the father,
5 M: U6 E* \/ h1 r0 |# E+ qwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
2 R9 Q9 _4 w3 X" [9 Jwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, g$ A9 z" H/ ?6 a* J8 g; Y& r/ Eheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
5 Q" z( F1 X" G: T7 y$ gearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.( ?- C+ x7 y: `& i" z& t: g
The father denied taking any other medication. The% n3 A" Q$ O! n  F2 B: y% ^3 B
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 l% _7 i" q$ P( b: g8 E
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet1 [0 o% i9 s1 a/ |
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
' q  S4 I! G  h) n% ?/ U* vcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 ]/ ^6 j/ N" z- N) p2 ntives. There were no siblings.
* j/ A/ h% K$ r2 M3 Z! UPhysical Examination
0 ?" W/ j4 g$ U( G, R3 CThe physical examination revealed a very active,$ O6 B' V( G' Y5 c0 T% F
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
9 A! i9 _. `3 u" H. E* s$ Sa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ U' f- t* L. k+ d' X
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 F7 z" a. I8 p
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
" V6 r! i" F) u  K& u: R& N/ i0 |velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of! N$ {# M( V3 ~# Z4 {  z
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
5 f1 \# q% ?5 VThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for5 Q  v; w% T5 K$ j. q" d; t) y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of  ~5 V1 t' A+ a
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 W2 W" g0 T( }3 o1 b7 ^
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
( i9 F" ]# i- P1 G6 q5403 {( k) ~! H8 n9 Y+ L; H
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: w  o0 {, h* }. D8 u6 L
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
+ p2 n, Y" F$ T5 w# r. |2 Gtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
7 G: K4 p  {4 B/ w8 z- DThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
+ n; Y8 j: a% c# X9 W# W: H3 ]oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no( N* K% _3 S. U6 n/ W5 \
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; u, t/ f3 ]) H$ f1 Z1 e6 j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+# S$ b- O. R6 }  m
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion7 }1 U# [2 {4 i5 h' ^: }
of papilledema.0 c5 N0 l4 @4 p# v- n
Laboratory Evaluation/ l* o  E% E7 @
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
3 k4 v- D- C0 p. c4 Vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-8 i" c8 d4 W# G4 U  ^
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 @" V9 b# U! m4 q! k! xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' }& [+ p) J0 g$ R" Z+ O4 f
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ ]! G/ J1 y/ e' X( X9 J" F: F
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
: f6 o- W1 r7 c9 H$ b+ |. _& M/ PThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood5 y1 S0 R2 z) f. h3 b: `
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were! _6 @* I- ?  P& a
within normal range for his age. The concentration& s- ]+ O/ V3 |0 D, I) C9 T6 r: Q# @
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
& a* Q& ^" @: u. Z; q6 C(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 205 Z9 ~" T( h0 G& y7 }- V" R* L
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 {) t8 e2 w5 e: k+ c6 Z( T
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ k/ J( F- f: E$ `. {  }
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 v3 G# W) `6 V
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)* w9 G2 K" f; V/ i5 `6 S  ~- l
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
5 F. c' F" I8 b% \tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
  o2 Q, P: s' w; htestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),! P* W9 i" @4 m& ?0 K" f$ K, W- v% S
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) B3 s* t" O! E5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
  x+ d! L8 n2 g: n! `stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
4 o9 P  v$ B* \. s4 Gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
8 F  C- I# C, z5 a4 W(prepubertal).
! _+ R. g; F/ g( cThe parents were notified about the laboratory
5 [7 \8 A. {6 M6 |; Sresults and were informed that all of the tests were; Z$ O7 \) L( d5 N
normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ C. [% H+ |8 |5 H# k; v; k
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 U9 }8 B' [/ v3 `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# J8 p( a/ A  L# D" Bever, the family did not return for 4 months.1 O- H  g6 J! R: T( |1 F$ J
Physical examination at this time revealed that the7 `$ Y: f2 T% `6 G$ @, Z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 c4 B. B. D2 m6 F2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ U* O  m9 Z+ n: U. Bunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
& d+ F3 W' K5 ^; ^' o- Lpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at2 W6 ]9 W" c. g5 H- K( J
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2' S2 E' Q; t) ~9 F- O( G- B
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.* B% H  R( P8 H% q' h; D- p# d# B
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-+ @$ N- V. U- O
ing frequent erections.
