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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( E' [. ]  H( a! n7 n  S+ G0 dBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 A: r% Q; }8 oExposure to Testosterone
0 L2 g/ [3 r; X9 {$ u: G! P! BSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 M9 @. O5 |! ^  t2 W3 r. ^and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
  h  d" h7 A# c9 Y, r* d6 Y. hClinical Pediatrics% X  K( ?6 E* d2 G
Volume 46 Number 6
7 E4 E$ _3 m/ |5 q# m% v# ?' L1 yJuly 2007 540-5431 ]/ ~/ v4 p4 O
© 2007 Sage Publications
' }. _+ `, V0 ]# L/ _1 R. M10.1177/00099228062966517 U3 C8 a; @* X) I( z) }4 c
http://clp.sagepub.com
2 B: t5 s' \9 U% }# H# Q' ]hosted at
$ H: W, T- @. a) shttp://online.sagepub.com, g0 n" \- F" y# T
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,- n" V' U/ A/ X/ k9 j& X
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
% S  c  ^- M/ W, ]  Vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated+ ]# `' }& b; ~6 T8 w
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has9 S7 W( w" g  D8 ]) X' f0 `1 }% W
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
8 K+ g. |: D8 R. l: [lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ }9 U% t' N: }2 Y0 g1 w
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& t  l5 b% ?9 a1 D' whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! }( D$ V5 O% l, d' d% Q$ k2 ^, }4 kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We0 Z2 n2 [5 O% V
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the9 E$ @2 T& a2 E2 }# r3 S2 C* m+ t: I
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 H4 M5 N% ~- u/ y
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due! _0 [9 n) [' V- t, h/ x5 D
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
4 j" d4 v- q+ e2 y& x! x3 G5 `the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' N! h7 E7 h6 z. I6 ?) X6 f
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this" {* M: j8 ^% x
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 t. ]$ o5 ]2 i5 w% ?$ J
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' g$ d. I& s  X- w3 a, Jbly more common than the rare case report in the
" W3 z/ H& \  I  y: G* Iliterature.4/ N& y" F! F2 L2 E
Patient Report
0 D+ f$ q. |0 G9 `A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
* y4 u: M& t: A) |6 \$ ^endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern# p2 ]0 F( \" y
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
, i9 I7 d  f$ m+ elight colored pubic hair development when he was
- _# Q1 L! r7 i( n5 SFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& L1 d3 d6 `0 d; ~* hSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ w3 i6 Z" ], }- p( n$ iAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,# l# ~# o+ y( t+ z* _1 t
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
2 b' h! p; r: x' a/ WMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- F/ Y/ S; u2 E( N3 ue-mail: [email protected].+ A; D$ t' v/ @6 x! ]* z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 V) ^$ I4 p) Y3 V9 j5 K5 @darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
& I" q7 C; h: R3 bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ i: R, ^" H/ R1 [1 D
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
' G' l3 f* o* ~; f* ga birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of( I1 [/ A* F. j' \
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 e6 n8 H* `. Jof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# N1 s/ {- u: I  O% o  E, ?* Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 v/ a! @2 [8 b6 K) W
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
5 C1 J/ ]) C# Y: ewas age appropriate.
( C% R8 c$ |9 d7 ^+ g7 e# iThe family history was remarkable for the father,
1 i$ h0 \' W  awho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ l# E! `. y5 u
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; I: @- a1 J" q7 ?
