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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 G: P. g) s: J; W# f5 [+ A
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
! F# ^4 D3 h7 l3 EExposure to Testosterone9 t. s2 j- M3 K" m1 e$ a
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
7 {1 r3 A, J5 Qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
, b2 \/ ?2 f0 A- C5 OClinical Pediatrics
( U6 W' ^7 @# C" R0 }  lVolume 46 Number 6$ Y& e/ Z6 S* H/ t4 E
July 2007 540-5438 ^6 U3 g# O3 o$ B6 F- `
© 2007 Sage Publications
- O4 l! |7 s  x& m  k2 C0 D10.1177/0009922806296651: W: ]! I2 l! d1 k! f
http://clp.sagepub.com* y5 I# s7 N4 P3 J
hosted at% L8 B. Q$ u+ }# v# a2 R& ?
http://online.sagepub.com
0 S# Q3 x8 A) p- {1 O9 y, \; k1 CPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,+ c: s! o6 E1 b: f- h
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 I* K4 Z9 E1 B: z# oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated! o  ^5 K1 ?) J1 _0 l* [0 r2 n3 M
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; Y' Q+ D7 h. s$ h& x7 ~7 Va higher incidence of organic central nervous system9 v" A6 [' \% T- S& |' H
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 w  c/ @) L: t/ B! u
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic6 F$ R' n3 M; D5 b
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
( o4 B  A0 D6 U: l7 X% x8 G" s+ Tcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 C- d( \; W$ f$ q: N
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 t* {& F; B+ C/ z& |5 jenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-) E- ~' ]: w! ]8 N
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due4 G7 h& V1 o2 \; A4 r$ W3 k: J/ O
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by' r1 K) |* [1 N' Z- a- m' f; y
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% M6 t. ^  U) V( m( Gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# W+ T( H' k# L* x1 x2 @# J6 Nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 K  T7 j' j, A- y! O# L
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
8 N- |  ~8 i7 ]9 v, ibly more common than the rare case report in the+ ]" Y" v- S! c% ?
literature.49 S% p: U. g3 ?
Patient Report
9 x7 F, [+ ~* n& j% B  jA 16-month-old white child was referred to the9 p# h) Q- A% P! z- D
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, [  ~% J  g" I& V. R. x( c' |6 Tof early sexual development. His mother noticed. q5 L( \/ p2 ^+ n
light colored pubic hair development when he was( x, N. B( b, m8 S% B$ @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 d9 m$ u* `+ y7 G
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( g3 m2 k0 r9 I3 {3 E* P8 }' @
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
1 M9 p. I  X3 ?8 W, gProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of  d( e2 S6 U8 b0 |: ^' s
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- Q7 y1 {- P5 d  je-mail: [email protected].
2 Z+ z, |4 X8 O' W  d+ S/ m5 |about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% s5 f5 E- b& S
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
1 K7 t! B. i' dment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ L/ g- F; j" t- cwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
  j0 j6 p& b/ P; X2 G, y7 {a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& L. L8 m' T" v/ U% J; E20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 @9 L! A2 x* ~; Gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
! r2 K' j" ^' O" d* Bsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
& b$ s( h! F. mand his psychosocial and psychomotor development: p3 s# r8 Q# ]4 W
was age appropriate.0 Q" L( m/ a5 y8 K5 ~9 k  y! u
The family history was remarkable for the father,
0 X  n8 C' h  y! l+ Q7 gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 C1 x3 A$ {7 A8 B1 S
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 y+ b! F9 R* ^5 d! e. ^6 F  L( d- S: Lheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
( _6 h! l% q( Searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- I) \' H3 j2 m; `5 Q3 MThe father denied taking any other medication. The
' b4 D) Y2 |) ^# w0 F  nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche: J+ j2 I1 b: |4 s
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 e1 I& H" {! W: l4 K6 K+ ?. ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-9 T, \8 O5 v! Y4 B5 I. t
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-) R. |5 Y7 H+ Z; q4 k
tives. There were no siblings.8 @" B# @( r) \9 G) R& {/ c" J
Physical Examination
- |9 A; S8 S) K7 UThe physical examination revealed a very active,
3 r1 j% j2 j! ?' |  Hplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented! K- G3 Q2 c5 [. V# y0 @1 ?: c! ~
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 u) C0 J1 c8 x0 F, k90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg) u3 g9 ^( ?; ~* r' N# c; ]
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth  ]% e+ G5 [( z- D' T  t; ~+ \
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 I# f" Z$ G' h% n, K5 w! ]# qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
: h+ p1 o9 ~! F+ I: ^The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. g7 Z, Z+ N3 O" o" Z* i# wenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 H2 ~% y/ A6 O, j: w# }- e
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
) I$ |9 ~- w: c! _# T: D9 ndeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. L8 R; ], Z2 a! j% g; h! A5 z7 l540
* E. x* w) L+ c0 }at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' @2 }/ ]+ B$ L0 s+ E% athe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The2 y: E" x' Y  p
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.  X4 A5 @2 x5 s, P
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 f9 |6 a& W: u+ p  L( u: aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 N; h- i$ n0 ^abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ `# ?" w% Q9 j5 y% ~' P0 N5 W$ X
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' h+ p& R4 _) W, M8 P+ m% o% Xbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
