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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
' }$ V2 H/ b, y# r% _- w6 DBoy Induced by Indirect Topical: s: t" l/ r; @% W
Exposure to Testosterone2 n8 p/ ~" m. Y2 m
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 d2 m6 p4 w; C' ~: o4 g! Dand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 L" S; |8 ~3 t/ A6 k5 U
Clinical Pediatrics! Q' _, `. C- D2 V. g3 u& s
Volume 46 Number 6
4 y; {* B0 ^$ M. d* w6 k' _, RJuly 2007 540-543
, w8 c2 z3 v7 N+ {; [© 2007 Sage Publications' X  Q+ a6 @, i% a8 @6 W
10.1177/0009922806296651
" r; u& ?/ S$ q- W0 }http://clp.sagepub.com7 i6 H8 C) E. i& T* K6 w' O
hosted at
( g/ U/ B3 w1 V4 O# P$ Z0 fhttp://online.sagepub.com/ l' X1 Q; `/ T' p  r$ U- i. u
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,9 e6 ?; [: S' |) `
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" M3 M7 h  _  v$ w$ qprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! G, {9 V7 p+ H/ K4 Gthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* k- |7 g% v: ^4 s  g% O" d
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system( v2 H. C0 O/ \: x. ?9 D
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested5 x; H+ {% G* \" X* f- ^
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
! o; R( w: d* C# rhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 v, V7 _# f4 g: L  c( @6 ~cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
2 ~. V" m1 G) d; w) Nreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
& R+ m  ~! y$ Y8 f" D/ _8 v/ Genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
0 P' j. P! z1 V' t3 g* lment without testicular enlargement, which was due( S% [% B! p0 s1 @
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
( {9 ~2 g1 F8 z8 g7 A% ~" s7 m7 @- dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
  D3 ~. h" L0 |; d# ?mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 L* g& B+ d8 T' k5 Nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& b, |+ ?8 c) W9 ~; T6 S  d- N6 p5 W% Htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
  G' C3 E. E( r+ T/ @) m  N6 Rbly more common than the rare case report in the
6 h7 w, T; ]# \6 Hliterature.4
7 {8 N( I0 H; A; K- v8 D5 `7 HPatient Report7 q/ i% v* [6 n2 }2 s
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the( e" Y# Q8 J1 r- }3 y( `
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern, v& A* W4 c/ M3 |7 z3 D
of early sexual development. His mother noticed# B1 Z3 L# Y) U0 ?1 _
light colored pubic hair development when he was' N  L8 t0 O& d9 z8 N3 x% a
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of; P* a. U1 g* P- b& ?1 A. `# p* J- L  Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
) ?1 W/ K' k: P8 sAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
6 _7 Q% _- C8 }: }" GProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) L6 P/ l) m5 H1 E5 n
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;# [7 p) E0 K  b- G; |- Z$ s
e-mail: [email protected].
& U1 Y: C+ f' O% a& \( O, jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
) }" [  `% L, t# s. f8 h. a9 }$ Ldarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
# `% a% U0 }/ ~& x% w  k/ _ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
0 {( _/ l9 A; w6 ]: V! e. y" Qwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
) P% B5 f, F! m5 \+ Ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 w, q6 T' i4 w
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year* l5 w& C7 l! v& z4 s
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 H0 u" G  G3 R- k7 |" ~" u6 Wsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
5 u! w) V3 e" i! i0 t  Kand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
5 m$ a9 h+ B% f! l' vwas age appropriate.9 m, S3 L3 a7 a; Y5 w- h" n1 O* S: G
The family history was remarkable for the father,
& ^% a: `+ P# H0 k% Vwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 ^1 l' v+ k% B( c2 X. zwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
" x$ q7 n# W" i; Q( |: X* G% @7 hheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 p- a( V' r% U- E8 E) P5 }  O# e( ]5 Qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ u/ O8 A. X# B, K
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 `% h' R1 z0 l* |1 c6 fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
  f( B  b' Z% b7 ~' B. {  e( H5 O: F, hwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: F8 t7 J* M6 D7 [* {5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-  F. y, @" h. B3 I* `) ?% y* h6 e
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
. k# E, P+ m) H/ mtives. There were no siblings.2 [2 n# e5 K6 G* |, u
Physical Examination; a, }# c" g1 g1 _: p' t3 n
The physical examination revealed a very active,
4 u2 g# U. X- x; @/ Q% Q7 h; splayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented- l( E! d: d# |) Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was' {: Z  h) L' l4 Z
