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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
6 U& }) F6 ~# UBoy Induced by Indirect Topical/ F0 a) K, a8 _( A" s# F* N0 q
Exposure to Testosterone6 {/ E$ P, p1 d
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2/ m0 a% \, a! {& i: T  K8 o& G
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 `; ^/ }! O) {* E& U3 SClinical Pediatrics
; W7 l/ T( J, x7 G( gVolume 46 Number 67 Z: ~, I" O4 t$ `) L- W) k, K
July 2007 540-543# j* K7 R( D, O" h
© 2007 Sage Publications
5 h8 M# r4 b+ \; `10.1177/0009922806296651
$ j7 ^" w$ M( u6 k0 H/ v) ?9 ^http://clp.sagepub.com
  x# F/ l. Z$ S1 p; N5 i, Shosted at6 [4 w" A: I" b& n$ L
http://online.sagepub.com
- d: l8 v) l. O8 |5 C$ Y1 L7 vPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
$ L# k) Q8 X* R. @7 l. k" H% g4 Ois a significant concern for physicians. Central1 L5 ~- H1 _, r* B, ?' p2 \) E3 n) r
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ r- h" ?! y2 O' e; t" `through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 f  ]+ }) }. b( W8 o. ba higher incidence of organic central nervous system% |' C2 L4 j0 z) u; k! m$ O
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ V! D4 M* w5 \; h1 V1 O
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
3 A" w, _& Y( X* ~hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
  k0 C+ L+ `9 z( g7 Icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% X- [) L' h; _! L( C+ jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the2 n' ]! n  j0 F
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 f6 c/ q+ q$ ]
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' U; A! @) I! q* c8 ]to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by8 ]- l- R( H$ u7 e0 l. z9 Z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
( _+ V) N9 x8 Umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
9 R* L  C( j8 lchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 g8 t& N6 x5 c! D8 [+ g8 xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-2 M6 z  {# B% b$ F2 v% s
bly more common than the rare case report in the
* r) F. D8 _& z9 y0 x  L/ D; k& @literature.48 X; B' y$ D+ W; H9 D
Patient Report! v  y* d& ?2 H4 E/ i. e9 T
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the5 E8 U: ~8 ?" e$ z8 @+ [9 z
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern, |4 T$ S8 }- e: s" ~4 M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
4 ~, j* ^% h  C% a) Mlight colored pubic hair development when he was
% R" \$ n" f, w5 Q; S) p9 \6 |  nFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. @  s; ?( k% |/ a" ^9 f
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 S: _& H3 j/ I( \3 f' k8 ?% _4 YAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,/ i" c- \* B% H& g/ N7 B$ Q
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of2 D# ^+ |& C% d6 p4 B7 \6 \" \
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;9 \2 x4 ?9 C. P9 ^* p3 ?
e-mail: [email protected].
% ?; D6 C1 j' E8 K" Oabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 m' u" @# z1 ~: R# E7 V
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, T; }9 n( a5 jment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( n$ ^" N5 b. i  [
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* b2 r! M2 X6 t$ i# X8 r
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& b5 F5 a, U) q# w( k20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 [/ ?/ B( L  v0 I% t. O
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with* Y8 v) o" K5 \0 d
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
/ z: g9 W$ u9 I& wand his psychosocial and psychomotor development! m+ m; A7 R/ |* ]% i, h
was age appropriate.