# Y) s6 z7 p% S8 ?& kof papilledema.
* g$ o" e' ^% y. ]Laboratory Evaluation
; d; b6 z  |- f! P% v; kThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 f5 j) O" t" I) h" y& e. k
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; ]( R: ?! v4 _$ C# Y* B: K  k
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
& t$ V+ V/ |9 c3 f1 h/ v/ Bkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test! j' B9 l+ _4 h8 c( C- w
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- D( q. C! V" ?6 k6 g* H3 K+ [
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 j+ ~" w9 b# e0 T# G+ U
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 I  P: ?- `3 Iurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 H3 t9 z7 I3 A' q6 b! A  a4 F  x$ O
within normal range for his age. The concentration. i+ ~% B3 ^( Y9 `7 L; h: ^
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL  t1 |- q8 X; T, ]: e8 P
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20' j: i: w- {* w' e' P! ?' W: @
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-+ m: T' }. a) w
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; g5 ~' @+ z" b$ a; u! Z
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, z* m0 r2 @1 F% J49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)% D- I; z# M6 \& o1 \* }
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-4 g: K4 w5 H9 l; m- f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
. k; ~4 r3 P# Z( Otestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 q# K0 K  }7 L" l# n, Gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than# i8 Y. u% t  c- }7 z! F
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
! A2 i% n- K+ x5 mstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone" j, k. Z# |0 J3 f' V+ p& ?7 I/ Y8 L
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; l: {  h$ S; k: o* I+ g2 a(prepubertal).1 n% A# r  r: _% R
The parents were notified about the laboratory
4 X. G) U9 R& \5 l) h& Lresults and were informed that all of the tests were' a$ w2 a/ O. c* ?  j9 G8 x# _( Z
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: C: ]+ s! u! Y7 X+ {, ufollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to* N. Q* `) Q2 I. s
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" B1 s4 m2 O. F: v7 K0 `3 Tever, the family did not return for 4 months.- @( M4 F0 m5 }
Physical examination at this time revealed that the/ r4 @& u0 {: k: q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; [& j; @" ^3 B" J/ J0 l
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained' K2 `& \/ O% Y$ m
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
1 o1 m" ]4 }' Y5 Ypletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
2 f* A4 y4 q  A# bthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) J# N) h" B6 m: `0 E6 {
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., Z, l5 S  x9 N! m' E
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ x# K" N8 [- ]# S* g8 B# aing frequent erections.) W( H0 I# h. l4 p
Both parents were again questioned about use of
& a7 q9 q, t. jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to& N. |: F/ @0 O; _
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ s! H+ U( S" W8 Q9 @, Q  LTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" Y& L/ m$ @6 B: [- F* d. m& _# ?, X7 p" o" uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- `1 O$ F! p  P' T* Q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) E8 y; @+ `; b+ g* s. Ka year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% F  J# o% c- [. _; Hto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
- Q+ i, X7 X& T9 p, R4 l% n& Pscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
! |, Y. t; \& |: j; m( p: @secondary to depression.: `8 d* P( G) ?( M7 S! H, K0 h
The child slept in the same bed with parents.1 ]" v4 U+ [5 g7 e8 q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 O7 s( C0 R* }) nchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( L, K5 o8 a4 `. O3 J& u" Mnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 o. Z7 o( ^# ^9 O9 S6 y; i" t
The father also admitted that after the phone call,  l# A! A) o" U0 V
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
# |1 I6 y% F8 ^; I' B, [( K) V0 Owas high, he then read the product information% G5 F0 e8 q0 P
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; \8 A* _. w% Q8 |! p; g5 ?son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 b6 a7 v, Y- [
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 Z/ @% I9 B# F5 y$ O7 E: W) Ffather was not hugging him with bare skin and had& D; \( T- J' I' j
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone' g6 o( b/ p2 w5 ^' c
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the3 O, ~- ^, a. b8 j% r* }4 S
laboratory to obtain the test.