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 u% P( ?( f% F! R# v1 E(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# Y0 J8 x& B0 b) i/ z9 r) v9 ivelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 O: n7 b& H" V, s1 Rthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.8 i# W( b2 i+ s3 [+ G
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 g" M- z6 [& J$ ^3 F) ~
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 f' n! x6 e0 `8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well3 L7 D8 g1 X& v
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 d6 ~: z: w2 [/ Y/ L540
2 b1 M: }: Y& K! \$ k+ C  A4 Rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 B( {  g9 Y* Z$ V
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
+ A5 f2 F( }& D6 Ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( w. C# j; {4 ^+ M! h
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
9 w: s( w$ N& s  o6 T) toily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no0 u/ S. q1 T9 o* x3 k, q
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
5 O/ f& c  {% `% E! Q6 [Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# x1 j$ I# L/ z- f. d% k9 K0 ubilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
1 S% l& ]. `; s  o. d* V+ J) c8 Bof papilledema.' q5 p3 ^, w3 X* G4 o3 L% q7 |
Laboratory Evaluation& B; y; }3 b& }; a" U* _: m6 |
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ K+ u  X" s7 J: a8 Qusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 s1 `9 T# W1 c) R+ U$ slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' L1 C3 J5 S) _3 J& b
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  p/ V4 W* i3 W' s  j
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
. c, U" \9 K! x! T; O- ^: T" Ilating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 m4 }  V$ `4 zThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' N  U# a$ z1 v  v! gurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were& A) E( a/ q6 o# m  c
within normal range for his age. The concentration! Y, l* F. }4 k; [! o4 m
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; p# C- K* Z3 I* R# n1 z) M(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20( d1 u/ J2 r% y
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 H, X, Y9 I- e3 G4 q
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ T8 V. _( t/ P' [) Odesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
4 c& Y! i6 G. O" \: r49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& C9 x$ Z! O4 D: }
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-* ^: C5 B& j9 W! b% w& S- J
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total  p* r! p/ u) F5 ?1 L
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),  N3 s2 l% O" J& G1 @/ h
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' c! N8 X5 Q) m6 A& [, R8 w
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ q1 L9 M- O! H. x+ J3 vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 B& Z$ S8 X) t9 @% Z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL5 H+ Z3 w0 M8 V. B5 J3 Y3 O3 @
(prepubertal).3 {" y0 ]0 L$ w5 u5 C8 J
The parents were notified about the laboratory
! f9 {2 s  ~+ V) k' P' a" A' nresults and were informed that all of the tests were" I. A' B3 q& }0 Z% }" b/ o
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
) K/ _. U7 t. M+ t9 O$ a; V" _  {' ]0 gfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ L: b4 K3 _+ N1 F) s
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# h4 l9 Q6 j. Mever, the family did not return for 4 months.% ~% I! }) m/ V; B% Z8 F# E2 ]( H
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
8 }$ f- a- T; ]child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained1 ~1 A2 @1 P/ w
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained( C% z' _% q2 w8 [# J4 j/ L
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" I0 f2 Y/ o1 a8 o4 F& P( n" Dpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at% ?& r* {! F: D8 N1 x1 ^
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
+ H+ C7 F' ^: l) m/ Y" M$ B) u( VmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.* U1 n9 g- g5 H& A+ H( S" l/ s" A
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-% P3 e9 x# l- |; X, k
ing frequent erections.8 U/ J9 Q5 m0 k. {; o
Both parents were again questioned about use of
9 l- {9 u, Q5 p9 p3 e; d& ~any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 Q9 w. N3 f4 u, v/ T$ B
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
% A( j* v9 \* j6 CTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; o' I6 U; O: h7 p( {% g7 x5 L9 W
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- \7 X6 y( Q, H3 H/ w4 c
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' F& |! V& U) w, `1 }9 ^0 ?a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% \$ i. q/ B& \9 `- Vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 t. J; n: Q: \) ?
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
9 ^6 z" s, k- L+ J# L3 `secondary to depression.