  t) l+ }; p! ~/ k0 G" ]The family history was remarkable for the father,
! v/ N, T' E! O$ {( twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,1 p! a) o; o  s% V% J
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; S: x+ D5 i! D! d9 Q3 H, Z/ ^height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
3 V5 Q, x- Z2 @. w/ S! q0 I- bearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
7 i+ w  k( d  d( I; o9 z2 R! y" m* aThe father denied taking any other medication. The
4 Y3 F" d2 Z/ R1 R' u  t! |5 _+ j; ichild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% D, e, H: Y" Wwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet' S( b6 P' g9 H2 j; P4 `$ U4 _% d
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
  u$ [1 L$ \# u$ b( E$ J0 Wcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
# G) F5 M9 J5 D& _  Q9 N5 P# s& _. [4 Etives. There were no siblings.5 c% ?. c, Q5 F
Physical Examination! d+ Q2 l6 K3 j/ d7 j
The physical examination revealed a very active,
5 b* |- {) d% v6 o0 \playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* j, X; o( _& v3 X: r
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
$ w+ f3 K& [2 A0 k+ X) M! a90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
! c7 }/ ~& V* w9 ?' g- ?$ c(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
; A9 Q+ ^+ \7 Ovelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of" W7 C+ m! _# w
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.3 p* Y+ g+ {: b" Q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for8 e& L; b% S! |+ r4 m1 e' U+ I( j
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
1 G9 `* w$ E# ]/ o' e; o+ Q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ Z5 v$ |0 V- c
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
- m+ e7 X2 b4 x  I540' A6 q  s  I7 T7 m( K4 H
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 M. Q( b+ t6 _# x- t; dthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' n# v! I) r: P, m, m
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( @: ~/ x1 N2 `8 o: P; t5 v& VThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat- f; ~5 v9 H5 d, g- W
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 f  \/ F9 F, w. f# Z: _
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' l6 ?) r! [4 y  aNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ r1 l( F* {- S8 H* lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
& r3 [- c* Q1 G/ Q# _9 cof papilledema.
3 ?' i& S4 X: p; q8 f! @Laboratory Evaluation: l2 M& i+ Y9 i2 r( I) E0 N9 V  r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
( i$ g/ @3 K0 Z4 k) @using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
! W$ ~: L  V9 r' wlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' ]  Y: A( [: _( P  ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test( J. \$ W* Z. m* t6 ^5 t
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-: f8 s# d( w3 q7 ~& f
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
; |+ C& L. S, \The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood7 K# w6 P7 Q# m3 M6 E  l' [
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were6 _6 @9 T% _5 x" E9 c
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 W5 D$ ^/ t/ P9 A7 u" _* |3 {4 ^
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL2 M) s" L: F! {" y( T9 T
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20( \8 t$ B; r! ~2 u' n
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 E1 P( z+ q9 l$ d; ?terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. ^# T+ s: e* d* Z
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to3 O+ `2 |" A! `2 U: c5 `
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
# C7 G/ i5 R1 L. Swas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
! @8 M) p5 Q9 k$ e5 Gtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" @- V0 s. n$ H. r+ L0 Qtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL)," Q7 V+ d% R$ x
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 a5 R: ~3 X: ~1 r
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
4 i1 f" S- C! v! estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
/ ^7 O0 o8 S9 ?5 o7 p! Mconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
- _' P$ _! x! X4 |# Z1 J# x5 G6 x+ H7 d(prepubertal).5 A' ~' X: S4 @4 D2 x# W
The parents were notified about the laboratory  Q- @/ n4 n5 s' P- v
results and were informed that all of the tests were; K8 u+ @/ [( d- @
normal except the testosterone level was high. The% M3 _# F2 d  a( P
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: z# ^( d3 e/ [6 K# s
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-5 W, D2 u+ d# y! E8 u8 p) R% Q: ?
ever, the family did not return for 4 months." @0 F" g7 C  P
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
" G  }6 Y4 S) X4 c; ^5 z' X+ pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained- ?& C5 u% O: e! P6 k- \& u  D
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ [5 }" Q! Q0 D! R5 D) X& b2 cunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 D3 R" V2 J  N( v; u" fpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; D, f8 K! r6 [, U# lthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. W$ N% Z3 \/ l" m# v( s) ]
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.& H+ j2 Y/ g7 S6 }! @. ^
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
& k7 \. s3 z5 X+ V3 King frequent erections.; m* D' G/ A/ \& J9 \3 s
Both parents were again questioned about use of9 u( l! i/ H& @  C" i3 g$ }
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to* M8 x, O; J( p/ p+ y
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the8 b# Y4 _  D6 s; I
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# T, B. N$ _/ A% G% x9 Iuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-  F! H+ n  P& k# X$ j" p
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
4 U1 K; ~& M( |, y) O/ d8 a" ua year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
+ B/ ^6 D) p1 `% lto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
% e8 I, v/ y- R9 mscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
. N+ M  F9 @( y( k9 k4 y, `; Gsecondary to depression.' R* `3 r$ G! c$ O, L0 O
The child slept in the same bed with parents.  a# \1 o. i! J' V# P) S9 k
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his: t8 @. P* Q6 p+ U% |8 ~
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. ~5 Z, g& f& @( s% ~( F
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
- O4 [5 k5 Y: S, Q% w& ZThe father also admitted that after the phone call,& X* q: N" k. H; A
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby4 h8 D  b4 G2 |% ~/ g
was high, he then read the product information
: `" N, |, r" q! t2 a3 I& [- j0 b  ]( d9 Zpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-2 H. y. ?$ M+ _4 C1 n) Q
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 D$ l$ O0 E, V2 Pdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' [7 ]! R. s" _# ifather was not hugging him with bare skin and had: R( n4 s: u5 r, a6 i8 T1 u
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. A+ T% p4 |& f/ m% x$ R
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ h3 T; z' d% F7 e3 q9 u/ `laboratory to obtain the test.
