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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; W" }( S) g( H s. SBoy Induced by Indirect Topical2 j7 J$ g; q y/ a, V
Exposure to Testosterone
9 Z6 d& r, O& \4 o V+ nSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2. j) o. ]4 b6 D7 p# E
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
( l4 {* W. I; E9 R* t$ {Clinical Pediatrics6 w( }' J5 }2 b' y/ A4 m3 U3 ]
Volume 46 Number 6& a3 d& _; x* @8 J3 i
July 2007 540-543/ m& l9 \3 t0 R. a) s8 [
© 2007 Sage Publications
; t A% z |% S9 x& e10.1177/0009922806296651" a# q% ?" Q9 d9 z0 t$ H
http://clp.sagepub.com b8 |! [$ _) Q' g3 n
hosted at
5 Y! G( w) C( ihttp://online.sagepub.com3 y) l) T1 {4 x
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
! V; q7 R* k- ^$ r! S$ S# ~4 [- dis a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 I% L/ H9 L( _& s& o$ a: h6 ]% Yprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
$ c; S' K' a/ T0 mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- B) r* s4 W! | n
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system" F L4 X$ Y, a
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
! a8 j$ ~; P5 ]by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) h! N5 Z$ d9 F
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# E* y' p& i2 K! o+ r$ @0 V! m
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
, ]. ] ?' F% r J( _5 O3 c3 Dreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the( X( P) _3 @( K% l
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
" Z7 q* q$ H7 j& U+ S+ Nment without testicular enlargement, which was due" f- E2 j& i; S; U: C: [. y4 k
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 f- a+ M, }7 {; V$ A1 J" Q! Qthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-. O. V, A$ q- W5 _* |8 s
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this$ w2 a6 P: n% \& f1 p4 z; g
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. h8 @9 U5 @% m6 e4 ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 B2 |; _6 {& A/ p- Y% Z$ ^bly more common than the rare case report in the
+ E8 P6 t$ o$ a8 x. Q- q w- Uliterature.4
9 c/ b2 k! {( u3 H6 q$ P: EPatient Report
0 L3 V1 n" e8 ~: oA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
2 c [" v( f/ Q# s1 K; @2 y1 k4 Aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern+ l e+ B' a0 T) t. I- L, S
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ |0 _9 V6 `6 @* z/ j9 olight colored pubic hair development when he was- J: t$ M# L, P/ b( ]
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of& A0 t8 ~$ L, ]9 k
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
2 t! {. k% \( oAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ Q) W2 ^+ a4 L% o& I
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ h$ B& A; G9 X# c2 w7 f/ M8 tMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: x8 ?4 Y2 J/ u
e-mail: [email protected].
4 R- I. E0 k8 E! cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# m% P& z2 W2 n( S2 C
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
/ b) W2 {& x* Y* S: Z% A+ Xment of his penis and frequent erections. The child2 N+ D' g _2 y: ]' z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with/ Y8 B8 u( z7 I& u# R
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of. y" ?- ^" d+ V7 C8 c" o Q4 a6 j
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; k7 B% m4 f) L9 E
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 @, d5 ?; B" t2 D
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,8 ~8 v$ h" }0 {
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: ]) v/ `, ^2 g rwas age appropriate.
- ?* f4 P" A8 @/ q9 Z" P) MThe family history was remarkable for the father,, i' ?# I6 i% K! y0 Q
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! @1 {. V1 ?7 @which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
1 Z5 N2 ~, Y u' j K `3 f% Aheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( h I2 D* N5 [" T6 H& E8 d3 y
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
) U4 K! o6 @. Y* W6 NThe father denied taking any other medication. The" [% b% ^2 c' P+ f. o: h; e% C
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 x6 r* G4 J0 v% s5 G+ X: V7 n; z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) s5 ~; K9 F% K# i F% i d2 s
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-9 {5 p: A4 @* g. h6 p
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
( u( J4 R- A$ F% X$ |tives. There were no siblings.