- R7 K% F# q* QDiscussion( O0 z& b! r- ^5 K
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary: H7 M9 a6 H, _4 r
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ Q+ L: r- ]. H) U4 f: \
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* p$ X% i3 F+ }% O) w8 _
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-4 ]% {6 i7 h" H, s5 T8 {+ v1 u
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
! H+ |* ^8 s. @3 b* Qmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 \- ?* M' f  xmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
. E7 k3 N0 ?7 P: [, A, Lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, u  e! Q1 Z5 u: f8 J8 v1 V; \& B$ I
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 w' i8 t" @6 z& b* t
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" d4 t& E, A: `7 h; i- M0 {* vboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
2 S! |6 x, B# T" Y2 Bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' x' l! n: \, S2 }; ^rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by3 ~: O: g3 @5 m
gonadotropins.1,31 [: \) l5 {- ]8 D* b0 B9 j
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
5 q/ }# L* f& M# D0 s3 _7 ?( gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. `2 j" N( b9 ^7 o; H  t; v# @androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 Y/ S( [. j2 ~% H2 w
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( v2 m6 T" U0 w- h; d7 `
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# o9 i5 |8 A$ a( f  acongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. B$ g+ a& c3 N  f) I: X: Oadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* R+ J/ }7 o5 e5 W( j& L4 p
puberty in boys.3,4( D0 J& ^" U6 p; B; }( U5 h; F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
; I! }! K% R0 u8 `$ \* lhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; Y0 F0 k! k4 B) h, Z& ~9 r: qThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
  J" Y, }1 j# V4 Y: s  Dexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
  {9 \' D3 R8 van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: D) K" n) K) b. Nexcess.1,3
. l$ A; p4 w# j: O$ @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- g4 f9 e: g$ l; _
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007" \3 p# e3 n, \6 Q$ h
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-" U; u; i# B4 R  v1 _0 {. t
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
: i* Z, {4 l2 e( las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ K) R4 f! \; f( d6 G
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 ?# N, ^) \5 B4 @. hwith this disorder are full pubertal development,4 @( L7 B8 V5 y9 q( y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
8 H9 ], Z- f* [' [. ?1 [with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: |9 ?6 d" D- l7 ~! C: O
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- K" Q) S9 M1 ^/ D' j$ Jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% N0 D2 c1 P- p$ R, l) Q
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: K/ c* z" |( E$ D7 `& G8 C; ]. jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ N* g2 T  p4 d9 ~6 M0 G1 L( H
males; therefore, other male members of the family+ N: \* r2 S7 ~6 h
may have similar precocious puberty.3
1 A4 Z! a3 d: o+ s( Y8 UIn our patient, physical examination was incon-: C( b. o1 I. Z( F& M
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
. ?" o7 o! i# O, W; Z% z6 gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis5 t, T2 Z) i; ]6 e& k) m, I
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% d9 }* k8 |3 p- Y, \% Z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' j2 `6 z% C) [+ z6 B  c, ^testicular enlargement is not that evident in the, F% J& u. A9 |3 k
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" l4 P4 M! ^, R- z
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* Z2 E' ?/ X8 T' J( v) Tbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
$ @, D% m( f4 o- F; b% S) A! ueither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
9 d7 l; k% t' r8 Ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 Y1 T( p' _. L/ T$ h
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
7 O9 \* g: l% t1 uThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, e7 |! |5 E2 f* ?/ F$ xsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
" ?; K2 V: D) Q5 p! }2 E0 @! J. T7 Dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-3 N9 Q9 f" Q* u5 H, D, N
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 m* @1 H( ~. Odecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
7 w$ v: N: L4 ?, Jterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
! E! V& ]8 {' I# B2 U( ?using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