3 ^$ n8 T: y2 t9 NDiscussion- T" P( S- c4 F2 n) D+ j
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary2 W* S" J8 l- E5 M" H
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 P6 s- F2 H& C1 XPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 t. j$ e$ D7 ?8 a$ \
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
: d3 `8 u8 w3 o8 E' l" v+ a3 Athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-" w1 i4 P5 w$ j7 @9 q
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP$ U2 y+ D% i- A7 ^
may have a central nervous system lesion that is9 W' J! N4 T1 W7 n% y
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% _3 c8 K1 H9 I! {- Z' b8 j0 u
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-1 |7 N& A0 R( M2 C" u8 O% ~
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in! i& }& O( y% c" Z5 k, k# Z0 w% r! w
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-1 [! t0 i* i, ~5 }) k. d
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, j5 Q% U" p2 K& ^% B- yrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
  h6 g& t) Q* ~$ cgonadotropins.1,32 L$ Y; X# W2 u
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# U# h4 m7 a- Z. ~& d
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate  C) \9 M# h0 y; B; g3 ?! g
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
, }: w5 a. `. g3 h: I5 xexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
! {. }6 V0 p6 h$ v- C/ Zulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing4 i6 y0 p, v9 B: ]! L- K
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% D& W: I3 L0 g. m5 N/ y$ gadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
0 m. d9 S6 O  T; }- Qpuberty in boys.3,4- _/ c+ H, h7 t/ p
The most common form of congenital adrenal( |/ o+ E7 H+ H, r' e% u
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ X5 u7 ?, G/ E
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in/ t5 g& X( o. C
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,% P# w( m  v1 U4 Q+ ]% q6 t
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
# d" v3 N0 s# w. L. N0 R/ T+ x% _excess.1,3
6 T% M3 K( c  o& S  t2 Y2 ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 u- p$ }* K. H; k5 T
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
0 n4 R8 P/ \3 v2 c5 N. b, KA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 O4 s6 W/ l. h, j5 k. K/ g- Bindependent precocious puberty, which is also known5 U0 I  h6 z# f" _3 E) t, l7 }
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
8 Q& g6 K, M+ Tvery young age. The physical findings in these boys7 `  x0 Y1 ^% a/ i" c
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
2 i+ X& {. m7 e$ X& i, [including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ k: X; |6 W" z* @' q2 m
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. [  O7 l/ E$ J4 I" k- B* lare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
6 T; C4 r* v* y4 o1 hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' a$ M% }! G$ @4 U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 ?* g4 B# i: x7 O, O' R# E
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 {  g8 g  h; C% R
males; therefore, other male members of the family5 R9 n9 p& q) o; u
may have similar precocious puberty.3  U6 V% `. J3 a0 z* Y7 r
In our patient, physical examination was incon-0 y7 h7 y1 l8 v9 h' M2 F8 F, }
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-0 j$ w) }+ Z) V" R- {* \
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
/ o/ |1 L7 _) k% h. Q9 D# `8 Z4 B( Swas in the differential diagnosis because his father& m" m, A; L- A' S8 X9 a5 U
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( l( [2 v# b' J" y) g3 F) t
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the9 r& B0 G3 _/ m" z7 ]
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* f# J: |5 r) R8 ?2 {5 j9 Sative initial history of androgen exposure, our
/ N! I4 D- v* i" R/ e' ^biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ l5 {% Q6 h! W
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( W3 H+ K6 x4 g, e: O: F) A1 V6 ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 s# U: y& b) n4 x% aing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
/ L  v6 K( A% v, z  H% L4 fThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly! A+ K0 ~. x2 q! U) A
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
. w1 Y/ |. _$ p9 Cthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; A3 u8 m' u# [& _: @: O# q# q& q8 Kpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( m! [; V; f+ `3 L( S0 pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-; B. w  A/ _0 E
