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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old! }/ e z8 k1 j
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical& O6 [& @6 ?" C% B' I: a3 v
Exposure to Testosterone p, y* E8 Z' _6 M
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, K1 t% _* v) _8 V& A+ Xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1' |* H7 j. O% e7 R* M
Clinical Pediatrics b' k* k/ n5 l3 W$ L, B- ~3 l
Volume 46 Number 6
) V- v% s. _* P! D7 X( T& mJuly 2007 540-543# ~6 e# L* V9 {6 o
© 2007 Sage Publications
9 ]* F; ?9 L+ M/ _9 t10.1177/0009922806296651; c4 N" J/ z* D8 j5 g; y, A
http://clp.sagepub.com
1 Z4 ~ P7 S9 S& A2 Yhosted at
2 |7 a" S; `* \http://online.sagepub.com9 Q4 ~5 h. W$ D$ `0 m
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
/ ~# A3 W5 i6 F N# Q0 fis a significant concern for physicians. Central
$ T0 A ^& w7 t0 |7 L& y0 lprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& l8 p) z) R, S2 {, Lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ |0 g' w$ z4 m' g/ {* x
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; s9 w' Z. L& O) @( |3 ]+ h, Ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 I, ^. f8 U( W$ X$ z3 O! Zby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
* @/ g* J( J$ S8 C/ K1 @5 Lhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
- q) L" u- U( u3 M8 i( m$ g' v9 N, pcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We! m. T6 q& p7 K7 A7 R% F7 Z9 r
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
7 L$ ~# m6 v0 b: B* g3 Lenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! ^( L& y K4 v& i: C" g
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
2 L( \7 C: `& Z, l+ ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by( o# W! A& z5 O
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-) U2 i8 t5 A- R7 k0 W3 B
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) e0 S. I9 s, Z6 f8 j5 y# ]0 i' T' pchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ l2 i) V9 K9 rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 L: w" q" c2 i& Lbly more common than the rare case report in the
4 _# z8 x ^5 e& iliterature.4# O) g: b" P; [0 c {& r3 d
Patient Report
" i" b9 ]. Y9 c& R1 N6 |A 16-month-old white child was referred to the) w+ {5 L; e1 a4 Y* @4 F! D4 q
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, \5 a# H, H4 ]8 h" S5 M' L4 W; Sof early sexual development. His mother noticed) E3 ~; D* B; P- S5 U
light colored pubic hair development when he was/ e9 U1 ?, X! S( I3 _: Z+ F
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of6 v. @3 {; ~+ a
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.3 b1 ]" @7 J0 A' ^4 I; |
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
1 c6 I( \! E8 F: p- LProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
; X9 {, ]6 l* u8 a: R% V& y7 fMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* [( A9 K; `0 L; w1 v1 ?# d, ^e-mail: [email protected].% d2 E( F( q1 u, _2 d' Z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
0 \7 h- z+ J# `0 B2 F3 w: q8 ldarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
* p: p- j& \) l& n% n! Q! |ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
7 V M A* ^/ K9 @was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! F; H! H: T3 v) h4 S; I# ga birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) i0 _1 o6 V2 ? e% r% Z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year$ G0 b8 a4 m- j% z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
: B. S3 c8 a5 R8 w8 K* m% Nsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- Y4 t+ z+ Q0 L% ?, s2 Wand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" W4 i* H' l/ {( rwas age appropriate.( P; s- J( L+ r2 Q2 {$ N* h2 S
The family history was remarkable for the father,+ P7 ~4 [ J) ?0 ^) }3 l% M) V
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* v+ Q5 k4 }5 c' h8 D
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
9 M0 {0 \4 E5 ?0 o1 b9 ?height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
$ a' d1 q+ J) `early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.7 I7 k/ h/ D* U/ u
The father denied taking any other medication. The6 E' B/ ~9 q. w( Q t
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
) G/ [1 s# J% S, g$ h8 }" hwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
% T0 b6 w9 r2 O3 G7 l$ h5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-( ?6 O5 ^5 f+ \& C, F8 O# b) [7 k
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ d F9 p( p! R! ]9 Wtives. There were no siblings.' q3 D# u+ f2 H: c; d
Physical Examination' s2 K9 P" b7 T
The physical examination revealed a very active,* @& x6 g2 e) \! O9 J$ |: G4 R
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented6 h5 G2 K4 r; R, S+ R( H3 [
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% a$ D# L* P! g1 Z90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! v. }9 T& _7 J& M4 }9 W2 r2 \
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
5 h6 L; }6 [% V# E9 C% evelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of" @5 _+ s0 u( C
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
7 v" `3 L: R. h( V2 m9 o) mThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for8 I+ r" F) `. c# f
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of3 T/ S) l9 D! n* ^: K+ @ E
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 G( H4 n B6 P
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
F! p0 g/ n3 U$ O! p% q5407 b; j+ t% g' @7 H
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" G: e/ i# j+ M( l. o* P' pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
i7 j: X; y7 K3 h/ ^1 btesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ v3 P6 q+ x3 P9 t" S! L
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" B |! |1 c! f& f* b, S+ r4 \oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 v+ C1 D3 V0 o! {% a
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 ~- B$ c. \ ?- c* ]! @ ENeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+% Q: |, B. c* A! J9 [1 [" n1 D
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
9 r9 e, {/ @1 ^2 w6 u. A3 R" Eof papilledema.