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat2 ~1 r" Y* p0 m" O" J! u/ Q7 ]: r
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
) i6 r; V5 ~, ~! ^1 dThe father denied taking any other medication. The; W9 t6 D+ |+ X& q' P* h- V  _. ?$ j
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
+ G$ _0 V0 e5 Pwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet0 p/ J7 l: n9 }# C. |$ r
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-6 L8 C) X: N, {* U
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! h+ k( {" N" F- Q. i8 F
tives. There were no siblings.% v1 X" I) ]# K& F: k
Physical Examination
$ k6 P+ [% m: w" b: a# p2 pThe physical examination revealed a very active,
0 s* l# q2 U7 B1 x' C' Y; C( Iplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
% X( L* a0 }. p1 N2 {a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
3 Y5 d# y4 e! b1 U90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg, u6 b3 x+ }: _! K
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
" P/ v+ N% h  f$ Q5 q( ovelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 m1 t3 j8 q3 [& ~# Dthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
; p' A7 }8 ^3 @( @The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# T& C9 D, t% v1 K' Q) \: Jenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
* y% _7 d- v7 i; W* u9 L8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ K" t) h5 h8 Fdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ t- C% C- A. v& J% }* B: h" v
540
9 e, g9 F/ c. b9 ?* Z# a& cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# g* r/ Z/ e  {+ _5 F5 Y7 x0 M, K* athe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 e% {% v8 b. P
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." e( Y2 s: d; h- O6 @  b- @
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat3 g7 R3 T8 F3 X9 |! t0 Z( l
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 t; W6 i% i7 P: Y/ i# y
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.* @* I! f% c7 O% M  @
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 u8 G& v* ^+ g" J' d
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion0 e. D, ?) H9 @( G
of papilledema.( L# a: C7 N1 h# r: N% @
Laboratory Evaluation
: [6 ~, d' g! R! a% uThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by# F+ w7 ?" `0 ~7 v4 a) U6 n  B  s
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
( g3 T& a; r, k# [& Ulogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal3 Z& x5 x+ G& Z2 b- G  P! G
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test# y/ A$ |# E0 o; ]! _
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
$ B( Y5 h: p+ slating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 J6 t: T8 {7 ]& A' T3 l
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood+ t2 r- p0 Z6 w+ _
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
6 X7 d- j9 P( K) W# K( Jwithin normal range for his age. The concentration* X; x2 s0 r) t- c1 }5 A- c
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 e3 A- v$ T7 [3 ?' R(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
1 |7 t6 B# z$ W% Y% q2 X9 Y5 B8 }ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 v4 ]3 k! y- |/ Z1 j1 D
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
5 o7 F" n/ S+ e# x# c6 T/ x! T2 g8 {8 o, \desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
. k1 F! c" G$ V% m49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). V/ n2 y' w$ m" A8 F9 D$ f; {% }+ u9 B
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ P) H/ i* T' j! ]% p7 ^tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ [; j2 s; u. R0 @) c5 }testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 m" G$ r* `; M2 G4 z3 o, d* }7 ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# {6 j( H+ D' ]5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" J+ w: r* f! V- b8 Astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' U7 Q; x& I  Jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
  T- |, L& M; x. c3 Z+ S(prepubertal).) `# M# Z( z" l7 I0 F1 \
The parents were notified about the laboratory# q( Z3 Q9 a1 Y& C
results and were informed that all of the tests were; E0 l( Q' o+ \  f1 u3 S
normal except the testosterone level was high. The; L9 o- C  C# P
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 \. l9 f- b9 I9 N# b  I: {8 X
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ q9 T: q  f% d: n: T1 k( mever, the family did not return for 4 months.
8 u( T/ \  t7 G0 iPhysical examination at this time revealed that the5 r; D- [. a' K7 A. J4 i8 r
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! Q( _0 t9 n$ H8 `2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 \) B3 ?0 j$ d( w. i2 u8 Z% n' g- Dunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
  B( {' K% Z& e5 e3 Ypletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
8 C; X! m- H2 [. ethe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 u( ~- k' z6 ^mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.: _4 y0 V- S% F5 r
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- h& O! l7 m# g* m
ing frequent erections." A3 `% |1 s* @
Both parents were again questioned about use of
( b2 m7 J5 _9 E  D/ }. i- ?any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% l/ G; W7 b" Zthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' K2 K* X% t7 T5 ~8 B! A( M! F4 M( vTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
