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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 C+ c* B' e+ K+ I
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ @$ r, {# f5 f; A4 Q- a) OExposure to Testosterone
4 C! ~+ x+ t! i6 SSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
0 U" U) |# t3 H( ^7 d8 O7 wand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 `; i, |( n! L; o) MClinical Pediatrics( [& c( ?2 M" l, q; P
Volume 46 Number 6
X( [ V% V0 h8 F. J0 a5 p& ^" @July 2007 540-543
) e) `2 _4 O3 c# d! ?- l7 ?© 2007 Sage Publications
# b( X H$ O8 c2 ]# ^10.1177/00099228062966511 B1 g2 }: D5 V! O
http://clp.sagepub.com; ~: H- B& {# {8 ~
hosted at9 Q5 b7 S' E- A% {* x
http://online.sagepub.com& Z* l3 g5 p* n/ Z. x
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,- ] m5 y0 u- Z; k
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 X2 T* j6 h9 L- G4 vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated: g; G: a+ W1 U% d% Y2 ^2 H
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
: I; Q9 |$ J! |/ l) ^+ xa higher incidence of organic central nervous system% ^8 l- h* p) l' X9 D% h! W/ `# ~
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 b% K* {: D1 ?2 r# A6 F
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
1 h3 t0 S, N' [' N$ N5 [0 ^hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! N& p' J! L* \5 e8 x6 e3 H# kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We5 ?! A: s/ ~* h; w; I* L( W
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; U" W& o- x3 @4 T \
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 h, c( @$ |( y$ U$ l
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ c; K( \2 _3 d' w( I# gto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
: Z% h; u Z6 V- }. tthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" g+ Q" q( c/ bmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( e. {! S/ d! s- Vchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
+ z) V8 a2 D& htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-$ `$ v/ G$ G9 X1 J% g
bly more common than the rare case report in the
: o4 P; Q6 n, }4 a* f6 qliterature.4
4 S3 i0 R, P l+ U" u1 cPatient Report1 V6 ^6 u+ l4 u& M2 g
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
* B( Y( c! O6 k/ A' i, Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. r8 Y' F. q/ S* m) _of early sexual development. His mother noticed' }# p% t q. t4 d S$ \
light colored pubic hair development when he was( r3 k, B) J* ?# D E, c
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
9 f: F* Y0 _6 n) @; \8 k' G( hSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
3 Z! a9 b- K& {% ]( iAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. ?. j5 L$ Q" D8 s, u
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ B$ h2 Q' E- z9 L- m9 A
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
# o) b% ^- `' U" |+ ~) P; W: Ue-mail: [email protected].
7 N. j. g4 d% labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became; z4 e. Z; I4 U
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-8 h% A3 U0 ^1 t2 O+ i, g
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# g6 K, ]: f. i) {' S$ ~* twas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with8 n) ]; y3 i9 @: [& Q* X) R0 |! {
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
3 k) _4 B9 P$ ?( M+ r20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! c# f) O. w! U6 i. B7 O+ Eof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
- p ]* |2 c/ s) M* dsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
4 R/ }7 C n' n$ j) v& iand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
' C, G# i1 B8 M) T, w o bwas age appropriate.) i5 _' k3 K7 B J; E
The family history was remarkable for the father,
4 }, M4 g: m8 B3 hwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,) @/ V! [$ n% r; w* x# j) A
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 `! m0 `% N$ m) W' Q* U$ _4 m6 z
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
$ Y' P4 W) j, O8 W9 E4 _& Pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.! a9 p2 m6 f9 \* D; O" l) Y
The father denied taking any other medication. The
/ a* E' F' ]) O: a+ n& p& v8 \$ Schild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, |, M: o: \; l. j& J
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
4 r7 P# H) }+ |5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-$ L9 S5 l1 p- V: I4 M- t
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 b W" u5 ]% c/ Z5 |tives. There were no siblings." p; D7 Z2 p1 w% P1 |% C5 P' m9 j7 E
Physical Examination
* B3 w& Z7 t+ y7 z; B6 @) pThe physical examination revealed a very active,
5 D1 F" W9 [; Y1 s8 {8 {+ Qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented4 s0 q7 O1 ~# L9 r
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, f M& U: O4 K. M6 `, J* S8 i' y- {
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg/ s2 ^+ ^' ?$ h2 d/ R
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 k* T) _( Y4 T! i: j9 Z. y
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ p; W. ?/ a! Y) qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% Z- p& v4 j& {, n& A
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for" n e) P x3 c