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 b% }" [+ T+ _; [7 Y
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’1 ^/ k. c: F/ E$ Y/ {! P, K
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& l  X, F5 \3 u5 W- V# I
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ j9 k' T$ ~: X; N
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
" A2 Q; e% U+ q& WSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the/ s, k& R3 ~- J/ U! u- M! ~. Y0 c
baseline value in those females who were exposed to0 p, b# R  U" Q  d* Z" i$ P2 l  V
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 n6 @9 m5 W. b. W
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! @3 k! U7 ~5 N) I4 y- i; a8 X7 ^
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
* i& t' X- O1 r3 D, s+ A; @3 YOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
( e/ v1 X* H2 J' S5 _( p) D+ Wwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
7 P5 M; u0 v% e# r/ ]/ `( xdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-. I9 ]9 A$ H. d
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
  m' B, r# Z4 y8 A, r/ F; y5 Factive in young children exposed to testosterone: L. u# d" i3 r$ G+ {  Q' l
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
! ]# `9 {% h) b" ^# B% ldrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, [) d# r) r$ v$ m9 `; w: _virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( k! b* z: a5 `* ?8 t- i& hchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
" D8 O. n9 Y& hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 Q" Y" @3 C1 M, I9 s8 ?& Q
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 \; ~* F, @5 H6 w5 v0 mearly childhood on pubertal development and final
8 v* \6 d* h0 H3 s; M, b8 g9 n) Nadult height are not fully known and always remain
7 k5 k$ x4 h3 e4 T+ Ra concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! a' i+ v7 k* W0 \3 V5 i
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' m; r6 _3 T% [
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ v6 L( o$ J2 V, R
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 [8 i* W; T0 Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
* l. W8 n7 u: Z9 S3 G; d# R' rThere are conflicting reports and controversy2 J, P& p2 b( @
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( [' P7 @! n% k; s4 Dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 [  }- R" Y) h' r$ ?+ ~& L. W4 w# hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-, K$ H' _" }6 J" F! v0 X4 G
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
) R6 w- ]; X7 l) \2 sSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 f1 j* [/ `7 r: Xchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
( Z9 a8 W' S, H8 Y3 m) N' qpenile length in clinical studies.5 u# \+ ^9 X1 d' g. i5 `
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is# @) @+ z7 ~" Z" v
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
/ ?4 {5 m' M& S5 _: ]& Dtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 ^0 k; @7 n( v$ G' Ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: `+ K1 z6 U# H: eAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of; U! c: E. F- u
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ `$ n' f) y  C
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' h  h# w0 h- _! S4 q! Kheight will not be affected.  Q7 Q) y4 v6 P7 |
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
$ m. t, ?: |  m  Z0 q/ Qability of androgen products in our society may
* F0 N5 U6 M/ e  m) J. w0 R& Iindeed cause more virilization in male or female9 E: |1 M. |) r/ d/ z3 T* Y
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 Y% z& J5 X! c$ W
gen products must be considered and specific ques-1 d3 m; D& b7 _- x8 E
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or1 a. _+ n) V5 g, |6 o7 R* s
gel should be asked of the family members during. O8 S8 q' a: \, H0 `( [
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-( U5 |6 W' ]/ H3 ^9 h9 J
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
$ a+ C5 d$ m/ Q; r' G/ J  hnosis can be established by just a few tests and by# u' R- v( W7 q
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a# w( R3 |0 ^/ Q$ H5 ]. d* R
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 V4 h# }5 E. z% s* N0 T
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive% e0 m' y4 R9 t8 G. N8 I
investigation. The primary care physician should be