Q# H% }& I1 W" z! iLaboratory Evaluation
& t: l# I# H3 ]: a* ?. J' UThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- p2 a1 ?: r; e% xusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-/ V6 W7 d+ J/ X: B4 e
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 a/ p- P- D5 ]! `9 y+ tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 O- I2 D8 G4 L0 lshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-2 n+ O& m/ y- C: }
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ E' @* k: r( W! }! GThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; s+ F; M. K2 D" a
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# [4 Z. k! u9 @& ~5 @- ~5 r4 O3 i
within normal range for his age. The concentration
) l3 D' V$ @6 oof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL, a# x- i4 `$ R$ n
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
7 a5 Z6 S- D1 m2 `2 _ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-2 i- P& y+ {% O% W) x3 i
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
6 c8 P0 U+ N0 z9 w/ z) idesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, r( `( w" C8 X6 e6 m; V' Z M49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)9 ~3 M% z6 _0 X6 \" A) L! e+ k Y6 j
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
6 j% E8 o( }' z2 L( j0 e3 ]tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" I5 F. l9 [; Y& y% ~9 N' |9 l
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
, R+ z* O8 t2 j# X, `# U! i, Sand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 x: J0 ?# D2 t# Y7 e3 y0 p! ^
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
& z7 a, n# ?2 istimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
! V ]& l! u6 z" u- x* H/ lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL& `: o9 c8 D s2 `
(prepubertal).
/ ]" f" Z' U- R% \; G7 p" F6 U" MThe parents were notified about the laboratory% G0 D# K* H# C! \( O
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ G) V8 E* C# G a3 ~normal except the testosterone level was high. The
% R7 m7 g" F5 u$ ?follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& W: a; w) l; ]6 yobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
1 Z% k( f% K+ S, W, hever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% ?% N- c3 ?5 l6 s( sPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
9 d, {1 E) W2 x$ `5 v P2 m; b/ f' B" ochild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; J3 w2 V* x/ ?0 D
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained* U; [# N, B" X/ m) K# T
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
9 h* I/ e! E3 I7 Y( q6 W6 Xpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
( {0 i% n- e7 W9 W4 Ythe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
f" E% Z1 q+ ]& H$ L( ?mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
9 I$ ]1 I" Y8 T) r$ C0 QThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
7 l# O/ Q' @) Ping frequent erections.* b4 `4 I/ A( _8 ~
Both parents were again questioned about use of
; H- w- Y7 R; z% f3 `5 _% u6 oany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 I) |: a# Y3 ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
7 e ?0 J! H8 G& _3 T ~; p yTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 Y) |' _9 C9 H. [9 P# a- K1 Z3 Wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& R0 ?) o/ b" T+ s4 q# J! ]/ \ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for) S3 k5 g8 l, {$ s% R
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed( a' G3 G0 d% M- ]5 M' N
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 x: h( L: j7 @2 v7 u$ O
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido7 R+ U: n6 ]; N# ?! M5 d6 ^
secondary to depression.