9 G, r; Y, `5 V, }( `5 z' pDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or: N5 @- {6 d% _
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
" Y# a% f' }$ N2 p$ d( `unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 x0 R- O- x5 v% w4 HSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ \: Z% q  G6 \) S6 [1 e. d* ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to" k  s  ~9 X$ V% t9 r" S
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
$ p. h( ~; ]/ y- b/ [6 S6 cpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-( b) {# o: A. \- p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.& D3 G$ r( x  W  r; R$ `
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,+ c) |) Z6 S  h; ?* P
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; Z" V! p8 o+ f/ y4 z( Bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 m0 H2 M5 X6 @( Y  N
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- R% `: j$ @- @7 `
active in young children exposed to testosterone& K: X5 x" @8 Q- ?3 q* L2 Y8 Y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
' B# r9 g# ~/ Y5 ?+ o# ]2 rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, L6 y; I8 v2 S# }; q# avirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( l- x! n# D9 o; Kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and) n4 ~$ s' M) m) M( K0 g2 I9 X2 j
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.1 t% c2 d$ k, E. A# R
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during- L0 a3 @( K1 V" b. K
early childhood on pubertal development and final( I* u( d& Q7 f" {- ~" v$ C: e
adult height are not fully known and always remain, w. I' y# c" b: j
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. [* ]6 a, d" x2 x' @- j9 ~
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% _$ a* R" G& P5 _2 p4 S! c7 K
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
. l6 i3 ?" m0 n) z6 N% G4 h" xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( V8 M5 @$ s& q2 ~: q* e; Pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, s5 a6 o$ k2 ]$ e
There are conflicting reports and controversy( R; w2 G. i( b0 F0 I- T
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
3 W: c! y3 R$ P1 |0 C. _penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ B- {6 j2 G$ y5 O0 q4 b) j: x
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; Y* w/ I9 ^( w  E- s7 x
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% O& I: x6 w% `2 d3 T
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 c7 w) o# B4 H
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
; F  u  C0 a) U+ A# Spenile length in clinical studies.
4 Y8 r- N' s" T" n5 S1 @$ B# ^$ P+ \Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 ]1 c. s/ d2 G4 Xgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from1 X9 _/ S" [/ ^) s! z  m: ~
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; b7 T" q8 L3 F; i& athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 J3 w  f, T; d! ^! m* ]& G
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of, t( T2 P9 J( ?+ B
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at$ v: y7 U8 O0 R# y6 O' ~9 j
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
9 L) x" M1 m6 S6 W  O7 rheight will not be affected.+ o+ G+ q% ?' m+ x
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
* }% x! u: I7 n8 Z7 |5 Pability of androgen products in our society may
4 d( P8 ^% V. D/ a/ Y+ w; K! a. ?indeed cause more virilization in male or female
; K8 ]" w$ U) c8 }children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 ]5 }* l& q2 [, H- cgen products must be considered and specific ques-8 l! y" F5 Q( `+ z* s8 g
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or" ?; _3 r6 h( z+ q3 C
gel should be asked of the family members during2 |' F' }# p( z7 T1 |1 n2 n6 o
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-% \+ ^4 m; f$ V# d2 L- W5 O: v
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 N) [4 b/ N/ l) M6 a' ^5 z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ H3 h  y4 n4 uappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a! f: {  U2 c/ R+ j5 V6 S, q" B
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ Z2 R! e' V* E
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
% H& Q' x. ]& o, }$ Xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be: x. O$ S; ]+ b3 B* Z- A, w6 k
aware of this fact, because most of these children0 N% p- B6 \. S! a2 J, p
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 z1 O2 Z) r  u. F- R/ v
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 Y4 y; g) I. q) ^( o9 b1 qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or1 ]  k2 \" @4 N$ r$ P