: A9 O! q, _% K/ O& v$ K/ ?Both parents were again questioned about use of+ M, `: \0 ]) J
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to  E/ p! ^9 d! M$ w: j7 @* D
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) G: K5 e. a1 H8 MTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; f) v6 T; |- I! D/ A
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- q) N. |6 L' m
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
" Y/ t! f; I  s4 F7 I7 Ha year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
- `- c" F; x- a9 r+ d* C  G+ Wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-9 h5 v8 J3 g; ^( Y+ T3 t! j  s
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% s* m3 V2 U5 vsecondary to depression., q& ]5 S, W+ r0 i0 E8 \+ P
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
- E/ w4 Y1 \/ K! ^% kThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 R2 A1 E' O% H# n5 g$ G; qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 p2 @4 |9 C6 h3 V
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.* X) L+ b' `0 l+ j4 D5 d
The father also admitted that after the phone call," h, t( W! h/ L- q0 \3 Z2 d
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" B" f9 m0 i& H" y) w7 @) f8 G
was high, he then read the product information2 P  Q3 d: S; n( Q9 r
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
3 c' i% V5 I9 m6 Z$ Lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they; `8 r) {" ?7 F& u9 Z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
5 M3 z  I& s* R4 x0 Hfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ t' a4 {' \# {% o$ u1 Kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
' u/ s# i0 S8 y& Stest was ordered, but the family did not go to the% `: b  m/ A6 h) t, B
laboratory to obtain the test.
; Q" u3 _8 \6 U+ j- M' b( |& eDiscussion) d* i/ w% |5 X  i5 J/ G
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
/ W- I; T6 d/ esexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
# H7 j* P3 ^! u! G% PPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when$ V1 y( k9 X' C1 {
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
  ?9 w- N% _7 o& a: zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
" T- @2 j8 p1 w; ~8 n, M! K/ Q! Umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 {: Z1 v5 q3 {3 m/ ^may have a central nervous system lesion that is
* q1 }; Q5 m# k  rresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! v% i. z1 K& `5 B
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-( [5 n5 l5 L1 L
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 H4 w: K' b# S6 ?boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ i" V- \! h9 Z; L* [* {
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- E# ?9 y8 e, V- V7 c: M& X. K  T
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by  b, C: Y  \  ]" K+ b1 @# [& n: W
gonadotropins.1,3
3 A6 i+ L1 q& J2 Z0 k. F  oGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 m/ p, H! l( Z, R
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
! c" P: P6 Z0 ^) U7 s' Z) b: zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or  K3 F/ x/ s* Z! p
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
6 t  k8 U, a+ i( zulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
9 G0 I- a. C' f2 R! B; Wcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 Q# E6 }3 Z! [' H
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) i1 g+ c2 I" ]0 [3 Cpuberty in boys.3,4- L) m8 m/ `- D. ]6 H7 Z# ^3 Y
The most common form of congenital adrenal
' H" ?" `6 K0 Z5 I! b( ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.3 r5 L1 J; I  Z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* f% S" N( U1 w" @9 bexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# l, Z6 x6 k" t
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen4 \$ G6 I/ K0 G; X9 k  Q- U
excess.1,32 {# h: H* M, C$ ?8 S2 G+ ^9 @
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! i5 w; K1 l' f; }$ \542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
4 I3 K. {) l4 w+ H. q( cA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 l5 T& A3 s7 W
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
9 z, F: }9 y' L: M, ^4 `as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ A( w  u# o6 qvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
9 T3 S6 l* J1 l  t/ s- c" Swith this disorder are full pubertal development,0 U: U  t3 E' j
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  p: j# ]9 C  K5 K: q9 Awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( ]# \+ o7 E9 ]  }- M
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
3 l3 Z3 @% r/ d& V7 }  upubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-4 W! J( t% J# ], g/ H. {% a) f* w
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ v) ?4 Y2 i( c1 dautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
- }( j; C' K+ G7 g" @6 O" M4 umales; therefore, other male members of the family
2 r0 M, P7 N% d, @4 q& jmay have similar precocious puberty.3
1 b  I6 s0 i2 L0 @0 @In our patient, physical examination was incon-0 j  |3 L2 b( }# w
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
  C. k" S9 ^( T3 U! g0 [cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 V" ]  E0 n4 J0 f. g
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
9 z3 |8 G" X5 J. i+ F" ~: Kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
. Y$ j" O0 u7 L9 W1 _- Ztesticular enlargement is not that evident in the6 V* P, O. C: r% D
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-3 }) W$ M6 X, i4 g/ R( d8 {. I- g+ v1 A
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 h' J' ?6 x4 q$ V4 c' {" ebiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
0 C: Q' b* v0 `0 r" [either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; ]- j+ X& Z9 [5 P
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