6 [% c8 u# [/ W; z% }4 VPhysical Examination1 {2 b8 S5 j$ V
The physical examination revealed a very active,
" R( ]- f. Q# N* N( d1 nplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented4 @3 L. n8 c: F) ]
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
, f$ x, t" @1 W6 S90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 _$ W# V+ C! z# ]) C4 i8 D% b(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
0 A1 e6 n' O' A$ t8 P9 d. lvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
( n3 x3 W# h& B+ I" k' }the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 {- B1 ^/ L/ x
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for9 `6 V& Y: C7 |5 {4 o
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
9 A6 O7 e3 ~) x2 p8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well6 ~* {& U- ^" q0 s' B" @% R1 x% l
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around; |% J. e* m* d- |: ~- P
540
0 z" R+ Z* W+ M* M; wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" [, q: ]! b+ D9 {+ c/ U& wthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The4 Z. a7 a" N& g9 G: z# i
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.: R' z+ l2 l1 j( Z" |
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat$ u9 t4 H6 ]! V. i
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& _. X/ ^0 O8 x
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.! H4 X N9 T/ L. {, @; Y& j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& O9 Y. V6 m) ~' Y, D. } e
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 u% }4 K; {* E4 F! O0 Hof papilledema.
/ Z/ n& v1 r T B, p& p. H7 L0 [. VLaboratory Evaluation% ?* z9 h$ H' x! b
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by. V9 k6 g! ^% G
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 {8 E/ g; z: ~$ ]
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal7 E; L7 I1 Z; d5 m5 b1 Z
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 B. A! h8 y' J9 O7 S6 v/ i# cshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 W" K4 e- E- p( Y" d" g7 f
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).. h1 F- M) r& @8 D) {) c9 {
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% N/ K' D+ ]' z$ R" |* t# ^: B5 vurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were4 W& _% `* g% f
within normal range for his age. The concentration) _+ L& C1 N6 _* d5 U4 f
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. U) ]2 D8 z+ E/ L7 |* s! j
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20' S* I$ v4 @. N. ~8 A
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 D: g# D% t' ~$ P# y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),: ^# D) f. K3 ?# |: A
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to! Y# ~* e# ] g, X
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- L! n4 i- h8 j A% V
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
! H% e6 A3 n8 q2 M! x/ ^" O; Mtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" P4 n& V1 s+ X$ Y" B8 r2 ytestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),; |# H. K$ B( T2 b& d! F+ y
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than! k* J- c$ M/ L, W
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" _$ c; U( c0 s, V- ]4 K2 ~2 cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone/ L1 L9 d- e! z8 X+ y4 p1 j( H
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL9 b) P$ Y- p# y" a
(prepubertal).
3 }) C. X6 o' \2 L! aThe parents were notified about the laboratory5 Z' u: V+ P# S; i1 H
results and were informed that all of the tests were" q: n1 T$ R9 d5 l0 T! W7 B
normal except the testosterone level was high. The% a1 `( a0 E5 i4 A) E2 c6 R5 r
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to5 m T* X1 Z% X6 `' d, u
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' \; m. w7 s% B# ^4 n
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.# u- h) ]% m+ ^; U! l: r" ^* S! i5 {
Physical examination at this time revealed that the" i6 ^0 y6 n7 m0 c
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ j. K; y* y- }; j" o2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 x9 y$ _5 N8 c
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 `8 Q4 N2 s S c6 V8 f4 D" x6 n f
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at, E+ R+ }" }) q* Q5 X
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
. R2 [$ k9 y! o- j+ dmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 W' O( b. }& u8 _$ T0 ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 v* { s) N: S3 h! s$ V% ?ing frequent erections., F: l7 r( N% I. l- c+ y+ F) H( ?
Both parents were again questioned about use of
% [! w! V. a. M0 e! `- zany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
, W5 S& W! X$ v) gthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the% |( k7 ^( f' p1 o
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5416 Y. U2 b8 }. N8 i
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 _3 n- N6 C, ]- h: O
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 @ `! y c- I
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. s. v M+ b( ?7 s3 x9 Fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-( L4 W. _0 N. p0 O
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% b1 ]5 K( T* R/ v+ U& ]secondary to depression.
m9 c3 P$ D8 AThe child slept in the same bed with parents., y. |& W( h% i; q, q& N! R+ M, |0 ^5 c
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his6 k: I0 g+ D8 p0 z) }
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
3 e& I* H d5 C. {. p- b$ t, b& lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father. M8 j. E+ |1 S# T3 k8 v; ?