female child who might come in contact with some-
0 H$ Y! R! z7 Uone using any of these products.
: B6 P7 f- e) L7 U) I5 a) KReferences
) t  o$ J) j" Y4 w1 w1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 @6 i+ O  l+ t7 P% Uand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
5 Q, i7 s" C, _& E& r7 ^Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! N# W' D( |% t! N& _" _
2002: 565-628.* k# t# W" }* V$ f0 Q7 _
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious; n& h0 `8 w  N
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old5 H9 K. D3 L7 D9 e
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical. Y9 J7 T5 U1 D$ c. |& V
Exposure to Testosterone
0 h' }5 |7 u$ V. ?3 E0 iSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: U1 t# {+ u8 X* {2 s1 Kand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ K' h/ U6 u% A! ~
Clinical Pediatrics
. f& x& \& T3 c1 i2 D* SVolume 46 Number 6  N  D: p* T. g  m
July 2007 540-543
3 s4 N4 P1 y0 y  P© 2007 Sage Publications
+ j9 s+ b: E/ U+ e10.1177/0009922806296651! T) [  H# W1 j, o4 K
http://clp.sagepub.com
1 ~2 e6 q% ~! Bhosted at
. {3 C- N& ]& S: L/ ?http://online.sagepub.com
& o* K2 d' G" W4 I  {5 G0 o- }Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,1 T2 \! i1 L5 W' E) ^) N
is a significant concern for physicians. Central. g, a. z+ h$ S
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 ?9 C. H( _! ?! e0 [$ h" kthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! P& _/ w& D6 o" _2 aa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; i/ S- H) J, Ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested& L! ]: v1 W! d3 w' I7 b/ G
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic3 @# j/ `! I2 ~' ?( L, J7 ^) T
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-+ f; e" E) M& N) u; {
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 p  s8 P( V1 q4 X; S" Jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! {5 |" n5 {- X2 {! n8 a1 genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-, I/ M0 r1 J% B  n& f8 d# E
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due5 q6 q+ U. J# s& h/ D& K% q
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by9 i1 @( b9 H5 C- y6 n: a
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
. f9 e+ {. I, Gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this6 |, s* N# Z- J+ ~
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' m& m  K# m7 H( ^3 |8 Vtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
( P2 E2 N9 W1 M* T4 wbly more common than the rare case report in the
4 a" \$ M8 Y) |- e; _literature.4
* Y7 W' ^, W& C2 `* s7 T- D2 NPatient Report
& I$ K1 ]  h6 pA 16-month-old white child was referred to the( ]+ f. S" u/ W$ R- [
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern, P' J0 H$ D- P) C
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
' r: d- C0 ^; B0 Y* V( F0 @light colored pubic hair development when he was
! _& I7 j. S& M; E* q* aFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 _  T9 D$ `6 e* @3 z4 C& k; H
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 c3 [5 |- `& m2 P4 u9 V/ _, d# a
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,( x: \2 p" j% U6 N) q! ^
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ r9 e  Q4 o( r/ X
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;/ i, b$ J; o# Y3 l: i
e-mail: [email protected].
# V# M  V2 R  P  o8 fabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
# [3 ]+ R# w' i# x- _darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-. f9 I: ~: L1 b* S# G* W
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; U8 S/ v7 P  q9 L* w0 b( v1 dwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with& q  x% N- P$ n( s, |4 ^
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: \! L" G2 p8 h/ M. o, y7 q% u
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ `; F" M; y' ~& }1 w( [
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* u7 U  A/ g2 m! nsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 T' ^" i% o# Y4 band his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 t; _# k; z& T4 p# H. r
was age appropriate.
) M, \# z5 ~9 e. q3 x, j6 YThe family history was remarkable for the father,, m5 |  B5 s. w7 f0 |
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
. ?9 X, c# G- D6 Q6 Pwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- b; o& [+ o) @2 |4 M, g+ y/ u* Wheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! j+ F8 f$ t8 M( T0 @5 Q: jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.1 F- M. q- o3 b  _& h6 _5 Y
The father denied taking any other medication. The
0 {  ]: a# z- _+ ichild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
; M+ a: a- K" h& |$ z* E) Uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 X$ j% N, b, S+ a7 X, V5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-- S- o" n7 x) F2 {0 \2 n/ B( B
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
* P0 c. P3 l& W6 htives. There were no siblings.