4 S5 B1 T" ?! D) Puse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-. N: Z. j2 \0 a2 b- Q1 `  w- |
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for" n9 ~0 ?' \+ J! a
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed5 X6 t, f! K' k% I/ X' ~
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
7 Q' m2 ^, @# v3 e$ n7 Nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
, o3 ?3 \6 K) s# Hsecondary to depression.4 h8 Q! A5 t$ \9 b
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
  ~4 `* H( w4 UThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 b5 b- ~$ G) t- o4 c# L7 S: s+ Ychest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 N3 f5 v# ?5 W$ a8 M9 rnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
) n4 F- S6 S( H2 Z9 B) x) x6 U1 hThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
% S/ @5 R5 s" Y+ n8 {! s! Bwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby# ]! N. b! Q- r0 [
was high, he then read the product information5 `9 z& |+ S/ M) \" T8 x. y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 p9 a. ^6 ~6 j. j5 rson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they( p) t3 c; e/ w. v$ J6 p
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
& W0 r8 q& N' y. e( ^father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' I- B" _. r0 P+ |been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 F* W& m8 n) otest was ordered, but the family did not go to the0 Z4 x+ w- V9 c
laboratory to obtain the test.% d, W% p9 X8 p* O( m
Discussion3 Y/ U; }6 e! d7 ^' t4 H
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary6 |2 V8 a5 H# u$ F
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
4 F$ s% y$ Y. t* ?; k* ~Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
( Z- a, A8 c+ Vit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
. V2 Q5 i" l* ]" I6 ?  q) Wthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
6 }# V8 h4 U9 x5 Z- t, zmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP  G7 a; z) R1 _0 @
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
; e6 W5 J1 N" H" Tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
1 T8 ]2 u2 P0 g0 yamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  A4 C$ E$ w; d6 F% U3 H3 x1 J
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( k/ k2 F% Q1 J2 e% c5 bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
! _% \. O7 ?0 u9 _ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-1 j) X: c  n/ n! I1 _" n
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by3 N& o: b4 @* ]$ l/ N9 Y
gonadotropins.1,33 M5 |8 q  B& {; O
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
* r3 U, }- m) H7 J5 n* Wcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate3 F) ~- f3 X5 N+ S& J2 [% ?; w
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
, C4 `% m2 N, o/ w/ O+ c! bexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
6 T  w9 _* [  Y* E' n8 t4 `ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
8 X7 O  y+ c2 @congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive0 v$ Y1 o8 b0 Z5 \- V
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 i0 f' U0 W' \: I9 X$ n1 rpuberty in boys.3,4& l$ H+ J$ l0 P' [  c
The most common form of congenital adrenal0 l8 D  K. g  x  {( h7 h  [
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.+ G, E7 [7 o- _( v" t4 @7 @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* N8 z8 `" c+ q' Uexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,1 j1 S- H! j+ k; f1 H3 A+ t
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
+ \3 R8 F5 Q  E, p! @4 cexcess.1,3
; Q4 T: i( k# `# xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: A8 M4 h' ?: `& l542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20070 C- @% [% y/ D* \
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-$ t! q, F! f( n
independent precocious puberty, which is also known* ^( k5 E/ Z& \% c: ^3 l0 T
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ q2 |6 R& N* B% s9 u; E" k
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 E) L& h* q  vwith this disorder are full pubertal development,: B- b0 c, X/ c4 Y0 i
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 a# B" [7 Z6 ]
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder0 e# R+ x; U  E' _2 {
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ [6 b+ ?2 ~( ?4 W* k  spubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: ~. M# A/ }; Dreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 \( V& L, p9 x0 G" qautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
6 `. @; l6 W, Y8 b* @' T7 smales; therefore, other male members of the family: u! _+ D0 r0 [! \' D  f
may have similar precocious puberty.3
7 M6 p% _6 o8 Z% KIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
; `% G9 L  O1 n& v* Q/ n1 U+ Qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. B# M4 K, t% v6 {3 n) i
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis7 v# a, H0 R8 }; d
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
; P' R" E, T9 y8 I' ]8 Nstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,4 S0 Y- _0 z9 z; ]# K% y
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
; S1 c+ G! b: t$ D( y* Y; _2 xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" x, \( d4 x3 w, ?6 A
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our4 D4 m. W5 W* ~2 W- O
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,9 T4 I2 H. W. ]0 x/ L" c* O9 ?