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
( s7 s/ w! p$ v1 r# _when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; Z G8 d! a- C2 H! d- Y4 a
was high, he then read the product information8 n9 v k6 W$ U
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' @- r: x# M8 r6 w: e
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: K1 @2 T' C! ^0 Q5 }
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# c5 `2 P# @9 A" [, F6 ?father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 C: N, l5 O) S: n9 ^4 g4 z
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 T& z; w" s2 Q c. _$ J2 @test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- P9 ~* q; \' F1 _4 j9 zlaboratory to obtain the test.
# X8 ^$ C9 M5 R( ~5 u9 V+ `Discussion4 {: u2 H6 L: @1 S) R& j4 I
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
# D. s9 m6 Z/ T! C% e: ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" S1 ]. _' t- P6 PPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# ~2 q! _+ v. j/ T! ?# L' d
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
R+ Q0 e. F, T# L9 g Othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
8 l' I5 \* a9 p1 vmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: W/ \5 t; B+ _. U' |
may have a central nervous system lesion that is) F% r* z# l" M/ P8 X) r
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 S; I8 @0 ~7 |' O$ J4 A
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ }8 @! q4 ?1 H1 R& F. p4 ]3 W
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 y( H _, o6 `6 n h' ^boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ ?8 |, k" c7 R% e4 Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-6 ]0 n+ H/ v# V
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
$ P# {0 y# E' Z1 Rgonadotropins.1,3
* m; N* i4 i2 p( cGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' u& w0 _, r" ?# r, t) w
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: U6 C2 O% H. P- c! f x0 zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or T+ a1 X) A9 U% n4 R
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( A2 A/ y- B3 B% l3 M& k
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing6 e, N7 }3 Z' ~3 F
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive& C2 s: s7 g& a0 b/ t, a b( A
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 ?, g: X+ C5 K; x* w: w- j! ppuberty in boys.3,4
* ?( H/ g- e( K- ?; W. ^The most common form of congenital adrenal
5 v8 P8 L9 {' w: ]6 u. Dhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( x! N6 G% V R/ M$ g6 |0 d
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* {1 X+ h3 Y" j2 T) B7 J8 [$ V7 S: sexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
T/ O4 N3 W) V6 u2 r, N+ {" X! Van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen( o1 B3 m, i M W5 Q) L, c
excess.1,3) u# [) u+ D3 x3 g) h6 w
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 q2 l F# S% e4 I: D/ @1 ^542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007( X0 ], m0 h! F" ^/ I
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& S: z. M t, P5 U# windependent precocious puberty, which is also known% p3 m# P; v V" j1 ]% j# [
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a# X9 j- b% ~9 X8 ?7 N7 m! G
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
& H4 B0 I" R2 q1 W g& v# i, z N5 [8 u* Iwith this disorder are full pubertal development,$ {. c4 R' J3 A9 }7 p
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ H+ h0 d. x7 pwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 A" U" H ^% }6 v# ~" f
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* e* P" s4 k9 F& y# e8 W
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ h6 j- {1 q4 }releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% e; g* Y2 k% [5 g: Cautosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ g; `. Z' Y' @; z9 R
males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 f- F% s3 @- x1 m; Vmay have similar precocious puberty.36 o; t( Z' m1 w' E/ W7 A
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
1 K( t+ D. y; L! P6 _! Nsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' Z7 i4 V3 ^5 g+ Gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' c; Y- w5 ~7 [5 u1 x# q$ swas in the differential diagnosis because his father
: H) R% |) l; c- n$ O6 istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- n7 z, v, y, p( y7 ztesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
; G8 {0 ~+ O/ F8 t" P0 {' T+ \: _3 Abeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-. C. G5 q# `+ ^0 |9 A9 N% L
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 \* z( Q0 y/ B* S
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, M- X9 E" Y" O" l- {) g6 g
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ M& W$ p0 S. Q6 m- p' b xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
1 j2 f7 @- L* w! oing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
/ V/ H/ u6 u" p2 |% RThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly2 q- P5 F% N5 S8 x& H! L) h
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because$ c+ u. ]. X1 i# T0 e9 t
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-( ^) ]: e. [1 R6 g2 @
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ Y3 k1 ?! {% {" q9 [. z% q