2 x4 H: y1 Z+ q1 KPhysical Examination# G4 n. F7 @& d! I7 a+ r- b3 z
The physical examination revealed a very active,
0 }* P4 `- A) q. A- W* h& j$ Yplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented# V( ?8 M9 G8 l6 h' z
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
+ W3 e) R$ I1 b90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
* f3 Q* ?5 T# G$ F(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% @, N  s( ~6 W0 R6 X- Y' w! Xvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of- K3 E) _/ I! d8 r: I& q1 z
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.4 x! p& `& \& a
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ s- h: J* c4 k+ O5 j- h0 R
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& V0 d* r/ t& B& T+ ]5 e/ Y& w+ Q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well8 M8 H3 X6 I5 ?% a4 j
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
6 r3 b% j( u/ C7 e# s, L540% K$ z5 R1 v, ~
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& V; _( @( y2 |! h' e* o+ b) @# ~: Rthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
$ ?9 D8 [/ d+ t1 htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ N3 s* [& Y' D6 S- O; b9 z- l/ ^, R; {
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 D/ j0 |2 R4 y9 ^( soily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no" r/ S) t" i0 A1 e
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# c& f( H% z) f9 g1 {
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+( Z1 }3 B7 p. D( X/ m
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
# }# ]3 j* o$ b- p4 y* bof papilledema.8 d2 w4 b9 s+ d2 ]8 q: r  g
Laboratory Evaluation
, }! g# Y' b9 K. LThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, S: c- p2 R7 x  ~using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
  n3 S, }1 P2 ^* w1 Alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: s" C. Q' O* h& \& y
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
, D+ X" o; Z; {# h+ l, n1 B$ S& tshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-1 f; J" M; v  e* z
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 |! \; w. _5 E
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood: M# w* l0 o, n* m" }* G7 ]! f# Q7 }
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
/ r4 s+ L& c  D  P! P$ b9 q7 M; O2 Vwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
4 A; X( z3 O# O6 H7 }of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 d% W  Q6 o* T( V
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
) @6 T8 s: k6 x) |; y" Qng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- p' ?1 M1 m# T
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
$ e2 v! u/ o' t. z7 Bdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
; ]$ A% h. C8 W8 W1 q, \49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 r) m7 f/ x; |was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# N# Z( V0 m; K! D) Ytisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. d3 l! N0 Y2 Y2 S5 d6 X4 _# T
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
. s5 O& R7 ]* j0 Oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- q8 r5 m4 k& Q! T5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular2 _4 k  M6 K1 i! t5 x2 s5 y
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone, L) t- O. C8 q; j
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL+ C* m/ e6 O1 w
(prepubertal).8 a, Y. j2 ]3 G4 |3 m1 u, O
The parents were notified about the laboratory& @; {; @, i% H% }) v  ^! p9 B5 {
results and were informed that all of the tests were
( C+ Y- Q- O/ N: f  g6 ^" bnormal except the testosterone level was high. The. d! G8 R$ l! ]
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
" S4 B0 I' p) X& A% ?* Kobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
; H, }. w+ R5 S! E4 F; U& _9 r7 q+ Sever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 Y. M' Z% J- k, @; w8 q$ kPhysical examination at this time revealed that the8 `& K: l2 J4 f" j' h$ w7 v/ s
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained8 w* }! K5 o- l7 E: `
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ _' c. ^3 t0 F8 B7 `# wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
) ~. ]* w" @3 x2 \* W* jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
+ t5 l; i3 q5 h/ H. `the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
2 L/ U* x+ n2 l8 t9 }/ EmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
1 `" d; Z* A8 }0 |3 M# N" v; Y2 EThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-2 u* f$ \. r- j% G/ @% A% G6 |
ing frequent erections., \0 `% \: L, H4 C' h/ [# H' g4 E
Both parents were again questioned about use of
5 t% C! c! p; t2 Y5 [- ?' _& Yany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
  B: R* `& }( D! i5 }" i: Qthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the+ x! G& S2 K2 \' E
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
8 L5 Y( r, J9 a$ c5 uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
* |# z4 u0 A" y( ?ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! d! h5 d  b8 m
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed! C/ i; ?8 g9 p+ y% q& m  p
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ @7 d* j( }# i# T6 G, E. f
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido4 j$ s1 I5 q! m# u0 j& T
secondary to depression.
% K8 E  ]! k, _1 p' ~3 eThe child slept in the same bed with parents.7 w+ \0 ~% z5 ?- Z" l
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* B4 m9 A, c3 [chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
9 u, ]  Y4 ]  B2 D  w3 Xnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' m* M1 D/ i& C. }The father also admitted that after the phone call," x+ m) C1 w) K, r- y4 A
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby. p) V, e  b  C# y% A
was high, he then read the product information
& H; N1 e5 W# k, Apacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-- X. g0 A, A! }6 y3 A  o
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
: J% w7 b6 p3 }7 N$ M9 e- H+ Vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) D' v8 h6 x8 Z, r, D2 ^( g- c( d
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
+ S. [+ e4 f+ w8 S1 dbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% n- S- r1 ]( Z$ Btest was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ f7 C& w; q* q! w5 r
laboratory to obtain the test.