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of G d. ]: W B* M
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. j" f; @: Y: |" q6 N" a2 Udeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
3 V. P9 I0 d- o( R540
- U* ~4 r9 X8 Z" L) b0 | jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 _# I6 ]! y/ n" c
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The) j! {& @! j3 x2 k
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ Z9 T* T. v- X* D5 ? e V' l1 y3 ~" f
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat6 W3 T; k) Z, c
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
# K X+ d3 |$ xabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots. x7 g: M7 U5 b$ o
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 N( q1 O" Y) Z. u- {6 \: Nbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion3 j! k0 I8 \2 R6 \4 N$ k& j
of papilledema.1 v E" U( s* E8 g+ E
Laboratory Evaluation' K5 t! g" M" W( K7 R
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by; K* `3 J: u/ B9 L/ o+ i2 P
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
$ q0 L8 ~8 F$ hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( p' [2 U G! f5 n" [
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, h/ I, B3 m; E$ ?! h" Z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
( J1 b# E: v6 ]# F* I( Slating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# [" J( a: z$ ^; q% [. sThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood1 k3 a" k9 a$ p7 m
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 g* E) m5 c1 R0 g3 k* n& U+ M
within normal range for his age. The concentration
' z U+ X% b, ]9 L5 i& m/ }. N: vof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
! B) v1 p3 z# i# |(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
0 i" q+ z/ I5 t) b9 c' K( B$ @5 Mng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ Y4 J; Y/ ]# `/ O' Y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),2 h+ W5 T" u. b
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 s# X% X& F( K( J9 [' R
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
+ ~8 W) A" G) z7 p0 t7 P9 ]/ hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-/ ]/ h8 _0 h) |/ y4 x/ \1 ~; y. j
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total' s/ ^, H6 x, ?; t V
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, {" {: }' C+ z( L. g- m- @8 [
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
: r7 i; v6 _. N7 r/ n5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 M. L9 ^2 K( X$ e, E# ustimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. L* _$ R8 x& ?$ \concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL1 `% I& {6 v; g8 w3 P4 m) H5 k0 [
(prepubertal).# G9 p1 v5 [( R4 n+ [
The parents were notified about the laboratory
. j& ^. [+ z7 B. _results and were informed that all of the tests were
! T* M6 R2 R1 a, X8 z6 M( knormal except the testosterone level was high. The( c* H4 k# I3 S( |# V7 n7 x! [
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
R7 ]- p/ Q4 t2 cobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-6 x# v- ^6 c2 M, B/ W9 o# u2 _1 A1 M
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) A( E# M* L8 u" C
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
- I) `! g( A, w8 Z2 z% Kchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained" N, J- P7 B% A
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained+ i) \* P! E$ Q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ ?8 W+ _8 e7 E: ^4 Z: u* r& opletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at8 U7 N8 F4 v" \" }( J: F+ i2 K
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
, Z/ `0 Y7 g. F( D; _4 OmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
& V, d8 A2 u$ a9 i9 k1 o1 y" bThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" R% b( O: t4 B) G2 ning frequent erections.
& _/ x5 W5 P3 F( w% NBoth parents were again questioned about use of0 j7 O. `: N+ p/ C* v
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to. w6 w9 G! e4 P( `: Q0 g- }5 D
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, B" _7 F$ m5 c9 Z: M& HTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
R/ H0 f; V* K7 t) |! E& r5 juse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 q" B9 S# H; W2 }
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ B6 Q) W" Z6 Sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 f: S( J x2 G( d; q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
& R' N2 ]0 P) k& |$ @scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
) h! x( A, p, j; v& y8 `1 vsecondary to depression.9 p, a. x/ v) {
The child slept in the same bed with parents." E, \3 n. }' u& s
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his1 R; y Z2 h$ K/ ^
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
7 c2 m* l" t( |1 ]$ qnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
6 X; C; |3 K, p7 E+ pThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
4 U4 i8 @7 X0 ]+ ]. owhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby* o( w9 C' [$ Y) u/ p
was high, he then read the product information: `$ {& ^& E1 R: o+ Y( B
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-# E1 V8 z* j* G3 s* z7 r
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they6 R# W, T6 B) J# D! [% ?