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase5 r" X1 ~5 V. `0 D
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
2 W5 V7 `; n- j" I6 U( O  Z& Ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% K0 t: n  B# \The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly0 `; M* e2 E+ Q7 u# t0 _
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because/ C6 Z. P+ b8 p0 i) q
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-% G1 T& e- g0 `
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
4 z% G4 N  F1 _/ E" bdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
; I( b9 G" u# R, |. Zterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
# U# F% Y  J' c, @6 |$ v  c& Jusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% N* @4 M: q* l, @+ `/ l: I% v. vDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" \. r# I5 ~. b9 s, F
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& d' ], _6 J+ B
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.. [# N  u/ I0 `* ^2 I: \* {
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
) q5 u& [' u  T7 B/ N7 Pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to! ]# E4 z% Z3 d
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& N0 d% i% [; e/ W* Cpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) b4 X4 Y9 I. k6 Ktion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, a  c0 E# N) K" m$ ]2 R4 cOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
; x. k: ?* [/ L. N* _which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ \  p3 k8 q/ a: n6 ?: d" _3 x
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-  p; a6 g9 q+ B& A4 f0 R, F; ~: p: U
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& l% A6 _/ A* _) t5 Tactive in young children exposed to testosterone# Z8 Z+ Y& p$ }
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% P: C3 x: p: }# S* m/ ]1 o
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
2 f. Q( {" i, t3 I0 wvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 v, r- B3 P( e  a2 p8 d, u3 pchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
; [" x8 A  e# E& }  Kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ [0 C0 H* g! R$ B" y" bThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
- E, k: Q/ a1 a8 B) x# Vearly childhood on pubertal development and final
$ G% q7 ^+ U1 y9 M' @+ |7 B6 Cadult height are not fully known and always remain( `* w  \) X6 c- \
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-; C/ O) d4 i2 s; W$ s: }0 u
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some! Z% Q" }. i$ m- I- h: w+ u* v
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
0 b% O% I0 V- _( p) j( z5 ?3 `cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation" S1 }. R, J8 Q9 J' c: `- }& |
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
! R+ j. }1 t* K. rThere are conflicting reports and controversy
/ q8 a6 H" {1 x( t1 ]; Eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, E9 L+ I4 ?3 V$ T( b7 u% Tpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal" E9 R. @/ A0 m" s1 N, E
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-3 P$ ?4 f1 W* b1 x' o; A0 l  U
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,9 Z/ A8 n6 y" H' d3 Q) ~, O% q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. G+ o; q: \- e! Hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult3 q  l+ ^  Q) L5 }* @( u" ^+ u
penile length in clinical studies.7 R  e& s2 I# |8 B
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ N: r$ S+ i0 _. M$ H# P3 i
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 ]% n% T" D0 P, u' \testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because6 V- z& {& L; L' ^( n' X: v: c, ?
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.6 l) M# x4 u7 t0 o
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of/ E, U, b) p" f; S
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* G7 [) H+ o( m& J0 x1 O
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
& |; W/ F5 M: ?. F# rheight will not be affected.
( A* S3 J, c$ j  g1 m! gAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% w) C; q. Y  h; Nability of androgen products in our society may
9 G  O! _% N/ P) l, S8 @- P; tindeed cause more virilization in male or female5 @5 Y5 M' x- d3 {6 m& U6 ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ Y/ B" ?8 b# r0 J7 A' L
gen products must be considered and specific ques-" @1 _/ |, W& {: {+ }9 a6 b
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
9 j8 Z! z* k9 V1 K/ {  S4 Zgel should be asked of the family members during) q/ e; z+ f0 G8 I9 o+ T
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ @0 X. f; x3 U; T" J; u7 b
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 m2 y% }' @" R" \9 [( V% \4 H; ~& u! u
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
4 }0 `8 d6 `* y6 t: R! g- Yappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a! Q: D$ e/ v, l  X( ~4 ~
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may$ i: r5 j" z" ]; P
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive3 L! X. R7 a, d' [9 A4 f( t/ q
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ A/ w" J2 P" c+ p" y# |
aware of this fact, because most of these children8 G+ v7 u9 J& {4 q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
# b; N0 P3 X! o3 [. CDesk Reference and package insert should also put a# `: b- q( t. \5 z) x! A
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 I) N, V6 U% R% @8 \) E) ufemale child who might come in contact with some-
. \( P" L; B, R7 l3 j, P. m% v2 ]one using any of these products.