% \3 ~5 C. `4 {" W8 BThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
9 e, i, }/ _0 DThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his/ m6 W9 \+ H6 ?# Z  {9 E
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-7 a8 {) `# n# ^' w. f# `1 P0 R2 r
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.) }- s/ j( T$ R
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
' X8 S5 x- k7 J# J) V1 Z: Nwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby0 s4 t/ V+ p$ G/ l; X& U
was high, he then read the product information
7 K" e" L* E# R7 bpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-1 |- ?7 L& D1 k5 l3 j5 k
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 f) l* y8 g) x1 b7 rdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the, O2 V4 I9 a4 F+ e0 F
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ k, c/ F) k8 X
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
: i7 |1 V% q# ~6 S* }test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; g2 Z/ q5 l. k2 f2 R+ C0 V
laboratory to obtain the test./ X2 A+ ^- F1 K. K
Discussion2 g+ B# A9 K! r3 z
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ U& X* s, O2 D6 c% g* Q4 ~) @
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
4 s2 r# t6 o+ z& e6 N4 ?Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
1 I: i2 ]8 L1 lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
: n9 l5 h: m7 |7 Z: r( ^; q3 zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
8 y  s" G: U$ ?/ Fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* I5 W# o  q' s& {3 l, s
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 L% y% ]3 R2 t& R1 Tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
' ?8 n- k7 A8 A5 \amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" s, B3 A" ~! O
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
; \" j# J8 ^# a% }1 aboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-, k! I- x6 D, P, }
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-+ w4 k. ?; G* t: Q" J* Q! V5 L/ [) Y* D
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by' s: w, |( b1 ]3 D: k, D
gonadotropins.1,3  q' E% g/ ~8 w2 M  ~+ Z1 K% \
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-$ }2 R' U: j; }3 w) g
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: F( r: x, u" H" A  P% ]
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or, W+ Y; D1 T2 q6 z
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-; \. ^0 F+ u7 O# L
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
+ k3 O  W, G! z5 E: Ucongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
  A5 X7 o, ?5 Iadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious8 A* k0 L# L- _2 d
puberty in boys.3,41 y- J" Q% `9 f, D
The most common form of congenital adrenal
7 l) `# ^! A" e5 k$ e1 c' g# s; chyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& T4 S* }6 a  a
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in& P& x3 p* v( ^+ ?% L
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
* q7 u2 |! W7 K$ I+ ^- Ban adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 {* q6 C5 y* j7 aexcess.1,3
/ T1 g4 d! F9 Y: j) {* T  |at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; m: c, S8 Q  [" A542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007* y' }2 @" Y- @% m$ M
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" D6 p$ O! D+ Y: m7 K7 m1 pindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
% y& n9 O1 [8 h6 U/ f$ Jas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
6 j- q- n' f9 u) B) `$ E) F; r7 Hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
! b' K' _* M) K6 P8 I7 C4 \% f) P/ ^with this disorder are full pubertal development,! G2 ]* }6 }. u  [
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys- A9 X! s! s( {: O! g
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder3 `. r; p9 ^$ X; \3 j
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* A2 c- u2 a; E/ l6 Q$ u' P
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) K9 {/ P( f6 h0 breleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 l, |" e& Q) O- `
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only6 s8 \* V8 O" U! O
males; therefore, other male members of the family+ p5 u. }0 ~; i+ o3 Q' M: Y% b
may have similar precocious puberty.30 Z6 T& g( J) D, v: r
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
+ T: N- s( Y* Y# D5 S. c1 Msistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-6 g2 B1 X  Y; \
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis) q: k9 {5 o9 x) n
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
0 \/ [7 F3 h2 C% X0 Dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
$ s2 I$ ?) m$ o, K: U! Ctesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 D* I' K. W+ j- f' h6 xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
& y. n" Q, T4 F" W$ P* Sative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 l" [8 r/ j8 v8 D5 g' l  K% i$ {
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" {8 P) S$ A; Q  z/ M  l& Ueither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase  l9 z9 P+ Z- v1 J% |5 q
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. g% O) L9 _7 [8 x( _4 V" Wing the normal level of adrenal steroids.1 B* r6 u5 ^, Z/ k
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- G3 }5 M, A2 C5 `& x" u: [
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because1 j! c7 v4 e$ {. X* c( Y" R
