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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
# F% i1 n/ P* \  vBoy Induced by Indirect Topical- q! k" _6 Z1 p8 _
Exposure to Testosterone
" Q( I6 b$ v- f. `' P% uSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 F) Z$ Z& x' N. a! Tand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
, A- K% h% H  H; I" t: h; CClinical Pediatrics
) m+ U0 G% f" i. X0 f* G4 kVolume 46 Number 6
, e* x% {2 ~- L8 G3 v* T7 l8 }July 2007 540-543. @: u. K8 T6 c' \2 N
© 2007 Sage Publications5 ?1 Q3 J! R+ p" z
10.1177/0009922806296651
- E8 g: C6 X8 G6 Ghttp://clp.sagepub.com. b. G9 u/ \5 E+ V) {& J! i
hosted at
) F8 L9 S5 I' u8 x5 Thttp://online.sagepub.com
+ M7 U" D5 c; V1 W0 u' yPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
0 _3 n& T: r) P- {is a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 t# ~9 t1 I6 \% m0 x0 cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
  I" C, d' X+ L% g5 S7 Q! cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% n2 E$ T0 u+ W. La higher incidence of organic central nervous system3 p& r) j2 V- Q9 \) B+ l. U! W  d
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" t! {  }; I' M4 _0 m4 [! k/ T" Z: [
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' t- y" P/ p7 g' E0 ohair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
1 B. f9 R2 j3 Xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: d: R) }4 Q& z- [8 {3 Xreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ z% M9 t3 H' q- q3 K4 X
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! Y  C* ?# b/ P+ }
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
1 x* f9 Z  [! D0 N: ^' L3 yto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 [- ^/ Z9 `' g! {+ T. ~# G5 b( G
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-. b4 k- O6 k: G# K( M$ _5 Z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, \! X: G" T" c* Z0 }. A! z4 Xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 ]5 G' i; Y. I/ J( R3 j' N) \5 xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-# w, b* Z  _" ?3 h0 W+ Z
bly more common than the rare case report in the, M7 l' i2 i8 W
literature.4- p+ _: D. K7 G' I- W. q. I; ?
Patient Report7 y# ~6 s# G" ]% E  L9 x4 m+ u
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the% j9 ?8 w& z) U( ^  Y8 R7 i4 Y" [7 m  h- f
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
! ?+ }2 T* y6 Gof early sexual development. His mother noticed. u- u$ ^* r( ]- |# X" @
light colored pubic hair development when he was
1 k0 X& ]; |' P2 cFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 {5 T% r4 X3 O, [* W" qSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. [% l3 f9 s+ j6 @7 {7 O, vAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
5 g7 K, X+ a4 `9 CProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of. y  q% o2 e& ]9 D4 Y' g' e
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
# L+ q6 I8 U/ |7 g8 l/ Le-mail: [email protected].
2 M# x1 {# ~0 \, Jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became+ S3 D# ~9 l# k! A8 A. }
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
3 ?$ w  d  g: y8 B; Wment of his penis and frequent erections. The child0 L) t4 y* l, N' w5 i/ r$ j
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 i) V6 S: X& s6 l  [* p
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
" z7 A4 ^/ J; A+ U% ?# V20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
0 o1 @$ i( l6 o) e* M& m% Fof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. u" U& ^! q- e0 Usolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,+ z3 g% J' Z- c& Z1 E# `$ d
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development: K( l7 J1 K7 v' ~. D+ \
was age appropriate.+ z, C" Q4 }* ]. r2 u; e. ]
The family history was remarkable for the father,- l; u  g: j) @0 h- i: E0 w  ~
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 K. }4 v- N2 R" ~2 u" Iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, M' I3 w, h( v% `- t' Qheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 i7 s$ c3 p. H. {  }0 i; j, Uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
+ T: \0 Q# b% ]+ e* x6 D2 j. _The father denied taking any other medication. The
: F0 Q$ t) s  e3 u  e$ g2 |0 `child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" M  I* z9 G; j/ A3 s8 {% ?was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 v( `8 G  l9 a5 K& _3 o
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
. O' Z1 N) ~. `cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
; B: L  F) b* q" P( q8 p1 Otives. There were no siblings.