% F6 t* \' Z+ p3 _; [  W8 UReferences+ y7 o+ P: {" [! v/ p* h+ ], N
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation% p! c, Y& _% A* L$ u  Z/ u
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric7 Z+ ?7 C* e8 t" L" I. B
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
2 |3 M$ p# \: q$ d+ b# L2002: 565-628.  a6 P* w! ]! N8 k- @- U- n
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious- R6 `4 c+ S& i
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
' [6 r( W* [$ O/ Y# mBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
# g5 w& I5 j& u. I$ d4 n5 hExposure to Testosterone
3 j$ |/ r; P% R; _/ \Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 J: o) b' t/ `7 Z' U0 L# C$ n2 eand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1' Y3 e5 B5 ^" I% T
Clinical Pediatrics/ P. r" Y3 n% e/ X% ^" W# x
Volume 46 Number 6- R: y9 ?) w8 f4 X$ [
July 2007 540-5436 Z8 O) K+ c; i% ?
© 2007 Sage Publications
% i4 I$ z: m8 o; K" Q9 Q! W2 Q$ k10.1177/0009922806296651$ O! ]! f% t" }, e
http://clp.sagepub.com) p2 }- c0 J2 Q& o
hosted at% {7 Z: b) V/ w+ Z2 ~* J5 \0 U
http://online.sagepub.com
4 \8 s8 E' t8 p7 A1 i/ T& PPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,$ W7 {7 R, x/ t4 V$ W% {6 Y
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
' r7 T% ^# P2 P6 [0 a* q3 Oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ k! Q! \' {- l2 ?4 ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
" k( Z; W* v% M, y- P+ C+ ea higher incidence of organic central nervous system
) N: q+ j3 X+ Rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 d! K1 u6 ?+ x8 S
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
+ L% x, c; r/ @1 M- T! thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
& [8 D$ [. R* D) Lcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We: F( B( X  N5 a- W  K5 z, [
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 l$ ]9 S1 ?* y" m+ [" l% n
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-5 T' Y! X: U9 Q7 d) d
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 x. R/ F9 F/ Y- G( s$ W4 Tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ w  S) B* y* \4 {& T9 e
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-1 y  w# ~; X$ @1 Y! x  q( y
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 y! e0 F  ~6 O  f; z1 r0 vchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 j+ S" [9 r& Z0 Otestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-3 T5 v5 E  T1 I" a$ s
bly more common than the rare case report in the" M* ?7 O" h5 }: j% S7 @: \8 [
literature.40 ^% B' z; v/ e, p
Patient Report
, k5 v- q6 E5 O) DA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
1 {4 s9 c, ~" x( G4 \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 L# H$ P8 I7 V" r* s3 `! j
of early sexual development. His mother noticed# ?* ]5 L$ r) w' B
light colored pubic hair development when he was& ^; J& u2 P6 j, V( r0 A
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 g% A7 u! |1 s; y9 JSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 F" b: T" I: r- C) w0 x/ sAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,9 g4 a6 p, V4 y9 W1 L6 N
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of5 c7 b# i. }. w
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;/ t7 s! D3 ~+ R) F- |9 e% j, T
e-mail: [email protected].2 A1 a1 b$ u6 a8 B
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became& o' ]3 o9 }; B* E4 E+ a4 J- C
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-% c* Y( f: I1 T
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 X8 t+ J# O+ q9 k5 Pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. _2 ]& M0 [3 ?7 k' A
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
. V- f3 A. h- F- l$ G20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( V, c$ e' |' L3 i3 _) a( X0 Hof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
  v6 G6 P" g0 _$ Ysolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" W: P" M: K/ G, B+ ^1 Fand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
  |. m2 O$ }& r6 L% S3 Fwas age appropriate.1 A! ]# o  s9 c* }7 n. i/ B
The family history was remarkable for the father,; W2 C& S( g1 \4 a( r: h/ H
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
- P3 b) t6 [8 y1 E. h+ L! M! ]$ w  Owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s4 B* p/ T) Z. `3 U, q' r- B! J4 u
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
; p, w% M$ D3 u9 d( eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 B! ?% E' o2 F2 v
The father denied taking any other medication. The3 |+ v; k9 Q; E$ b/ u( v1 d
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
5 f, A& }! }. f+ w2 E6 {was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ m  z: U7 r" R) m0 x
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
5 i4 X3 O) N; t# p7 d0 scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ |9 ~0 P; ~, qtives. There were no siblings.