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. Q3 X- A' w2 H9 n# [) gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( h- x+ b. q4 qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’! G: V" C* u% s- J3 C- v
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 Q( [2 m* y' l8 _
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 [! C$ r- ^! r/ V* v
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.; J) P1 [. P2 l7 b
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 p; @6 K+ ~. C: pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to Q* _; U6 p! [9 p: b( Q, v5 ~
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
, U2 Q: A% N+ c* [4 ?* opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
" [7 t& X& m! Z8 I3 B7 ltion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 T, T2 D' t j7 A
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ m4 N* {$ n! e. G) @
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; m; ]- w8 ]0 F) Edermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-( W* d, A5 o$ ]& @; Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
! P) P; K; w7 Z$ A3 {active in young children exposed to testosterone
+ ?1 Z$ h- ?9 P( \# A7 Iexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
0 N) l( S$ U% u# ^drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ \1 h# j. Y5 P
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
" n) h" K3 n1 J' ] ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and8 Z. h# X6 R4 o) |4 u7 i
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
p; }& {# h7 cThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( H/ n/ V% R9 k5 k( f: K0 xearly childhood on pubertal development and final
|8 Z! E8 I( _0 jadult height are not fully known and always remain# K2 O1 g! }8 r! R" }0 L
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
# q. [- D( p+ ]terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some- y, v, @. |: p
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ c! s/ _3 k2 O2 ~ ^& Icessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ S7 L0 r. A. Y: |
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 [" `6 N& p$ i ]# N/ _; L3 CThere are conflicting reports and controversy; x3 \7 I! D( ~) p# T* N- Y5 n
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult! m2 j- H+ ?7 ^+ c: `; Z3 t& \' I
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 x$ y" `0 D/ R6 n
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) i# G4 {: Q; Z6 s, P Eulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' }' Y' ]( J+ k! F+ ^6 A e( MSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
! r$ n8 x3 G( q! `9 X9 achildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: U4 m) ]. E- n2 Xpenile length in clinical studies.
, M& F" X0 ` h2 UNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
- ^1 B6 o9 S0 E/ H' {going to experience any of the untoward effects from8 [% A! z- L: f' z
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# @' ]1 D7 e- |$ x- }the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
% g' h& K; V: X, {7 {; f( y9 @Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ F$ i& Y9 O4 V: L/ `diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; f) V: ^' {# ^9 c
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" G5 ^" T5 x. E2 ]9 ~% yheight will not be affected.% O/ j1 N1 `6 m8 c9 k5 b) Z9 x
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-+ i2 A0 }, |3 v2 ]5 H6 i
ability of androgen products in our society may
3 G6 R% p8 R# {* s% G/ x! Vindeed cause more virilization in male or female( k' X5 D, d. N8 L* y' c* A4 Q! N
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-4 l: e* z3 w+ ?/ d/ c! w8 a; f
gen products must be considered and specific ques-% W& e5 j+ K) ^9 L9 C
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 J r6 D r/ S, _; T' b b! n- sgel should be asked of the family members during
& J! H9 @2 C d6 n6 {the evaluation of any children who present with vir-- I6 c' A) ]& l5 l- }" d
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
( |! V8 e; {8 C2 Y) Jnosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 }9 O6 o S; i$ f4 V
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a3 i* j$ j+ v2 F! i
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ y) S4 |/ f; z2 B% ~; tresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
9 D: M8 e2 o) @8 hinvestigation. The primary care physician should be& i* x1 V3 I9 w& }: v/ ^
aware of this fact, because most of these children: m4 [6 k7 Y; o1 \" W; p
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
A# e0 D: t3 X8 f. y5 DDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
+ k0 I0 N4 M& c6 n" Swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or. H% i4 \; T4 G- b; a8 ?. @
female child who might come in contact with some-
/ e O b* L) }* [! P- gone using any of these products.
( q C) n* C" z7 O9 k. _% nReferences1 Q, O- Q6 }1 Y: l' ]: b+ M V: l
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
, R# j3 K" p, }: h$ Cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% z+ f' `9 q/ V" E+ D2 O1 f/ Z3 G
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" a! m* o1 _1 l0 p
2002: 565-628.8 t* h% E$ U" w- V4 o
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
{- m4 n2 q& c% S7 e0 e5 opuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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