! P' {" d' ]  p9 qPhysical Examination1 w( [6 z: }* T% L/ n
The physical examination revealed a very active,
1 D; f9 i& ^2 H1 a% F5 r$ L* Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 S" v. L" O3 I3 Z2 Xa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was7 f0 B  d4 w+ r& W8 z' C2 [
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 F7 @: Z' F1 t( q3 |+ Q' D' `6 P(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
/ w4 a8 V4 e! v# a7 rvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of" s& c7 V: @" k' O/ c6 J
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
( V' ]7 [1 G' m8 ^8 E) f" M; `$ S1 }1 pThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" E# T' w9 R7 o8 R; m" Jenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
" d- s; P, x# |" A6 E; y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* r9 W: e) S# \0 A3 J9 n0 c
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: e/ ]: j/ C" e/ ?' D540
( O; w7 z' y; d; J  |7 [! Hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" d2 K% u1 }# }2 d' C1 s' Gthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
3 R" }. V7 S0 }- btesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 V+ J4 F- D  CThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. Z2 E; U; U  H! a  {) ^4 Xoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. N* H5 C: r2 @
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
9 N0 t; \* @) [. XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+( c' N$ M8 m7 d/ Y  F5 V9 R8 ~. J
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 \, r; |0 [- s! l3 ?9 M1 w2 D( B
of papilledema.
2 @3 b9 _  D9 e" ]$ r+ i5 ILaboratory Evaluation, @. ~& r% C  G4 Z
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 g6 o& I5 v9 S
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 e7 o0 a2 n; Q( v5 X
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
  t" q0 J% R; e. okaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' K: u  F% u( J" N5 R0 ]7 S- m( I2 Y
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
4 K7 E0 Q1 V5 U' Tlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
0 [% J3 i( {8 \0 I  [0 xThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood9 b5 l1 I" v$ b4 a) q- b6 ?
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
( D1 \9 G$ S2 |0 f0 K/ hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
& X$ o# Q  b/ V4 h& W, xof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL& ?/ D1 a; l# r/ w4 Q8 {
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 z5 X3 R5 T4 o: xng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 {6 Q; ]* v( C- y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),# G6 O* J3 r& ~# P8 F$ ]- c
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
: D2 B9 u8 \' b+ Y( B49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 t. E4 q8 V1 j2 |$ `: }! Kwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ {9 m0 n: |, {3 {* p( T# mtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total% p* s. }7 k, y
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 D1 }) X: U/ K8 F' i4 n+ Y- \4 t' g& kand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than9 ]7 Z/ d$ N4 ^
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( l& `; o* M+ G, cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ b* U8 Q# Y7 s! x- [concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL0 J! j& m4 K+ V( e* p
(prepubertal).
- M' U+ D) ?9 zThe parents were notified about the laboratory+ K$ S* e; I) s- m2 h+ k
results and were informed that all of the tests were
( n+ P, [  S; B4 Z& B: Dnormal except the testosterone level was high. The2 s$ a* k5 x# K( ?
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' Q. b6 @6 F% C) M) S1 }
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-$ o6 s. p; y6 C1 N+ ~* P
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
7 \' M  c/ l1 p3 G0 s7 cPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
  H- U! {3 p% y, B4 O! qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ b" \* G( Q) z  E6 W2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ A1 I; f5 L" r2 L' f4 F4 Iunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
+ B; {% z+ x' n" vpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
% L1 D4 |4 B9 q6 j" |5 Cthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 22 c- z1 E% a& p, [
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., F3 B9 W  O6 R
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 {2 U) S& u) s8 h! I
ing frequent erections.4 R/ t) x0 M9 w" t" Q
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ f, c# S. M) J) y8 t/ S% a
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
* [2 Q' [& s4 o: k. d1 Uthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- R; F& X0 [7 P: z# Y+ rTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; [4 ]3 H: p" y, \$ D! g3 buse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. ?6 r3 y* p4 M; v8 jing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
6 l3 T6 n6 U: d8 {a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
; I9 K  d( M+ |3 B" oto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
, E, h2 u. O* ]4 ascribed by his family physician for decreased libido
; f* `" Z1 y3 E0 ?8 Ssecondary to depression.