% k/ r. x5 E- m: [; @8 A) [( Haware of this fact, because most of these children
2 Q: R2 C* H0 @3 @0 U# x$ B* hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’& T& D6 j+ F" n1 T/ |
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
' Y. B, y* H  N8 _" X% |* W+ ]warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 X6 f6 N. q2 m: Zfemale child who might come in contact with some-5 n6 R+ q1 t$ w2 p+ s, p9 Y$ s$ |
one using any of these products.7 y$ K8 R  d" q$ O
References) d5 m7 y! x+ U2 [
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ \! P' u5 |0 G- ~- z8 H: x8 u
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
9 I1 X' d1 e8 k+ c6 FEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 E# i" i3 Z( @) P0 G
2002: 565-628.) O6 H" e9 {" q0 @' Q* ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 n1 L; |7 N3 {: \/ o3 L9 t
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; c& A& z! Q2 lBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
: L% H" p9 @8 Q" M4 dExposure to Testosterone$ H4 ~0 P4 f# n- d+ Q7 F
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 ^# L5 C# z# U, E  Iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 k* h# e. O. s, ~* E) }Clinical Pediatrics9 m6 Z) p* h; e) [
Volume 46 Number 6" i* u' N! h% G0 ?% u' k
July 2007 540-543
, b! c' K# y' F. _© 2007 Sage Publications( O0 {4 a6 k7 R% R8 \
10.1177/0009922806296651
' a! x. P! u+ Jhttp://clp.sagepub.com
, S" F) Y. P, F2 S( ^4 z# u/ nhosted at
- n) b1 G0 L3 s  d1 phttp://online.sagepub.com, x& a* W0 |6 r: Z9 s. R( `# J' z( ~' e
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,( T4 ~2 \; w: i. J7 @
is a significant concern for physicians. Central, s8 L( S8 N! X0 G
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
- w. A+ v3 h3 v5 b( U. W$ Q5 lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 D5 T! f$ I5 \& r2 j3 y; Na higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  v* }1 }: @9 n0 N2 dlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
" G- \* I" R' Pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
) ]* J, i5 r/ ~hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ f/ v( l, B" b: I4 gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
7 G, ?! i' E/ Y9 r) xreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
* j) K* e7 h: @( _enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! J' N0 A: _0 S- z! F3 Jment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 p( r0 H5 D5 H3 ?8 w! Uto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
5 q0 i+ B, x( L8 M' Xthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-& D$ c; O" N- ?# W# o, _
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) j" B4 X7 Z  [) O  g, O, Cchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of& A- P' a5 @. j' F# ^
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
6 g; l/ ?/ R1 ~( Vbly more common than the rare case report in the7 {: }: S3 ^. |! J
literature.4
* _: p' p) Q# G$ IPatient Report& x6 o6 V% G; g
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the/ U- u5 P1 K. `# C) a% c
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
! O( C6 t+ W1 t3 r, aof early sexual development. His mother noticed8 d* K& {. C5 Q! o: @) S* Q0 m
light colored pubic hair development when he was/ T# n9 H( x' ?% C4 j+ Y
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
0 F2 w7 ]  C7 @8 w( {" O) l0 B% PSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 S# D) T0 z) s; @. t0 N) d/ q+ U! O- g
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
! D9 J  ^( t8 g+ s8 r, I9 F+ gProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of* ?1 r8 h5 t* M1 S
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 `6 \. N. k8 G* i5 }& T, me-mail: [email protected].1 k+ @* u7 i( z0 a9 S" M
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. B- T; M3 D/ c' A
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, M" _- O& O- d
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
0 ?6 i& `1 K& h% N0 Lwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with5 H8 y9 }$ m3 T+ `  y7 i; A$ \
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of. _( |. t& z. h# {- O) r
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 D5 z% m" K# @# `+ u
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
, K$ v" P2 \  T0 W. V3 b9 ssolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 \8 z# W4 b3 [. Pand his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 Q$ e0 B, ]  q0 x% J: a1 M9 E
was age appropriate.