! z- W7 v7 e3 MPhysical Examination" z+ @" w! `% J/ U2 Q6 n
The physical examination revealed a very active,3 \6 e: f# O  c/ n$ s
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 D! m4 W9 M; A/ Q* h: A1 O
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
/ E: D; }, Z. n90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
* U6 r* E+ P1 I$ |* N4 h( _(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, r+ @, h( I; Y6 C8 Tvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of5 q- M9 Y2 B3 u8 O2 \' \# X4 Q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.9 Q* N* d$ E$ ^
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for! L! Z9 X2 ^8 s* t1 M
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of- Y1 |9 a9 v' s
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well' M1 C/ r2 n$ U  ?5 m4 S
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around; G) d5 _- i: a' u% j
540
7 p/ t# r" d4 p+ H3 G5 T& p3 iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& |3 c$ v: L6 B0 F; O/ J) D0 Tthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The) e$ Z% x0 f+ U; K0 p
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 I3 H7 T- z: g. g( t6 XThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
/ @6 i0 G8 p$ V, u3 J4 _' Yoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 B9 r' {, q/ T; {! N2 Cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.( k7 r: B% R% M& |
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+  Q& a2 b! ?4 k$ f8 E% `
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 A; Q7 h* {$ L7 `( z3 D. tof papilledema.
) \! a4 U) i1 ?  w% n9 o4 ]6 PLaboratory Evaluation  l: O% k2 y0 ^+ {
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, m, W- v1 q2 v' Wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-( l4 i1 Y( \% m1 _9 f- [* o8 A7 L0 m
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
& @- p7 X3 l) L2 Gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
2 P4 O# b' }, ~. ~/ s5 Ushowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-' W/ s( y# L& c: b" ^! \" d
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).1 y% C- V: |. A5 g- ~
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" ^3 k- U4 l) X9 [" s
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
( I: x& ?6 A( `8 D& ~within normal range for his age. The concentration' U4 z9 X) ?9 P
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL' L' Y$ @# `( N6 f, k* I
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 205 m7 R! i! ~4 l7 \% c6 w) d
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( ?5 @' q7 n- A, u, cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
- _1 X9 @, |4 O) [$ Wdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ p, k* B9 P" p# j49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
1 \  N. E) `) E. F- A6 c+ v4 l; Lwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
! C- m9 \1 U/ T. gtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total, g0 Z& `, R2 P, N  d
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 r2 M# L9 Z3 f: V  a
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; d& ~1 B& y+ U* d, E
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, e) }8 c* ]8 a3 \3 z$ Pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
% T! N& O/ X' F: Sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 P) w" P% i' Z2 Z: c(prepubertal).6 w! V: B( _: p. y8 I2 `% p1 {
The parents were notified about the laboratory1 _% B  l% p5 [6 P* H
results and were informed that all of the tests were4 F  h2 [# y& C# Z- j+ o  ~% Q
normal except the testosterone level was high. The: s7 i9 `* L* K$ A& s  A
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
0 x! K/ g1 {/ a% B  mobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  H* N  B0 C% v: }! Oever, the family did not return for 4 months.  y* j5 Z; G0 S
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 I- G( `8 [0 D. [# [! ?: R. G
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 r, R# K$ x3 J9 `$ E# i
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 O/ p# }0 ]5 ^. S6 munchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
& U1 _/ M. d' K+ c: V; V# Ypletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at7 J4 q6 I/ K' h& q
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
, W( |% a8 M8 S2 wmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
  Y/ u" u7 [* ~( g) G0 wThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
! U% n* V4 @5 Y0 P/ ~1 a0 _ing frequent erections.$ @( F3 o# T$ b* M0 a3 y. P
Both parents were again questioned about use of7 s( R5 d: Z# Q4 q& A6 B
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to1 F9 l! h& N0 L: n5 k6 _. D# j
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
: L1 u% s8 h% ]; f% kTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; M" i5 ^4 A+ W, ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-+ z) w- m1 x! O1 I3 V
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for/ G6 z) l$ ^+ \
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
6 I1 T7 C4 E8 v) e1 o8 W( y, @to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
- k  Z. X; c) C6 A' Hscribed by his family physician for decreased libido% {5 J0 c1 i. ~! d4 n& F
secondary to depression.