0 f" d. n% e$ c8 x" K. L3 X3 LThe child slept in the same bed with parents.! P0 r7 p* y! q( F' P% q, p6 }
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
1 z3 j( v- Z" i+ z+ o. y4 L+ |* {, achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) ?7 R) x4 {& U4 f) rnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
2 t6 f, d$ _8 e) iThe father also admitted that after the phone call,! U5 s& U! X. A2 U# K8 y) H! b
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ ^  s+ R4 b+ w; J0 Q5 I% o: ]was high, he then read the product information8 L6 P+ _, W' T1 m# H1 h& v
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ I6 r* Z& I3 |2 i4 F# Q4 v
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; v) w% P4 N, vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the+ U3 }+ c' [  d# G0 V
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had4 _2 }% [( g" A' X" f
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone3 W5 P( h2 G: R* [9 ^
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the1 e# C% l' j$ D# X- y
laboratory to obtain the test." |9 _6 m2 y  [$ G5 N# i
Discussion
# G3 b% l- t& y' z: }Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 u8 j$ L, g% Y; A3 S. o" msexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 J) m5 \  O7 a9 D- O% FPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* Y1 ]% P8 S1 `% |3 Q
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; O( A* D$ @5 b5 C/ S6 @- e; Zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-* p, a" }- X3 p7 j- Q/ |
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
+ G5 j  {$ F% g5 b8 e0 rmay have a central nervous system lesion that is! [+ T& |+ e+ Q; [$ T
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 h8 ?0 u0 h( q) ^# ?amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
+ g$ z7 I/ `: N' `# m9 O  F2 R  F! r( Y( Msis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- H. ^3 w( B) n% C: L% ]boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 v6 ]9 V. S( ^$ Hization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) C3 ^" f' ]0 j& h# g
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! T& c3 H7 H* Agonadotropins.1,3& k) H4 _$ a; @3 c/ S' N+ c
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( Z, q" H5 T; s8 e' gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: h- h) q9 B, G# Q: i6 V, S3 H# V) `! H
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
0 h3 d4 O9 h) g5 U) fexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 c, |/ U0 w8 O+ T  l+ G" s
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# o, ^4 |  e0 _* `, A. X+ ?! {
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 o9 e+ h# z# oadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious6 D& m# }. |2 R+ |
puberty in boys.3,4
3 j" W& E' K0 E  Y; jThe most common form of congenital adrenal3 ]. F' k9 u# v! e8 o% k, P! I
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
% W& f8 @' Y, m) X! g% p9 DThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
4 R0 {! c5 x9 Z& x" Texcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,, D# M$ G! ~3 W  z  `" S  s
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
1 ]# u' _# D* `5 I+ ?2 z2 ?excess.1,32 r: P. T4 O: x& e6 }8 ]
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. J3 R" f# y3 Q; J( U3 l' O& ?* I542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
3 V) Y. G2 V8 ?$ a- UA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
$ o3 u2 o2 @/ Z; Pindependent precocious puberty, which is also known: v8 V4 j0 |+ p
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! l! M  {& r6 a( o2 Mvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
- X) B( o5 e5 u' Xwith this disorder are full pubertal development,! F6 Q" P1 k; ~& a; E$ T9 `2 X5 {
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
0 j8 ]7 u/ L4 @8 kwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ D1 U& o- n* _6 @- F  mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- q1 P/ ], B3 u( E: r5 D
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-) c) R; J6 {" q8 A/ ^" E" f
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ t0 [9 [6 e' b) R! [
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only9 O" }" ^' v2 \1 `: Z
males; therefore, other male members of the family& R8 s( p) L5 g, r$ B1 U: W* I
may have similar precocious puberty.3
( E& H! G$ D4 Z. d) @& {) T+ I/ ZIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
8 d1 C# u5 V% i/ |sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% P5 I. L" ^5 ~2 t" |# A
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
$ {: R. @2 u% F: Kwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 k4 U% p, n5 Cstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 E4 Y. {: z2 j/ Y; `6 b5 stesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
) G4 F; K' i3 K5 k( V: abeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-1 e: F1 c) U+ b+ E0 o3 \: K+ O
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
! B, l* f9 p) X5 ^& `8 a& \3 jbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,9 ]/ E- w$ c2 N; J7 o
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( r- @, n# m/ V  d& O0 Ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 t" T; J, _( f9 b! A
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
' N0 l: E. t/ T" I- ?The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' |/ n) F& i) v0 E" S