2 [' d6 a/ r$ t* Y% P9 m* x+ PThe family history was remarkable for the father,7 t; I; h& t2 t! \* H& _
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: R, E- n9 o* _# j# A* g
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% O5 P- z# O5 b+ n& i& b9 Wheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! l  b' b; I$ I% C
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." Z* X6 P: Z+ o. \
The father denied taking any other medication. The$ {# w( ^% d2 u0 P) w
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- b5 ]' q) W8 C, O8 Fwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
7 J8 o  {8 m, z5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-8 f( L, @# C  Q' r: x
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 [1 F  H# \. A1 P4 ntives. There were no siblings.* {  D. ?) B6 p  j/ K* T
Physical Examination
8 Q# P! G* x" a% _) l/ ]8 O  [The physical examination revealed a very active,1 `" ^8 g) Y, N' M' _' p
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* q" n% ?" O5 n$ O7 [
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 h' x6 S6 Q+ s) t* _. d90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
, {8 ]2 O$ _0 X  s+ d(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth- v6 H. m6 h, k6 }& w9 h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of( L( {) Q/ s$ x* |
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. o* i' M9 x/ X. f  b7 m9 V
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
/ ^* d% g" c; @) O- r: m/ D4 Nenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of; y* K2 C/ `/ @( Y8 d" J$ z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well- s- {+ G+ }% M  B" f$ |7 E; b% W
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 B4 t" [/ a2 O, D5406 k# P: Q; m7 p2 `9 B& B) e
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; O, K8 F0 j# [4 sthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% Q8 z2 p' b' f1 ^( z
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& A+ }$ E) s8 i0 \: }) M$ x
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat$ v/ Q6 l, ]5 X1 v6 C; Y
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 z2 U# D8 a) u. wabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
6 |$ Y  Z8 ]4 n( i2 qNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 _+ K2 h" `3 f/ C. b/ W: f
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion3 Q0 G' ~, ?8 A. g
of papilledema.
) N) G' D; i- W# d6 Q0 {4 Q* fLaboratory Evaluation
4 W9 j& N1 y+ g( [- G4 JThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by4 g6 D' j9 b  a% G. r
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 O3 G4 J3 `+ ~8 q2 Y( Q7 `logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
8 L% c! Z( V! u4 Y  _karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' t# O/ r& ]5 F- t& u0 \+ a) D
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-9 l( c! f9 V9 r! ]( V8 o# g0 u
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
( T! t7 a$ o$ K- G* @The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ S% y! n) U# u0 S& }/ |9 A; Xurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were+ o5 A, s' T' b! N& w7 W2 }
within normal range for his age. The concentration
# T, l; u9 Y3 C9 B/ Lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL, u' e  c3 X5 }: q" c, X8 u
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 [* B2 [( E$ Z1 \+ cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-  V5 t' z: c% h8 v7 s- I
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),8 W; N$ E0 G- E- P, z
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
% V& d( H' T7 d/ y( x3 Q49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S); d5 T. W- [9 c; o' m
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 l- N9 u' B! T2 f1 S+ Xtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# ~1 `+ D& r5 X$ o: V& W1 ntestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, F; E6 `9 M6 |* z3 t, c
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than3 i  V* t0 q% L) u
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
4 ]6 H7 V5 E6 ~4 ~6 jstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
% \& b2 f* @7 z" U5 v; G$ A- \concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
: L+ l. g9 }; C( a8 [" I0 R(prepubertal).6 F. e3 [$ S$ Y
The parents were notified about the laboratory2 [2 \9 }3 Z) J* \9 @1 ?( P' h
results and were informed that all of the tests were
; i; h6 D2 E5 X, ]normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ X. {: d) Q0 ^
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to3 r( |- z3 [9 |  y8 s# l/ ?+ D
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( V/ z( H  _) ^( k8 E, Q$ u. k7 N
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.4 [6 W2 s7 s0 R& e1 k  Y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the9 b* Y2 H' n) Q! V- Y& _3 l9 Q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained: q& p' D. J5 H/ M" h  K
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ X& K) |  C5 i7 @8 S7 k  |unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 Y9 ~% q% U2 ^  Y6 jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at0 \; `: e! s8 U/ a
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
7 i' N8 `9 H. @3 \) W! L" OmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
  G: e2 \2 H4 VThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- }1 a; k; H- X$ S
ing frequent erections.2 @3 [) r% z  n/ `7 w
Both parents were again questioned about use of, h, I% n: e5 @
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
9 g5 t7 B7 n& ~the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
0 c1 z" O, l/ C4 NTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
  g/ E! G6 z6 |use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-1 C% L; H/ g7 _1 U  r
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for  ~+ B5 R* E# K2 f- p- N1 }
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed5 \0 e  U7 h8 j3 f; _4 E
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ v$ t( M3 r) I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% c+ ?, |4 o* f! a( h% O& z( jsecondary to depression.