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 x3 q% ?, X0 |* p, L% Kpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 L" e8 }' b3 ?0 G
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
: R6 Y+ w& V' ]8 W  F& _. ]terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- s& M3 A$ F- Z0 P, Lusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ l3 T7 n  y$ w" m& gDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or4 P6 R3 M: W, \
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
) u4 e9 @& b3 T% j% v! l+ Ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.8 M# _2 p" o5 V
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the; B# _* Y4 r0 m. p5 B4 w+ l7 `4 p
baseline value in those females who were exposed to! @" [! W( L! E& |# G  j
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 C% M1 c  t# Z$ J4 Z4 fpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-- S5 W, o1 U* Y5 O$ H0 z% |- J
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.: V' g$ W7 m5 d% _" z  [  U
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," }5 B! l1 G/ G; i: g( ^, y
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ |  Y) K) [, _- o- N
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 k8 U8 J% K  D9 I" jterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more6 z0 V: V# @; h5 s: P1 J1 U
active in young children exposed to testosterone
* F" Q; g6 b5 n8 fexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
( x: v# ^, T) y4 @7 K: V7 _- b8 idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  ]0 Z, ~- ~# U7 s# gvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" V0 z- X: X! H5 v8 n
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
% N1 W6 ]/ v4 `8 r, J+ d$ o* Y1 Nadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ a: P8 q5 F) Z$ k0 ?5 j
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during! X* C- x5 d, x0 S
early childhood on pubertal development and final' |( M: q* z: Y5 H: [
adult height are not fully known and always remain
! d8 i- i/ p7 @9 ?( }5 d, Aa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  {4 }4 ^3 i4 [% f% i
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
5 i% X6 p3 N6 s  \5 S& a2 pacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
/ f0 _2 P9 M6 x" e* |/ jcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation2 _8 m, o0 q5 C, T2 g* ]
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& W6 G  T: n% m8 V) jThere are conflicting reports and controversy2 O$ `  r( b' F: O1 A
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
/ \# R0 P3 ?7 v4 Kpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( E) P% v% G; ^, t0 K& }
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
9 i+ _; a) x- d1 i* y) J. eulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
2 S/ H9 ^0 q  t! _% y8 zSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
% d, s, I. r- v, M* jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. G$ T1 H! K2 u; p$ Gpenile length in clinical studies.
) O) @" y  a! P7 o+ h' O( E1 K. ONonetheless, we do not believe our patient is4 o) H6 Y6 D9 @* v6 x
going to experience any of the untoward effects from3 h8 O" `6 F8 h" d0 v
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
* C, i  P1 D1 ]the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.7 _3 [. p' A6 T' C% I0 p. G
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 T/ t8 s; r( ~) f9 mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
) \- W9 b  S, w3 H) L6 W3 Qthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 J4 ^) V6 ~" r7 u$ ~height will not be affected.7 q5 C5 |; D& U8 `  v5 o& F
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-  ^5 `. |) e) l7 c) K' p9 ^
ability of androgen products in our society may# X2 I# ?' \. @
indeed cause more virilization in male or female6 \( s2 ?) z8 y$ ]+ u& _& x
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
0 ], M. f% w, bgen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 {3 W3 d9 _* h3 |8 Rtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' C( f; k4 ^- |& i) @- zgel should be asked of the family members during
: r2 N% S$ U5 Z/ V6 D8 Wthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! B! R7 M( o2 Y% T1 Hilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 m6 l( \3 T4 F# J: S0 K: A
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
. s. r8 L( C: z2 z# vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a# A2 S' r3 h+ T; O1 H# R7 J' }
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. B" z, _0 N4 G" K; Q1 Mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
( \/ M; ^* R/ M4 m  A. @+ b/ linvestigation. The primary care physician should be+ \$ x( ^8 n7 ~* i, P3 y+ f* ]
aware of this fact, because most of these children5 [" I: v; e1 A; y: e
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
. Y5 [: C+ j4 u/ |/ qDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
. a: r7 @# z" w0 H4 K* uwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! [  }+ X9 D) a, _9 O; ]7 h) ?1 _female child who might come in contact with some-0 |- x5 j  k& l/ M  U) P+ w
one using any of these products.
" ~( ]9 Q- i& r! w5 dReferences
8 @4 o& J: U5 S1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation8 l* \! X, }4 K$ |1 D; ^+ M/ H4 s
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ s  B$ c7 u7 j" [8 u) V) Q4 LEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 ]9 r+ `" M# L2 p3 J* m2002: 565-628.