: A$ w  B6 L* Y8 O7 Iing the normal level of adrenal steroids.: `( s. W+ l, Y7 S
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
3 e: d* K% o) [- v9 Ssuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
/ o: o; }8 K  z5 N# B: Mthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) ?8 V! I9 Z& R6 D0 Fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 x" F  c0 }5 n! V0 Y7 n; e
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
( A4 u/ W7 C6 U  N) C1 d$ {4 Qterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 n' W- \1 }! w* t7 [- g8 iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- g, I2 V/ x7 C% u4 K
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
9 I# e( W0 u, {0 J4 b  z& |& g9 G+ rcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 B5 M3 I$ I7 E" b; h
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' e2 B& F: H' O8 x* USerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. @" {9 L% S2 ~6 w' h
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
' d2 f) q! s: {3 E* qeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
1 H- g, q1 b4 ?4 E( C+ P# hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-# Y. j4 j! g. q: t! t0 G) n
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
9 W# r2 f# F! XOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 M5 }3 S7 K3 J% V' a
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
' G3 W) Z, F" c" Sdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-, S, u. o  @2 {- s
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 e3 d7 X2 r! N; x
active in young children exposed to testosterone# V5 q* n$ J7 A
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-6 K2 E4 N2 I# @4 [6 h& W) D
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 ?: ^% L8 q* ?1 j. Tvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 G5 F& X" n2 A* a# gchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and8 F) ?5 B% G9 l5 {9 d
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
5 E- G: m# R( L* P! @The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( F" }$ O$ w  ]6 j- D5 zearly childhood on pubertal development and final
  p1 W( q9 o0 A) t9 e# Gadult height are not fully known and always remain
' c: y9 z! U! O+ {* ^a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
# i( @" L; A( l# q7 T; wterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
4 B: C1 e- f( X! e% X  ^acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( C7 I5 B: U0 [$ d9 \cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation( J4 P7 K% m6 B
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
% P4 C2 u: |$ e4 EThere are conflicting reports and controversy$ N- [( ]. B* U# S1 G
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: p1 G2 W$ A; S
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, v7 K; P4 ?; N9 _: ?9 oadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 q, g1 E6 y2 ?  I; x8 `3 g9 C! aulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' W! x9 u! x( E7 Y) A' YSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 o- s' l/ ~/ N0 N, S6 W$ b- ^$ Y
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" b* b, _# W0 F1 ?2 Q! u; @penile length in clinical studies.9 h9 M2 A0 |: U, w  X0 V- l
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
. d6 \$ V+ W8 G& ~1 `& s$ p3 \3 Qgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from- f! c8 g' L9 m) g
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; _) p9 H7 ^9 h' Sthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.) J9 H6 m2 T- L+ i9 \, k0 c6 j; j
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ G1 i8 b- e' T; }% Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at$ b7 q2 G5 I2 s( S2 J
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult9 k- B$ A# l$ j3 F: s  v
height will not be affected.4 T; q1 a8 |5 h- j1 N
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. Z2 d  d/ G) Lability of androgen products in our society may4 z) c( z, ~, g5 l! m( {
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
4 s6 r( v( w7 m3 Pchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-1 p2 B, w+ V( e+ l9 r: U- |7 D0 @
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 K: H9 p. O5 P) j9 |tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
. m+ z& ?# |, b% m9 ]. `gel should be asked of the family members during
$ l8 [. L! P  o0 x- Vthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-, j2 ]  l) @) a+ n! p
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-6 |% \& v+ e2 p8 J4 m7 T
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by1 L2 E; s$ W3 L0 F% |# }
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a% S, O/ E6 s  u# V/ [
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may' r% J3 Q) h3 j0 E
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
5 x# M3 \4 e; U8 Linvestigation. The primary care physician should be
! G' _: c* x  b  f/ h0 w" Caware of this fact, because most of these children
7 v9 F7 W7 s1 L$ ]may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
+ [( _* J7 q. n6 P1 V4 G, S4 S1 |Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
0 x# R  y$ S( l' a9 b/ W3 rwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or- l- K! A' p' [
female child who might come in contact with some-4 O1 M# @5 o$ T3 q" D' }
one using any of these products.9 V: @# u7 d  I- g- S
References
4 b% h" C: M( ^& a1 a1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
+ J2 u3 O/ m" T' z# Vand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 y" Y; a& q0 sEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;' i- v* T+ S: v: ?" H
2002: 565-628.  f+ ^! |* C6 m( m8 K
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 u5 d. H/ q6 _puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
6 I+ V) _2 b5 _4 W0 V1 j
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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