8 J0 y+ y' B$ H0 v( CThe child slept in the same bed with parents.$ X4 B3 W3 h9 Z0 @0 A
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his+ H4 P  E7 j& {! ?, Q1 j) A+ F
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
3 e7 c0 e; H4 A. `, znificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
6 I; g! B" C) H7 {8 {/ iThe father also admitted that after the phone call,+ x' M7 N+ Z- r
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 r+ r7 M1 K  [  \
was high, he then read the product information
8 D0 f- A) Y2 l. b" _packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
# T' q" K  r! Q- B* xson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 K$ v2 Y- J" I3 M9 p5 s
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 g+ f" L- u: C- R# b0 h* ^father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 i- m+ A; g& k& |' Kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 I# G5 k& t  c$ K' v
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
8 o5 j8 `; {) e5 Olaboratory to obtain the test.
& A$ N2 I* |! @Discussion: ~% b# K5 c' }
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
4 a8 Z9 R$ X( y* Csexual development before 9 years of age.1,4  C7 I0 ^. w. |* y/ D9 T, r
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when( L# a/ J2 g, E  G" T
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-% `4 k7 m9 i0 b6 R* q
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-& `8 J# y& \5 n  ]
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP' U% n7 ]  d# E4 u+ B% l5 M: B
may have a central nervous system lesion that is7 Q3 Y& }; T) z& ?' ^( j& o. g
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
# W' j4 ]# W+ J* I! Namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-2 y" R7 X: k2 A; L/ _
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ o$ K" g: T  n+ c! A* W8 ^
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 [' |% z: R, C$ [" p* I
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-  w5 ], ?4 q/ r  l
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& q& |0 @1 e7 _: H. U
gonadotropins.1,34 B8 C* b( c9 ^+ @0 E2 Z
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 I! A. Q: Q; A; Acious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 L0 K) w0 F3 F& D/ O1 X4 H1 Landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
! Q$ P$ U+ I8 q0 ?exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
' a, e0 W% B) K3 }8 p+ Qulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing/ F9 q/ ~* a- ~  d! Y& H
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive. Z% p4 S- t. {* x; L
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' \2 M' f- z; d# [9 S1 E- ?: ^7 i
puberty in boys.3,4( @! [1 \# ~/ H$ Y( F6 [& F! R/ ^( q; |
The most common form of congenital adrenal
. F3 k( l3 |0 k9 q* q) g+ ~2 E! X- thyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.3 i0 S0 _! x6 r* R# t; j
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) {( w, A- f6 b+ H$ g2 ]
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,7 b* o' I5 y! A8 W# e1 J& c0 I
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 ~" Z2 [( G! z. P/ Kexcess.1,3- _" y5 s; o! t
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! F1 d- F! u! V" i1 c542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' X% A& [( ?1 o- V! z0 W1 c
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ X2 F0 g0 s9 B, F; H
independent precocious puberty, which is also known0 O9 V6 e: s: V- R" ~
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a# o/ K% E# f) H! W
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
  z1 j0 I4 H( Cwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
) E, Q2 R' U$ ?including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys9 C  W7 s( O( C9 U9 D: R+ L1 V8 J
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 h9 d( e0 [: \  Lare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
  n) e0 `; x0 D- N* ppubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-3 Y6 ^$ c% I* x" m6 l2 M
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
, ?4 ^& G$ ?! }; K( Z  vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only/ Y) Y0 w$ k- g6 w& n+ P
males; therefore, other male members of the family
' N. m3 r- z4 i! R& d. ^. _* g2 V  rmay have similar precocious puberty.3
8 u, @. I- L  YIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 U" d1 u  n; ]- F+ N6 G+ hsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