) n# ~2 L7 j0 M# B3 r9 Q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 y# f$ l+ d+ r" O5 w
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# h0 c% b$ V0 l8 t5 G9 t% i8 z& F  Z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
; i1 G) i. M: h) Q: AExposure to Testosterone; d7 }$ g" f* w6 m: q, I
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2  _% O' [; o: e6 k7 P, S
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 v5 }6 o( j5 c& P
Clinical Pediatrics0 L0 Z% E# q+ r
Volume 46 Number 6
0 _% ~3 r3 H! R2 ~! [, y# lJuly 2007 540-543
1 D( J/ i2 v: `9 Q/ s© 2007 Sage Publications; k! l0 e/ _! P2 C! I! o
10.1177/00099228062966517 _3 X* O6 X  t! V( R# V
http://clp.sagepub.com! c0 Z: l5 C/ C
hosted at
: O( o' n; M! |) _# }" @% Mhttp://online.sagepub.com
0 e% u" R2 i8 Z- yPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,; X5 y( m+ V: ^  d& }
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 n& F* L3 v/ e. d+ Bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated& Q( [/ G: K+ g% _4 y
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 ^; l. h4 S% s7 ta higher incidence of organic central nervous system. \8 |* `" w& P4 z
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
# X9 a' L$ R, ]# m6 Oby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic# T7 E6 a1 e) x; Y% l7 I% {
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-2 @' R7 }+ {+ s& O2 v8 D$ O
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We- w( F2 J: t% ~: L! p" Y
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
9 D: I: u1 x, T# E+ B+ Ienlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
' d% F, N# {9 y. J  Ument without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 n: U' ]. x4 }& qto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ W  f% x( S, Y$ n; X
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
# o$ y) K6 o$ tmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
8 w: y5 S# A- mchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ ~4 {+ S; l# O5 n1 _testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
1 R% F# S- b' y, \  J( Ably more common than the rare case report in the& R4 c$ @! y$ }* H7 i6 q
literature.4* r- c/ C) x3 u" D
Patient Report3 H1 |! O/ B0 K  m$ M; N3 s( m1 I2 \
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 i8 ]3 y9 [+ ]# {" L) M; k
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
9 `3 G! \9 g* c& _4 Jof early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ x+ E( W$ z0 t9 J3 t, Vlight colored pubic hair development when he was1 w; L, w% Y. ~9 ^: u: L& H5 C
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* `0 E( o' b# z9 I* GSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 l" J9 S5 T3 l7 P5 v, E, a1 S2 K
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 P) k4 e' e, f  N/ a/ {# T. }Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
* A# C  E0 p* S% \6 {+ i9 eMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;9 M! z. T/ V/ O7 E6 L
e-mail: [email protected].4 Q3 C+ r0 L' |
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became  B  X4 D! Q1 G- X0 U/ ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-* K2 j- Q. S) S6 k6 L9 b
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
8 X' ~& z0 m' h: j( d8 g- twas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
, k+ E0 ?+ }7 e! {9 t* ]a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of9 ~6 L  I$ e8 e$ W$ [
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
' j$ s; w! Z; k9 {6 h5 Lof life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 n( I; M  c$ u6 h6 D) f
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 {( I( k0 Y( y. T  }0 I
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development# ~6 f( y- s' G' f
was age appropriate.2 ~: N+ _; w; P
The family history was remarkable for the father,) J: R8 v4 Q) V, y3 p: k8 c
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,) y- G! V" w* V' \" ?9 p7 k
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% L8 t/ y$ J7 s& _* X& Sheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
( o, V! w! |  i  x9 Bearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.* M$ h9 a( ]% k" v1 m, U* ^
The father denied taking any other medication. The
( _, q6 U; j& B  |2 f" jchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ s5 k. u; Y' I- ^4 `( Bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet* l# {$ x4 Y' s2 v
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
: h" ]; @/ q# \& r- x9 mcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, `7 N8 d0 ~, o
tives. There were no siblings.0 }# m9 m0 e' q7 `1 G! M! @
Physical Examination, p: \! l( |; I" ?' ?. o# N6 i
The physical examination revealed a very active,6 |/ e# ^% ~6 |( s& o( ]
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
; N: {* h. x8 T1 ~7 [a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 T0 l/ F8 Y( e. q5 }  i
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' Y; \- G+ k6 G/ F(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
: G5 r" o* n2 N% y. Fvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of1 ?/ a4 {! l9 S% [  Q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
& n8 [3 F# u0 f/ J6 J8 v, [+ oThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for. E4 j5 z' D7 B2 l) I& U
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
% r. G; V4 i* q% G# u1 A/ U; C2 ^8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well4 J5 z8 n: s3 }% H
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
3 H; \+ J7 k# y  H5403 E! S/ C- F* t5 u) o
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! @8 k4 f: @7 Hthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
) A) K1 l  _' @2 Wtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 U: u! b2 d+ L9 c; G7 S4 YThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# N0 M( f+ d. s9 O/ `) c8 S( A
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 Z4 p! |1 S; _3 a* J- xabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' i1 }* |0 s0 c: R/ v0 l# k