  s+ E- u0 A, D2 d$ w3 ]" DDiscussion, _5 s0 E6 _& ~+ ]
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( W& D) V& I: E3 [sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4# e' B0 H2 |* g7 B! r7 @5 T
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: O) t, j: k# i1 _it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-) Q: \1 W: a$ i1 D6 G
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-" Q0 s$ V% `. t  L' ]
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" F0 p) [+ I" r* S$ h( p; Tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is" {) H. O6 W) a0 l3 p' O; |
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-& u2 T1 j; u4 H8 {
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 I) U/ c: @& L  `7 S
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* _1 H4 P# A8 `. b- ~" f9 n( Kboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) E. e4 R/ f9 U" t7 Y3 s1 I6 ~
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ ~+ |' ?( }& t) w* e+ irical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) Q5 S0 D% {+ z
gonadotropins.1,3
4 r6 g8 n4 ~/ I+ z, M6 |Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-. L+ }0 t: s# h0 ^
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: t+ V1 ^/ W. j1 [' _1 g. d/ Y+ s8 w
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or: z- ~! N) l) \! V' l& C4 I
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" Z+ E: W" U% D4 w  _/ \( i$ W4 ?
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* A! M- F+ G% Vcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive$ D5 x6 J; t4 I* U5 G
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious- D* u! j* K( a8 j6 l
puberty in boys.3,4
5 j/ Y! ~0 \% n$ W+ g' \$ oThe most common form of congenital adrenal4 j$ ~! c! ~& i) H. p! F4 v- t
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 B$ n' q: \" R( NThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
' A0 `5 C3 m! J# x" L9 o4 R1 Aexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
% Z2 O" A, V: e  F" Z! Ban adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen& t+ g7 A8 _: ]
excess.1,3/ H4 y0 X3 P* {6 A, w/ {* x, P
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 m# |( V0 y: k2 @; [& o
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' q* P5 k% S0 d2 ~2 j1 [. }+ |
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) ]; o; f$ v, T' l4 l0 Cindependent precocious puberty, which is also known* q7 O5 Z; G9 l5 w! B6 E8 B& m
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 t. L2 Q- ^/ P  \! Fvery young age. The physical findings in these boys& M7 i& h* e" i* ^- ~& X( k* e6 ?& p' t5 k
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 M+ z7 \+ D6 E6 ^including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; v+ L+ L/ }( ]with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder8 H. l; B8 |/ R* r5 P% @" f* `0 _
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 N+ x0 D" L* e  o+ d- ~1 b; h
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' q$ D! J/ d/ O; creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked' q% K+ ]7 p' v# Q, P% H9 {
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; N/ o3 \/ Q% v( \( i( ]3 N, Bmales; therefore, other male members of the family
3 U% U9 j' V( a* t& o& y1 `2 b3 Wmay have similar precocious puberty.3) R# p" @, m! P) E2 F8 y
In our patient, physical examination was incon-: R2 Z7 `7 R& T
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-, m4 c4 x) [7 P! @# ?9 g! v, Y( g% V; ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* B  J3 B! e, p0 P& j; D1 W
was in the differential diagnosis because his father; r7 L- c/ h4 |" h: D
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,  L. k! ~& N  n# o' ^" i
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
  z6 F: z4 H1 L1 U6 A. P# C4 q' K$ Kbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
" |; ~6 ^; D( t7 i/ \1 C$ Gative initial history of androgen exposure, our" v) s1 ^, d' b# p
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) u* p  B1 J' z# e% S/ S1 x
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase! O5 o* U/ @4 ^# k1 e! T. I/ A0 Y
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! q: A/ ?5 T- Q: `) D/ @( x
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 x: s" ^+ a' y+ o9 ?0 j3 AThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& x* ^1 C, }; G
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because1 B% }) z1 W1 a: h: l
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* p! D3 j9 A+ o( o+ _; b1 F: Fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and, g0 w! Z* V# l& G
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
- ]' k7 d- y# Kterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was3 j% L) y% i6 ]8 W2 Z
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’& r& J$ p$ W/ C! O1 w6 y% e# G
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
3 L) V2 G- a% O* {: L5 {. J4 Ecream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to+ P) u9 T1 V: s; U( Z2 a- P# A
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