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the4 I) W5 w: V: U% _1 ?$ m5 B
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had- Z; _, W9 c5 e! H
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone$ F5 f5 u) S7 i6 I9 d
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the% ~+ Z. a. I$ N7 C
laboratory to obtain the test.! d; U% j8 N4 P
Discussion
+ i' Z+ k- K7 ]Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
4 S/ T" W5 Q; ]3 [+ |+ b* {& F- {sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" }8 G8 |$ ]1 m" ZPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) G1 F! s) t) E; pit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 x; W" z9 y+ g* S2 J
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-/ _0 Q4 d( b: C) H! ? \
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
( H: M1 j, [4 m5 f2 ]5 i- hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
# K. j9 y% E! f3 nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" I3 |) E7 M' k9 b3 l. K$ Kamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
3 l# C4 p' l, a: O+ l5 e! Bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 Z( e: s6 g% L) [1 K; l% `# V% R ]( Bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 [& F* v! Z, @9 N) p1 c0 Wization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& `3 o$ M! k0 p: @8 j3 Grical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
) [/ r- e0 B; v9 v2 Pgonadotropins.1,3; A+ h+ T2 t; w- d- `- F6 a# e
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 x: i/ Y; T% A# O+ s
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 J$ q/ Y& r) Q# T1 jandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or% g' P; L: V5 K1 D; I1 B2 u
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 F# q8 n0 H# g: [* r4 C- i0 T, {( ]ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
% z5 b& F" J4 Ycongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
p+ v' n0 n, X6 `% C0 dadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
; R- U- j! o1 f* k7 I apuberty in boys.3,4
\& ~+ o, G- z( f5 t9 ~The most common form of congenital adrenal
/ [- p" d' k) k' i- a- mhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.7 v/ Q4 _: j0 D. b
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
4 R6 b2 U0 b; o& C, [7 J7 eexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 Q0 U9 _8 } [4 ran adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 t$ d" p. r) xexcess.1,35 e' O5 x- L& `4 C
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* c; V( p& Z x7 w- A% B+ b0 y: m6 M" G
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ Y: ^; k, A. f3 s @9 j! {
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 h3 Q, {% Q7 t. u! Z2 T8 s
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. G7 N" _, M$ K5 Z1 q
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a8 H, A% x- h& S0 V: l" O" A
very young age. The physical findings in these boys) M8 ~+ N/ M* C6 N2 v. p! w4 f* C
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
! v; ?) t6 w' P4 M- yincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( B2 X1 G2 c0 l% z1 S Ewith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
1 n! F& ?: s* e" Bare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
( F5 j- @! @. w3 j9 a5 W8 _pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 T, `' d. [( ereleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
" J/ A6 B+ l# R; e( E aautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
. c0 e- E" j0 s3 \males; therefore, other male members of the family: d3 f. s# a Q9 r
may have similar precocious puberty.3
& j) X9 X% L: V" |3 w# MIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
/ T0 B* f- q" @& s7 Psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-, ~' W" ~/ Z7 C9 Y/ T7 c! e7 X
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
) V3 Q' L* r8 x" twas in the differential diagnosis because his father. `% A% o1 }9 Y( t% m
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
2 S8 K! u" J# K% n3 p) Qtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
0 H5 y! v7 h5 N- Pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* \6 s% t$ h& h B0 x, ]ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
5 f3 ~3 ^; B+ `3 b/ ~1 X5 i! Tbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, `& p3 H* @) e+ {6 ]* j' u
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
5 v) x ~; I& e! m' R) n Sdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 h/ {# ?) T2 K+ P, U- _
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.0 X& P/ @ }9 o# }2 y' E8 w
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, u, M" i+ p, E& a& j( t& h! Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
6 D( d% C2 v( Q! X% Q+ ~1 Gthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; h6 V$ \# z8 N5 Fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 Y; d* {! s9 q# E' e3 {$ a
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-" y& O! ?! D/ z% j2 o) z
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( L: c! k4 g2 {* T1 U v8 Tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" B# z/ B% l* w* e$ E( G