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because$ _4 s: H& W. B; {5 `. h/ c
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
1 I; l4 _5 D, \6 V, E) J* v1 {pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ F  Q' n2 b4 c  v
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-+ E+ ]+ Z0 H: ~% G# E
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& p  Y9 c/ h1 o0 n7 qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& {4 b( b  D7 YDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
1 C1 E' V4 K1 o- F, o6 zcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 o2 Z3 I; E! |
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.1 J2 D2 P6 h, K3 ~
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ B' ~3 i1 R1 P: u& pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to" }" g  M1 o3 q. U% U9 c7 C
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 ?/ E0 s5 ~1 v# K2 H; D5 [partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-# k; g/ m0 }3 G+ }( T
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.7 n& B- t/ |4 x9 e, @# y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ @2 v/ H4 }: T! S9 W$ k" E9 G& O, {which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that6 T8 k$ J: H9 m& N* _8 |6 E
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-. M8 v4 w/ p0 a# e6 E
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more, i+ h1 [+ t/ A
active in young children exposed to testosterone0 I0 }) H' k* w9 @: S% g6 }
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
# Q2 G# V6 ?% o* ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ q3 A# R* ~7 C
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
" y  y* ^% j3 ]1 p& \1 X% ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
9 A. m1 j% V* t+ N# Xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! I" Z$ ?! q6 L7 I
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during2 _) r4 |: Q$ m
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! R: A1 b0 g3 d0 F8 e, ?adult height are not fully known and always remain5 l4 H; Z- p* M) W
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
4 O( r2 ]- n! |! u. s) eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
$ Z4 |7 V9 U8 z7 a: Wacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
  \9 V( X: s) a( v0 L; Scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation+ O! n6 @. l& }+ N  U" M- G
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. I: N, h  u, u4 w& k
There are conflicting reports and controversy
# [; ?  Y, f; g" Jover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 k# K, T+ Q' _: L
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
- T* o8 u, H3 n! Z9 k9 n* radult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. }; p/ `( R1 j: r+ I; K0 G( K
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 r: r) d* V0 k* w
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between# J  b- P3 @0 h3 o& R8 _, }3 h
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! d# g7 m: h; n$ t, F- z2 C
penile length in clinical studies.1 u$ a" l3 k0 l7 y! A
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
# ?5 @5 g: e( `2 S& V' b4 X& g( kgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
# M8 @$ o: C: Y( B* Htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 f# v" |/ n0 [% }; c! d/ C5 K8 Vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 D) j8 |# Y6 z9 Y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 ]) R! \' n# P: U7 `3 m8 i: _diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) [' X6 w$ Q) p4 {
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult$ q2 _+ v; T/ j, m* |
height will not be affected.7 {! e' _! L: T2 R( r: R
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-% A, |# p& B( Z! N6 k6 W: t& V
ability of androgen products in our society may1 y* u0 C, D/ j
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ A" T. t3 K* }  ]8 G1 xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
# r% L( L  h& g/ a' ]; igen products must be considered and specific ques-* f3 K+ a# b$ i+ O
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or+ a9 U+ o) T$ \3 t8 E: L: Y
gel should be asked of the family members during5 Q5 h- i3 t- m8 s9 {% a
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
9 f: V5 W; J5 h: D/ J! R! Nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
$ j" S" A4 i) ]0 w/ L/ l. gnosis can be established by just a few tests and by  q+ F# }. x) g' K# M: Q& A" P' g  O
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
; o4 j, M7 w, i% Fhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may6 n! f' k. p8 u# L0 Y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 n1 j: M9 x7 ~, A* xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
: Q1 j0 t8 }: }& w1 G9 Q5 e! i' ~aware of this fact, because most of these children
- A% ?2 w- z( mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; b& R5 h. c3 ]5 |4 X7 I
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
- L# n1 d- A3 L1 z3 {' l5 @warning about the virilizing effect on a male or# s& f+ u* p' s2 F
female child who might come in contact with some-% \. ~' }5 O# G6 ?
one using any of these products.
% N% Z+ {9 Z9 ZReferences, s' ~( s5 S! F8 }: K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation- o0 {( T5 @' z8 j: x
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' Z, P" G) X* j; G
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* i: _/ `; s6 ?7 O1 U, ?7 c2002: 565-628.