5 v' M) `1 ]& OSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' o' L4 G9 W4 vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
! W$ }* y  l0 M& `; a" h5 p# Peven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
1 @+ R, O5 g8 S) H0 c: r+ O) {partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
- X' w% L. X  Ation site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
3 |( z2 S5 i7 e' M6 g7 ?3 _$ a0 _3 b0 BOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,8 S3 v) N# L9 j
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# n6 w9 _$ [! u: F, O# tdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-( U( k& j% F5 e. i2 z' t/ t
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" o5 u% Q) v4 K' i9 S! T3 ^6 n
active in young children exposed to testosterone
3 Y* j/ g- P$ P1 U. |' r4 cexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
3 v6 u0 ^- W8 G6 Q4 Idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( a4 z0 T: g) \' [9 u
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 t$ \' t: M& L1 q3 Bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and# g! Q" m3 T5 i) z, g
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. R* O4 @5 ?" H1 M* lThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, |' e% ]5 E  a3 I  b7 W0 k) ?  a0 b
early childhood on pubertal development and final
; M8 \/ ?6 b/ d- w0 qadult height are not fully known and always remain
# V8 X( G+ n! R5 ca concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 m/ u+ F$ b$ M/ Y. n) D4 n
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; \  x2 N3 r5 P2 {" b1 _acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- j  o5 E# H0 W. ~( @
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation1 s# R7 j; C7 \5 [# @8 a
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ B6 }' a) L4 |
There are conflicting reports and controversy1 I9 Z$ C/ o2 h9 i
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
0 ?" E' F( {2 r- ~. _. C8 l: x2 Npenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal: S0 ^6 m; f, y% i! P! N
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-+ c  S. X' |& l& z: Y5 J9 V
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,' ]# s: e/ {1 s! {  l
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 m* ]  r) B* r8 J' N% h
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
6 h0 x7 j. A) ?/ O$ i1 tpenile length in clinical studies.* c& y; V; t$ l! s2 {
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. a% g/ C8 H" P4 D  F  r- Y
going to experience any of the untoward effects from7 J3 a! B( ?4 ~, i( f6 r
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 @- m+ N0 C* L" V0 |
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 J* Z. H- S# [( k4 Y4 F+ AAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of7 H5 L0 j$ U0 V# t7 g
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 a/ P+ r/ O% dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! _9 e' q1 h1 Z. Xheight will not be affected.1 ^% |+ i* R9 T6 S
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 b9 h4 n5 b4 O1 w# N0 \6 {0 x/ I
ability of androgen products in our society may
5 n8 J; c, R/ Q& T2 e1 X+ [; V4 {& p! aindeed cause more virilization in male or female
' p' z, r+ O2 V5 O( ^. xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 S" W/ h% E) C" K& a
gen products must be considered and specific ques-6 N  n: ?  ^- x- r# g7 x, B  ^
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
% j  h1 U1 @9 e8 m+ ~9 xgel should be asked of the family members during' l8 O( Q- D: I3 I" s8 A. n
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
( `  p7 O: t$ g( K0 I' A, cilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
5 B# U2 w; ^+ L- hnosis can be established by just a few tests and by5 Q. B$ Y  N( F2 O. K7 m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a2 c5 b7 {( P7 z( n
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 C6 P* P# u2 N7 c) X
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ n' f& B1 O7 U/ [
investigation. The primary care physician should be% r, Z' r1 K- t  F; j; x- ?( w! ~
aware of this fact, because most of these children  H1 r- s. g- o/ ]; C% r! K5 S
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
- x0 [: F" a) E0 O: `+ K( cDesk Reference and package insert should also put a, n. P; v1 d3 w) o1 V
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" z2 g( S9 o+ z/ d5 k6 Zfemale child who might come in contact with some-# p4 s; D; a2 G
one using any of these products.) _2 T. U3 E# z. C+ L0 M; q: @% U
References
+ f6 z% m' S/ N: K1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 S( ^4 b1 d' |+ u$ @/ Yand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 K/ h  j  `2 ~0 k/ Y  f0 [2 h
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
  W$ ?. l1 J/ B+ h1 c) c0 i$ d2002: 565-628.4 C0 x; E0 V3 Q' B# |
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious! T4 T3 n2 d& I
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

$ u* r: c2 T' P) D" q精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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