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
6 M. x8 E9 j' mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ E2 {- Y& r% e) b$ d% t- D4 Wof papilledema.
5 l6 ]8 Q* L% x" Y' YLaboratory Evaluation1 v- R! X! z% a8 n2 n9 j
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by' B; D4 X2 C3 L
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-9 W3 q% P$ @9 }4 p* K
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal/ k* l! z0 ]0 t( j. X. [
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 P, |$ z5 M6 q( w4 N5 }showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) j- o% O/ R: J: ^; h3 X
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).. C, Z, D/ p0 l, B9 l- z( a/ }
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" a& @/ O$ l6 z6 |5 q
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
- n) E' l* F5 Qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
% U0 n$ l' h' F# J. [of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL# l+ @5 H" U# d( Z( U
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
$ x& H! q: v! n2 z+ cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
  q8 \5 t! {# ]3 u" zterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 i9 r  W5 B$ H6 j6 j" Vdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 E, L) u2 |* d& B( W
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)% }, D" n" ?- Q) n( i5 A
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' E0 E7 V) ~( P: a5 `
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( Y. t2 i2 Y3 r
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* u2 ~4 {( H4 @( z& L- K) Y" ]- j
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# k) V* D' Y! |, q" z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular+ q5 g5 W5 d/ }2 X5 p7 _
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
0 N1 \" z% |  rconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
9 y, U) I  l7 q$ @/ _(prepubertal).
! [, i; b+ M8 E- [0 t+ tThe parents were notified about the laboratory
5 N5 j; S. \3 S" N8 B! Presults and were informed that all of the tests were
" g! S% r. q8 b$ A4 H, M: v4 Tnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
; }+ T3 Z$ T: kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to5 E8 L0 F* J/ g
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-2 [% N6 f( f4 q; f# B9 ~  |
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
" y3 `8 J% i# G# OPhysical examination at this time revealed that the4 E0 J" ~3 Q' b4 j# [! x- N
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained3 t' @1 \9 v( M, n1 ^/ K1 I
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
" E3 n' h. G5 t8 B0 Kunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
/ u- A0 S, V& i5 fpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at' e. P& M7 z" k/ ^
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
; n* W! H8 E3 RmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 H" ]' R6 n1 G9 J
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-. q+ g9 F) S. Y8 y( u
ing frequent erections." F6 u( x! P7 T7 H! @1 O+ A
Both parents were again questioned about use of
/ d" o+ I2 t' \$ N+ T7 \  hany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
9 V" a- e+ E$ r6 y6 Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
: U- U+ r- {& _$ Q/ L9 y& f8 mTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541  C$ o0 R% Y( t  `
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-/ c2 \/ |/ _2 ^. Q1 i! |6 J
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
2 b* v3 {4 g* T0 [( l: Ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 {3 w  M" W& c& j- ]. Gto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-6 J% G/ g, f( @3 }" C
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
* n* O( O  o+ A5 f6 M  y0 N/ `3 j8 Vsecondary to depression.