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" [6 r- ]/ Q% y6 scream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to; e: g3 @6 Z& C0 a
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
5 F) G8 W, E7 _0 P1 hSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
- l1 ?- @% h! [baseline value in those females who were exposed to2 L# _ h& _+ K; [6 _0 B6 R: p% h% z
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male& ~3 V/ {, v G' l! [
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. E% p# n7 P# V" m8 Ntion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ I1 a: s6 g. ?0 E+ }) T/ E; ^Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
6 w7 _/ `* d* c! U$ W( k! e4 Iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
& N* j. O% {3 u( p, Idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 q# l6 U9 t" Q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more( ~) S$ |# r- H0 b. q
active in young children exposed to testosterone
$ }# w+ {( y5 l. Z8 K( V. Texogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' U$ i8 m9 C5 s! D9 R0 C1 h
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 ^: F# V q! P0 Z' k
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ y2 m i v/ N8 v) y- P7 y6 _children results in an increase in growth velocity and
& Z+ C5 {; U# m* b# f: v9 dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) o4 @/ M* F. v* @2 J
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% R2 G$ I- a7 I1 N2 g# ^early childhood on pubertal development and final) T: k3 b6 S. K2 S1 E8 J
adult height are not fully known and always remain( I3 Z: R6 h$ |' H
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-0 z. U1 T. z6 n- I6 B
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- F# z. y6 m; M" facceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after7 r3 [& K9 j8 V! q2 M( B
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
: t% U8 v8 C: i0 l$ cdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9* F; `, }1 D9 G1 {0 h
There are conflicting reports and controversy
+ V) F; A( R) Q8 ~. Vover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult2 f- M4 q; w2 B; W0 m
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, `8 j5 h8 n! O) E) v4 l
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-8 r T; `- @% s, |+ m
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 ]2 {# w2 ]$ Z' b+ E" ]Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ [0 B7 q4 r) J Qchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 g7 D6 O' H- f+ w6 v" C1 _: N
penile length in clinical studies.$ i2 `' x" v r7 j' I1 |$ `
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is( K) }: Z0 {3 e' \
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
/ f, c+ G8 G0 a5 `2 htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 H" S1 k) ~4 \7 kthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.) {( O- d* G7 v
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of( p# D1 J; m: X9 g/ i
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: I' U) _. L# e: M' M
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( n5 z. f/ j% ]+ ^height will not be affected.
2 P5 K1 O' r4 s' bAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-# Y2 b* h% t$ i2 m1 s2 @+ L
ability of androgen products in our society may) \: ^* Z3 J9 W) g1 _6 T7 ~
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
( {3 p$ L: B7 `# ~- {children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 Q0 D2 v" e8 r: \: L
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
1 {; c m+ H; L* Jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' O0 |$ t( ^1 K) T3 \+ e/ ogel should be asked of the family members during
8 T$ i5 F e, t Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-, C' a- r9 v# y- V
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
8 e( x" D& h% L$ T0 L* b" G0 Tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 T* w0 t& J* Q/ v& \) [
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a0 H+ ^5 G/ l; M; T5 V
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# B) H# ^' P3 X) m; Y+ Oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ N/ o; `( h; H; v/ r
investigation. The primary care physician should be1 b% N* j5 Z+ b# d/ K$ E
aware of this fact, because most of these children
* J* ]6 C7 c& M1 Hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’3 m& r8 b, C' O l* x
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a, C) K! W) \7 p% b2 F
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or9 v6 W/ ?: g$ m9 o) ^ p# s, S; [* t; U
female child who might come in contact with some-( w, O p; p% Y" a
one using any of these products.$ z% l6 R* w4 f$ K# r; Z0 N" F
References2 \" g5 H- ^" R$ G* q& s: p8 N
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 h$ _, g# X9 w& v3 B
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
" W$ C% C3 I+ `9 r: QEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ D8 [$ E8 F9 m) q4 P8 U6 r
2002: 565-628.- D* C: E6 s& G3 {8 x
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious/ d& t0 l7 o# q7 D9 F6 I9 c
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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