4 ?. E; Z' `  dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
1 R' _1 c! o- [6 ?7 Uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father4 M: m$ b$ S0 V8 n4 ?
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,5 ^# ]2 w9 h$ V; B! F/ X2 o/ u
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
' V, y3 G0 Y8 w2 O( fbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-) V. y7 H+ T$ F) N3 d, Q% o
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our5 B) @9 ^# }3 g% G  }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
( d$ Y' W& r$ j: V1 z2 Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ o$ y" c2 u% s4 t  n; C, y3 [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! q8 Y2 q* L' E, ^6 V! L
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% J5 n8 r) g. @& i+ T1 aThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  {* k. l- K8 d7 F: isuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. B2 N* U( Z1 V& ~1 R! z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
1 d' \: b& W$ H9 _pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
; D; N2 R: Y& d/ m5 [decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
5 M( N1 |: ~7 aterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 U. x- h% H$ w
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
+ U0 M" K5 M6 ^/ aDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' u% B/ N# l! Q) b' u0 icream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to+ e' E5 U" f$ y' n$ r! [0 u% h
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! T" y$ `! [7 B0 [  {0 b* R1 A0 A7 e) k$ hSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the* R4 Z% k- i% R# Z9 Y; c  w7 H
baseline value in those females who were exposed to7 n; I% e% L* R8 |6 [  C' U
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* ?( Q; A1 b: s, o
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-# F' D: s1 N( C  k: Y$ ]: ]! J
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; Q! `3 w1 ^& \* P+ U! W
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
+ c9 _7 A4 D" h7 l6 ^which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# b& J& y: I" ?8 n. zdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
1 ^9 `* \) e: E6 d$ Vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
2 L4 E* B0 f3 B+ G7 R5 uactive in young children exposed to testosterone  s/ f6 d4 E* x* t
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-- w/ I4 X# e3 C/ N
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( r: }* o1 t6 v1 {
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 p* t" }: |# A6 @& }8 @2 ~! i5 gchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and. |; I* H# f' g9 |# Q
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" L' r2 @+ m8 {' R7 X$ y4 M, W! S4 oThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during% n* |; R% h! f
early childhood on pubertal development and final9 p1 E) G% r9 ~! E0 l8 `2 m! Z" Q
adult height are not fully known and always remain0 h+ w% _/ p. R1 o& {2 X
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-+ Y* S* T0 ^: N( J' D
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some7 D6 u( R0 G* L% U; v0 {4 P
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" U6 Z5 C( R8 `5 Gcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation2 O. L1 w# d* M; q6 p' }. k  H7 K; t
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
6 w; H  d* ^/ c+ }* VThere are conflicting reports and controversy( L, g9 M/ M& P. B$ i! C
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 R6 G% K$ |) \
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal" }3 e. R' H% ^, O- j: a
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-+ t* G# ?- @8 N/ Z  J4 k
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' a! ~" M9 H* ESutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ U/ w8 n9 B$ J2 w6 q) Y  ]childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
  B4 U% K2 D2 v1 ?. l3 c5 D7 f6 cpenile length in clinical studies.
* O/ E8 u% ?  J# oNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is1 L# M; k# t6 ?1 i7 t
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
4 E. ^- w  E8 b+ M$ }  R9 Gtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
  ~2 q5 w( g; u& \, b0 kthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.- m& P; X4 \1 v$ ~! U
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
8 X! w2 |1 z1 ^3 s4 Bdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 q% E& q) Y! w  G* M6 e' Athe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult9 Z; {3 D" d! C/ x
height will not be affected., A5 z" Z0 ^! C1 k, V6 h4 }
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
0 \* ~! p0 h' {9 k* E, N0 D) h% Y- l# bability of androgen products in our society may/ Y! N6 F- o! {# y* a7 E, J
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 J' D3 h" {$ C) r0 ]& pchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
+ F) O% j. ~3 w8 V5 egen products must be considered and specific ques-
, b6 ?$ w; X" u/ D6 R$ Qtioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 ?9 @. x/ ^- G' x+ d( E+ V8 T
gel should be asked of the family members during1 v; g# A$ o5 q" W5 m  O0 V
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-; P% P% o0 ~; ?
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
6 v0 K' |1 p4 K1 O" F" Vnosis can be established by just a few tests and by: G, E! R9 M$ n* z+ ^! Q% j' S
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a' V) f  `+ U- P) I6 a% C  k
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
2 }$ L0 z3 u8 l5 e& Presult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 b9 o0 b$ C3 M9 N! h
investigation. The primary care physician should be
; f6 h. a2 v$ D* n" i/ l' daware of this fact, because most of these children
/ o3 s7 N8 a0 E0 n+ n  imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 C+ z& k( Q% A! P) N/ Y( p: H
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a3 r, W) G) }! [
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# O1 z% Z3 x  k, D* Ufemale child who might come in contact with some-
1 k: N! e* x5 ]+ C+ oone using any of these products.
. O4 a) y6 W" j& y" VReferences
" _5 w7 u8 \( a4 o) \1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) q( {7 N5 h8 o% Q" [8 aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' Y$ T/ {# @- E) M* u4 l) I* @/ R
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;6 {+ O; v- t6 ?$ F: L$ a+ G& s
2002: 565-628.
* Y0 o* A2 P" p! u2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) b$ E3 D" c+ g5 Xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
/ `/ r% N8 X1 q- ]
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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