7 N: A1 E# v# n9 VThe child slept in the same bed with parents.4 T3 {# m5 A5 o5 I
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ E- j8 R, Q, T+ Q/ G. Y7 lchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ l, z" j, l" h# B! G# |
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.3 Z1 H4 v$ j# h3 m7 f
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
. t- l, @0 {4 P. i  Twhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby3 [" Y. F4 O1 x6 G: U% [
was high, he then read the product information6 O  v8 z( f0 `* d
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ C( g' C  y$ X5 g, p! tson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' W. R3 D( k# p1 |% d( O4 Hdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# k) y5 S/ B7 d6 \' {father was not hugging him with bare skin and had$ @* V6 \6 m) u$ m
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone# t( M( t$ U; z$ y) S3 p7 T& E5 x
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the- A3 t# O5 R% K, U
laboratory to obtain the test.
1 V2 \4 `9 H. W0 j: cDiscussion
' ^* _0 E# J7 w. V. ePrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) h7 H. C( a7 z; H1 Ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& @8 \2 X6 C! K2 hPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) v7 Y' _3 u" c0 T! p" U: nit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 B% ^! e' @) f# W* f6 s" d
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-  ]* X! z: L7 T& x0 f
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. `( m; o7 o+ C. [+ b- a3 R" o# h% ~+ kmay have a central nervous system lesion that is% o* d: X; _! G- p
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
* Z/ _& ]2 _4 S# K& c: p1 Namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
# q$ V3 X, s1 b5 Ksis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ _  r# c; W# ]7 [
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-. i, m5 c/ E) j; L/ \, S9 o  [) E
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 [! V) z; j/ X+ crical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by4 R5 O! [- E+ D0 U# d( T: W
gonadotropins.1,3
# J4 B. j2 P$ F# ?, zGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, S) X$ {8 y) g% Z: u2 C8 B1 y& Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate# Y$ w' N! u( c
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* ^/ Z- a  z" s' d, n2 pexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& }& {' a" U  rulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 ]$ n- o  X% _- M. d! [' ]
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
1 X8 ]. _. r9 ~- ~4 c( O1 zadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
' W$ p' V% W) K; npuberty in boys.3,4
2 F$ j+ W1 o# A# A. xThe most common form of congenital adrenal
1 E8 F9 A! I$ W8 d$ whyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.1 J! e0 X) N+ o$ R$ D$ v& v. D
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
/ ?: f. W2 ?2 p/ dexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
+ @& `2 A+ a3 O8 T: `- m. can adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( l  [* _' X( `; }; nexcess.1,33 u: a0 x. _9 _% A. {) f
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: c/ `7 G- s$ \! u" j/ G- X' w7 w542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
/ R/ j1 X9 e& r' [5 m( I* \A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
; [7 D/ z  Q! V. V1 d: Qindependent precocious puberty, which is also known% z, ]5 T. j  w3 k; W& Y- N  m7 ^
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
) p) D( n/ U  w+ ^4 L5 avery young age. The physical findings in these boys
" s5 B9 m6 a- H# Z* g2 Dwith this disorder are full pubertal development,! S6 C! }5 w: K4 {
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys9 O: T( k+ a' l5 b
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder* ^+ h% L/ t( _4 E: Z: `- L$ W1 h
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 G6 J" ]( o0 Z' @pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 c% _% r+ P% j1 x: freleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
! G4 l! R1 g! {" y; bautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
# x+ h1 {/ [8 h5 @+ Hmales; therefore, other male members of the family% x# j! S. m6 V; c2 I+ O
may have similar precocious puberty.3# B2 {8 ], r& d3 b7 T+ u2 K
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 @% @+ D* k' ^sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& }9 B+ l1 Z* ?- U2 {2 h& X! J# Wcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis# u5 E" J* C9 ?! ]) A8 F. Q
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
( \6 b1 A% p1 _/ q7 Mstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
8 T3 Y& g) [; M  [: ^) V9 ?+ f7 L! Jtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the/ o) }0 i$ H- N( |; S
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-0 H8 D. J8 I: R! o; O4 `) p
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our: V2 M( r$ U; D% u/ B
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
* [7 d: w. q( y, l. ^either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 D, g7 [/ Q: k9 }3 \deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-7 R( y0 |, a) o9 N3 l" U9 v" X3 M( t
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
' l( C1 f+ m) r+ d& \: Y8 fThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly8 N0 e5 q  O4 l0 A4 f& L3 u
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
9 @8 ^7 h8 m7 I+ J7 |the physical examination revealed the complete disap-  ]  ]% v* f4 z  r" E' l, K