7 _" u+ ]- Y& KThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
( N5 @. W1 u Z7 mThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 w4 \4 m% {3 f% a" G- i
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% @+ y X+ D* Y9 `9 @! Y [
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
/ L1 Z% D$ u/ _ d4 T2 C0 I; oThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
; p5 D3 d9 y* p6 [5 j+ U8 hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby! q. {' B$ ]7 M+ j( c
was high, he then read the product information
8 v2 E. {% h* \+ n3 Vpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
4 ]0 W' V: {/ ~' ason for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
0 t \- Q. C# [decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
( m* Z! E& A9 M5 ofather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
, [, C5 m+ f5 h2 W. y: Kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
\! d5 K% r$ S" e ~- ]/ s4 Ktest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
: `" [ w- H* q+ q, F+ mlaboratory to obtain the test.9 C5 w' t- {) A
Discussion0 d% ]3 _3 h B1 S& ^
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
% W9 _+ x0 Z, d7 Fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 m$ q9 ^. o: p' f, t, _
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
* v8 d S% h K% v5 Tit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-- G' v- t# |' p0 Y
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
3 w. Y$ f c# i" i3 fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 V% |+ }7 p1 }6 k0 W% l" Gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
5 ?7 M$ I0 J z& F" R( p' Yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-; ?( q: L' o. @6 R+ |& u2 L6 r
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
5 d) M+ g6 O9 O; Ksis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ B, `; x7 m. O& y% c( h% M' b' [
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# n- I5 ^9 X' q2 o; t6 c
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
k% G4 t8 n% ^! _rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* }( ~$ b3 Q* U" ]7 E J8 F
gonadotropins.1,3
! u% b; S% w L' J! k( [. LGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-( t7 B$ C! ?6 d9 B, R% B& c
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate# _! D/ y/ P! h* a* s
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or$ X( _/ D) s# s, v+ x
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-1 w/ p- M4 }( N3 s
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 p6 U/ |9 {1 W% Y
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ u2 J# U b W7 \* Madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: ~2 @' ^5 O5 d; A. Opuberty in boys.3,4
4 l, D& h% A. c7 F& IThe most common form of congenital adrenal
, {: ]" w+ p9 K1 B. shyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
! O9 \ _, O' u1 [3 ^$ mThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
: A% b* D) a) Z5 O5 w _excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 }: o0 b% ?- ~/ w
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ r' J6 H/ q: @
excess.1,3: r E/ V. {; d+ r
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 f5 S0 s# p/ C4 H! D542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& H/ o! l, d' V5 K2 MA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
/ z1 |% Z7 @% p) G! rindependent precocious puberty, which is also known/ y9 }, X1 K6 a& z6 h4 `
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! Q! ]5 z, T9 p" J2 }/ A/ P
very young age. The physical findings in these boys! Z! [0 ]; Q' Z6 X
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
; S3 B9 R' S' ]2 d$ Oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. K5 U: x% k* T
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder* g! R* [7 q4 Y" p9 i& Q
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
Z# ?: O% Q B; Cpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" r1 C* \, C8 F1 y7 Q: W
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% r3 N; \5 E/ A3 O5 i) Z& l
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only+ O8 c3 Q5 ?# @# b3 E6 W2 n
males; therefore, other male members of the family
. s8 P- c+ _7 Q0 y3 B' r- `/ A* nmay have similar precocious puberty.30 x$ R: `/ |) u5 M. p: `. z. b
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
# |7 L7 B) ?: w) ^( Bsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-# \- F0 q+ i/ |
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis! A" x" m' T# e: z3 I$ _
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
: |/ w, H' Y2 u- m! \started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,: r( |$ Z% }2 @5 l( f' u: }
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
$ O$ Z2 U ~6 A* D$ j8 [4 O7 @beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ l5 g8 q. k6 F5 i& j* g5 |
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
: [9 _2 y5 J6 S& _biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ C' ^' y) G* Q- z q8 }! B
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
; r. J/ |' l3 @9 w* @4 gdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-8 G% K7 W8 r4 k) i0 `
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.6 l: U1 \) S3 w' i# _0 S5 `$ m
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 w" V. U9 O7 \ S- r
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because, s% b4 y, c2 Y5 ]* }3 G; g& D
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 S( z+ J: u/ `# F+ e