7 K: u! |1 j/ ^The child slept in the same bed with parents.' P2 K0 L7 h' |5 y2 z9 L
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
  n9 A$ Y4 b; w! A1 G( ochest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
/ u5 H- P+ l2 p% Znificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
# o2 H3 e- h9 S" h" _The father also admitted that after the phone call,
; j' F. y9 U3 y. t7 _9 B0 dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ g. z1 h) w& f$ d* z
was high, he then read the product information
; w" y2 M) t# \/ D' R  hpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, }# z$ I5 r5 e( \7 zson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 x" H  G* C7 c+ Fdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the4 H7 ~$ B2 r: C2 ^( U
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 h) g" o& K5 P4 T4 {been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone; i6 u$ S% G6 m# \
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the" d$ ]) ~, M" q6 l9 T' g8 T
laboratory to obtain the test.
( D4 }* P! j1 }3 s; Q6 ^! E$ n6 aDiscussion
- Z7 @' e) M0 R. IPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
/ N  l$ z. k5 q, wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 j8 C8 A' }# E2 B6 z  {' ~
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 F$ ~6 u) _- R9 L% Bit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" W- ^( m/ J+ K) E0 r& sthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' A- E: s0 k8 Ymon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
& K" b+ g( B: u4 `( `may have a central nervous system lesion that is8 S" J/ r! n  F7 @/ ?2 E9 I
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
9 l: }1 \! R; g7 J/ l, C# aamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
, \- M* s! E: p  asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in! a" ~- H6 P, {( ~/ n4 J
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
  G$ m4 A* u4 Q6 y  x2 y  _ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" i) j5 d% I: |2 s* A7 \) Rrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
; r. n8 ]- P! n* [gonadotropins.1,3: Z, N, X& C2 x1 T# u% A. C- R8 k
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: |9 l/ I/ v' t' p, c" mcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: [! v' q& Q2 L3 u+ K
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
" P3 V2 P5 `& c* h# e0 Cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
: @% B7 D: Q1 X0 h  @/ n) Fulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing. c& u6 Y  Z6 ?6 d* C* J
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& Y" b5 d8 F- p0 D9 t. X6 madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious" `- J, C! X/ u; o' f3 t
puberty in boys.3,4
8 `# l& ?& W* C2 aThe most common form of congenital adrenal  l0 a; ^8 @( P. G: {/ B: J# x/ J
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 u* a0 y% ]1 v& I8 i; k/ BThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, f  B0 X" C* b" S
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 Y! A5 y- y4 j7 _: Z6 W/ san adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 G8 B/ A2 {+ L' {
excess.1,3
9 ]( r/ ]9 d" ]: \! Rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% i8 P* H; d* @) Y542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ T: H( U& G. `: J
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-5 t7 X; w5 d& t4 h
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
: e4 S% S% c) s8 l% \, E# h1 qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a% t" |( W* Y; U3 d
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 Y% `2 i7 k" `0 O  q7 n/ lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
" C& B( @# z: pincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys9 d) _( q. B8 j6 S1 C. K8 V
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
' U4 M$ p3 _& V' Dare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
9 _9 Q% n) d0 [' x- _pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. l5 e  f# W5 a2 d6 ~releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ K& r3 `8 m( ]  I5 Z- Q$ ?2 Y( w) vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( X  c1 x4 y: O/ Kmales; therefore, other male members of the family  t- R7 a! i( f& d) g0 g
may have similar precocious puberty.3
4 L- ?9 j  L# [( a+ U5 l& Q) QIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
6 C" G; @: P& J1 C/ bsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ S5 b2 j5 x# u. L
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% ]( i" Q8 G+ g) `* ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father; s, Y9 k- {0 B, c1 v
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, {* A* X6 Y8 r/ `" Q# ktesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
6 Z- s, [: L/ R' \( f' E/ P, H7 j1 H  [beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
$ q  w3 Z% s" r' {ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 M0 a7 W( V; D2 V: N, a
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) v' C! R6 F$ i: V4 z: b
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* v' L9 Y' R) [7 r: h
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
& c' v7 s1 y, r1 ^ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.  r# u4 H' X3 I
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
0 p: t2 r( l4 n1 N' ?" R# L" Qsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
7 u! G% w3 b! v. \4 jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; v, ]3 _9 ~' q9 e3 Gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