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 S: N, Q* u8 C3 L  C
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
4 w  Z+ T, ?6 {$ e" jterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
, \, S  \  `/ e+ Busing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( k0 T5 M6 m/ }. S9 d) e
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
) x' T; g) H' }/ J. Icream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to2 C+ E; V$ s1 T
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- s1 W! O# r  E9 [" ]: Y) N- aSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the7 |( q) B7 Y, `4 f/ e
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 d' n) \% U/ [, L3 Xeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male7 O7 f, f' d2 v1 m' h( f6 P9 Q
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) y6 ^3 Y% p! I. ^: f" y; t* ~
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 u! m5 [8 s( b8 SOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
5 i2 Z" `7 _, }' z7 i1 H. T3 Dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that) A7 |2 ~: V0 Z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-- Y$ `. G/ N! N" H; v. H
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ h- G3 Z$ X- P. cactive in young children exposed to testosterone
# z$ s0 Z6 q1 S9 o% Vexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 S9 {+ Z; Z# \- Z' d
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
; P2 t: ^: D8 H1 S5 L4 n$ Bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
  [/ [( m* G  o) V3 f( H) nchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 f+ Z0 ^/ q2 K3 ~advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) N' h8 k* w; i3 j" X; f6 g
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during7 v  O# [* g6 r/ M5 g! p, Q% u
early childhood on pubertal development and final
: l6 L( t# U1 p: [adult height are not fully known and always remain
9 k# J# P4 S- A3 Ba concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ S- }& d  w- i' d- \  `3 m! G& iterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% z& @+ d9 `4 c4 O1 @
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
0 B* V5 W$ N3 O1 icessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation& v: G$ D2 w1 k9 T
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 L  D- [; g9 K; a1 S% F) `
There are conflicting reports and controversy
' @, X8 U( L1 O% E; L! U. }over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
9 E) B, _9 b4 q( M! l3 T8 h% hpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
/ K- @: V0 U7 S- C. }8 ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
4 N0 o( L% W! p# Y3 ]ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,  S' S$ f0 _4 |) B9 z/ d! Z/ D. q5 ^
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 j/ z1 k5 F3 i: ~0 u* G
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
+ ^0 K2 b* \- y9 j. W1 Lpenile length in clinical studies.* _0 F( o1 c- d7 t
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; n3 f8 u9 u' }. h1 i$ E  zgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 t$ W/ Z; C/ c9 ^* d* ^2 f9 Rtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
+ k( L  O3 G* b2 p" gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& t/ F5 f7 p) ~; ~! |1 `
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
) i$ K& P$ @) v0 m+ k7 Ldiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, }- C- K  p& N1 a9 G% Q  Q, I7 l  zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult" {0 Q, A9 [. z, O$ G2 y6 D- q
height will not be affected.
" J: l" C. J- PAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
- A1 j* a: Q& D. {) i4 ]! v! y" gability of androgen products in our society may
2 B+ R4 @' F2 F  jindeed cause more virilization in male or female
3 Y- ?$ E* D2 C& U  J0 i* e1 Ychildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ n1 b, U% n! p0 B4 ]/ s
gen products must be considered and specific ques-# P, O4 g1 T1 C, {. `. a! P" z
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or+ P) |- A' ~) _
gel should be asked of the family members during
5 Z) K$ f9 f+ I; w1 U9 f% Cthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-* S+ I% I$ P. `% M
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- i2 L9 i7 l+ E2 V6 }
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 _+ ], y( S& S! `
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a6 ^: H( e! l: r) m; U  l
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
4 m) L; D# |/ o# h( Gresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive' m1 X1 j9 t, |& W3 Y* w
investigation. The primary care physician should be
, q4 ?7 L2 E" S8 Xaware of this fact, because most of these children
- w  n; d- O- t8 V8 mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
& `* C& q' U+ J- W  BDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
  F0 f4 p3 x' W4 I5 w  C* jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& q0 {  Q+ W8 a4 z* dfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 z' U0 H/ @# w; ~$ S
one using any of these products.. W2 f$ o; B) T& C: t
References1 U( j: j$ \/ U5 @
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
! e2 s; ], u2 ]% u1 Wand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! x3 @6 ~6 A* D
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* B  S9 k3 f( {7 C% ~% o  R2002: 565-628.# e8 F1 S* H2 |* a2 @" k- F
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
$ {$ c3 z& q  Spuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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