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and6 M6 Z# o4 T" c a$ P+ u7 j
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 r l% b; J' g5 f7 I+ e* M
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
4 W0 J$ V3 \8 V3 a7 t& Rusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
s- |( B! n0 d% {3 GDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or- p) @, Z8 Q- X! _
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 S @5 M4 C: j$ _$ l1 m9 F, G
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.: G f+ |* v6 }2 O1 g8 i
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the* E6 u9 C+ e) t9 t2 q
baseline value in those females who were exposed to! {, v5 r- p8 f( J: v( e' a
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: \% J) R0 a4 u* O6 E' K
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 }' G1 v' v) H2 \6 u: E+ `tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.' B3 M+ C& ~$ ?5 i) G' y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 ]% K+ j, K, q9 y) P" h
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: Q: d9 p2 g5 d M. M5 }/ [! r
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
1 ^! l" G. `5 \ D+ yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 T- _" @8 n& S/ V" Eactive in young children exposed to testosterone3 q; U4 I6 m! e
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ T0 O& ^) v c! M+ F3 h5 o1 U5 g8 Hdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 e$ ]1 t/ T/ `9 w8 W7 n, Fvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in* b& f% x% \$ G$ ?, C
children results in an increase in growth velocity and9 n6 z8 O8 U! T+ R6 o7 w
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.8 h% A) H- K) D, l; l$ k, l
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ d9 L4 _9 t0 jearly childhood on pubertal development and final5 n1 ~3 x" |4 ?) r0 l. W
adult height are not fully known and always remain) h- V; J& M$ S/ o% p
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
/ A s W& }3 N) G- F3 xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ c! i7 x( h5 d2 @# Tacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
9 `9 z K" d% U% y7 J/ g/ K, Ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 c- x7 i1 t, wdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ f; U r# S! |# X0 Q
There are conflicting reports and controversy0 p3 O5 W9 o9 C2 {& R8 h8 \* b
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
1 d9 ^% v3 W& m: p$ v' rpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
1 G% w( W" \3 v; g6 Radult penile length, apparently because of downreg-$ H& p' L% L5 A9 O
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,) l+ D: k# y3 x* l: |
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between5 }- L0 O7 z3 E* H. ?: g
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
4 l) w3 `6 p. |9 ?% spenile length in clinical studies.
# |6 |# S+ Q" f- tNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is5 d+ h n! Z0 V8 k
going to experience any of the untoward effects from, c% {; \. L# R0 U6 @( N
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because# A8 T2 {6 d' ~% F0 e# Z1 ^( I
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.: P4 ?! s0 T/ _/ M& G4 h
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 ?, J n7 \* c! [+ I) k( vdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at# C* d! @8 _# ]
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
) b( t. e, K2 yheight will not be affected.; ]/ T3 X$ y) l# C3 V, d
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ b/ C/ [% @0 E; Vability of androgen products in our society may
+ M* V# z* |# Z H s3 r& B2 `- Jindeed cause more virilization in male or female
) h# L) B) @# Y. Y9 y. pchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
& c2 R% I$ _* |+ ?; Ngen products must be considered and specific ques-( C( F5 C% H8 j; n
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
, K9 J4 o6 a. {: }0 T( f; g) s$ jgel should be asked of the family members during
! _. t9 O+ i) p, z2 _# ?. v3 athe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
/ F" I) N7 {9 X1 k/ vilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' T# H% S9 X7 G' S* T
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 f! P: e( n- dappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 M9 |8 M1 z: ^history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ w) i( i5 w: F! h
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
9 `/ A2 Y1 s6 @2 A9 p1 O4 U% }investigation. The primary care physician should be
* Q$ f( Y6 P+ {. Y5 ?- eaware of this fact, because most of these children
* z; H8 f; Z. Amay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
p" K2 `, }, V/ O$ @2 V y) ?Desk Reference and package insert should also put a9 V9 [+ w M3 u
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or: b5 v4 T3 y% H7 b( P2 P; e8 Y
female child who might come in contact with some-8 a3 t: Y# v9 ^
one using any of these products.
N7 H: c& O2 A6 x5 |1 bReferences
V" X5 O* g) ?7 J m1 z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ A1 E1 S- e# E$ m/ w4 T3 M4 e
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* R) h( W; ^- b' fEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
6 l, D8 [; I4 A6 T2002: 565-628./ [4 {) L/ Z' A
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
; \) J2 P1 U3 P5 Kpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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