! r% l( {0 k) l, c  F# x1 hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' F0 |% O4 w8 K! ~, `( Qterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
  P2 D6 h/ f' E4 eusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: I7 k6 F9 Q# r; Y& V& L7 ~
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% x" F5 \  k& ~! ]' ucream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) g* Z* b5 O% R" |. Y6 Y" p
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# M$ }; ^' C& p( H9 tSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the6 c3 B* ?. T, X, K  j) m
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
$ v# E; T# E2 k* g* o& F0 eeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male. e, |$ l+ N# N0 o
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 ~1 }& a3 k0 a4 l  k: Y1 x1 _
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
) i2 Z& z' g  \" z3 X. B  QOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 Y# ~$ A: c% Q1 awhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
8 q& U0 i4 b; k4 a" i' v) x" gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-( ~8 M, n$ U' w! y' U* P
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
" U! W- Q1 N' r9 f& iactive in young children exposed to testosterone
4 B/ @5 h% y5 ]exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
8 W- l& K# p% [  [4 `drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
! O, ?. i4 M) n: Z0 b' N$ ivirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; ?3 X$ J2 G; ?& y! H+ Schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
/ r7 Q  d' X5 u6 V2 f5 `1 Zadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
2 e) T' ?3 n1 a  d% mThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
8 Z1 V% a7 @$ Nearly childhood on pubertal development and final
+ J+ T  ~; Z1 O4 cadult height are not fully known and always remain; p$ f' \. T$ i' T- j  `5 X
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 |$ ]) y2 \7 ^% ^" Y/ W
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some7 @: _- x/ X  ^) s5 |( u
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( {# v# L3 Q7 fcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
) W3 F  _$ z$ v! h2 Adecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; }. |% J  v  r, V* SThere are conflicting reports and controversy
  C9 g- Z( e8 e8 w. O3 lover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult" K0 V' r- y: y# y+ v2 T
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 b1 l' G/ t' f3 B# k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
2 d+ Z; V( q; Oulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,) T3 I0 G; U7 N; v( B6 k/ F: \* `
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ S& _* K) k( K* a' c+ E- rchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 ~# s' h/ j7 ]4 l2 {penile length in clinical studies.
1 h5 q1 G5 r8 u* l+ m/ gNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. E; N% c" l' r& ~3 j
going to experience any of the untoward effects from0 @' S4 Z+ h2 n$ ^
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' }, f% T$ v" R8 k7 m* m9 Z2 I# A& `
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- A1 L' h: x) c. f* D+ y, _* T% D/ I4 O! KAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of% e( e8 a0 ^9 Y; v
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' v& m9 J, ^/ h* Mthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% V$ G5 B( o& l% _' n2 `
height will not be affected.
; }2 q4 T. g/ K) S; [/ e' l, MAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-: \) V3 o  ]. N( L0 x- W
ability of androgen products in our society may
; {  V# a0 [, E# c  E1 Findeed cause more virilization in male or female6 ~0 `0 \8 z( Y  ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- D. Y- |* e9 a! G5 q3 Rgen products must be considered and specific ques-! i2 {" |% R( T
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or: h0 h! R2 V2 [6 H% g! `! Z2 L
gel should be asked of the family members during, |: U! S3 X1 U% X" @
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-2 v: @7 \7 w* u5 x
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- a, `4 C3 K, r* H, _- o& [. \nosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ V* }+ e) x. k- H0 E
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 q1 w3 e* t' m9 Q* @. K; ?
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; l$ \) a; g* [$ o% p  Gresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
3 r( G7 k& [6 `0 Minvestigation. The primary care physician should be
8 U: _! M8 x6 K) M. N. ~aware of this fact, because most of these children# C9 |! \# h6 ^8 c# E& v
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’& d" W+ l: s4 H  W0 a  f
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
' t9 R0 h! T& l0 Z2 Xwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  b' e- f+ B! e4 L+ k% q' rfemale child who might come in contact with some-
3 K) q, o+ m3 Gone using any of these products.
' k/ S1 a/ `8 a- b- f) ~References
" c; N/ {( W* z2 x1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
" g5 ~& C% g; X9 N5 [0 Nand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
% g6 Z  c5 R4 {- T/ H" REndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;6 B- P' q; m$ l; s2 s2 O2 l0 j2 l
2002: 565-628.
9 W5 P8 r# m, ?' E/ W! K3 M2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 [5 X. Q$ R% ~3 U! _8 w% |
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
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精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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