, T7 c6 x! i4 L4 _( @9 Q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. r8 i) A# f0 w6 spuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old9 K; [1 |. Z1 p( V7 S$ r8 _. o0 x
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
# e+ e. V, o6 d7 W: DExposure to Testosterone
- s- [) Q1 w$ G8 TSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,27 l: R7 w; o2 ^) Q
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 k: {" m! k" ~) H* D, l0 H: Z2 jClinical Pediatrics, {6 q" p  @( n
Volume 46 Number 6+ ~& Q* }$ U% H  X
July 2007 540-543
$ r8 i/ U( b: H$ i© 2007 Sage Publications7 D& X! T3 J( ?7 b  u1 m
10.1177/0009922806296651# d- Y4 U7 ?) Z
http://clp.sagepub.com
* l) T+ m' [  n- E9 m* X, Ihosted at
" I1 A8 `# N! |  l! |http://online.sagepub.com" D3 P7 c- g; e  S+ D# S; \" Q+ U
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 w0 G/ j% \& f" E) _; h% E9 l8 w7 Vis a significant concern for physicians. Central' T3 v, T: \% m3 _
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
" _5 M* q) L+ }; l# k* ]: kthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: y0 y8 r" e! O
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 O, V7 h+ |: J) t
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 o! R& \* p. j' B1 Wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 E2 |" E; _: p7 T1 `( b
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-1 X0 G6 t: Z- V( B
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& @# o: B- o# ~5 _7 I8 |" P
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
% D# v$ L$ A7 y8 ~* c* p9 P, Venlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 v1 J/ M" X, Zment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 k% w1 r4 c; X. t
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
8 V; X) a- s# F7 U) n/ ?the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' K0 S8 t. q6 z' Y7 L6 x* d
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# H6 w! b2 S/ ^  u+ E! M. _child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; W5 p- a; ^$ t
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 p+ ~! ^5 ~: E: m
bly more common than the rare case report in the
8 E% u5 d- M- b8 ^- {3 p3 ^literature.4) H. z6 `* T% S/ v5 g. ~
Patient Report$ H8 H' D! A8 u6 T
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the, E  G8 `# L0 h5 k
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' i6 C! M. n2 B$ z7 J' ?
of early sexual development. His mother noticed8 V+ {3 W4 S7 U$ s" H' q  n
light colored pubic hair development when he was/ ?/ D+ u' L5 S/ b
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 s2 G6 V7 m: W0 bSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! ^5 T7 ?1 N3 U) q0 }6 gAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," d- C0 `/ w! q
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 S+ T' U# r% Y+ F  B" `Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& h* n8 a* \6 de-mail: [email protected].9 t  W& Z# A9 [# q3 [  k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: F% s. b! h3 v" Y( [/ l) zdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, t2 z& T6 e; l. b) g$ mment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( T6 ~' ^0 v& T( U
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with$ u6 f7 {1 |- e" ^
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of1 u8 F8 E. u% \/ M6 p9 |7 i! g6 [- r
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, Q6 a! t) M+ E# E' Aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. e  C$ \4 c3 }+ jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 X9 X7 T$ W+ i& c6 I2 m- p6 @
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
4 S1 z5 a& ~* d  Q3 ^8 [" {4 _was age appropriate.5 M6 e" g1 ~5 i& l
The family history was remarkable for the father,
" s  E. |7 Q, ]( R: r/ `who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, R0 g2 u0 x. n- swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 S) g0 Q, E0 ~/ _
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 L" t3 }) p) G/ [$ `, e" Hearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* }- F0 [; K4 y9 N. B" {The father denied taking any other medication. The# h9 s* K" P  o! x
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
: Y  e) V4 Y, Y/ H$ m+ r' A! Ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet* u8 L; q' C! x; W4 V6 i
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-7 y3 A* V& k" g
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
( C: P5 [# ?! w+ C6 V2 `tives. There were no siblings.; ^/ h2 R! T$ T7 O, y
Physical Examination8 D0 z+ P6 i5 ^. ~) S9 G
The physical examination revealed a very active,
$ \3 y5 n, H1 k- z# e$ h; I# pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; K& n4 N0 S3 b$ P$ v$ s2 L: x
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) w* D( A/ v- V, r( q8 V- a90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: x( E' p$ q/ o; A; e3 N: p(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
/ X  G9 H& U2 [+ A; W( evelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 B8 t0 z; [+ y7 f2 Ythe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 r3 e( m% V- B4 ^6 L
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ l! ^- ~" G( X4 S5 f1 Xenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 D' S: b0 [. A* a- i$ @( S8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 X( {+ K+ L1 }4 n  ^- j4 I
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around8 H! I! L* o1 q( o
540
! w* a+ Q7 n8 u0 S6 ?  _  U7 bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& Y. w' U3 }8 l5 Uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 P( x, ]9 X' Z" q5 y0 e( Utesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) n4 i! t/ `+ j  S7 v0 xThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat- e2 J( J4 ^3 ?; d! @
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: R6 D/ I1 ]; t# N
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.5 {7 e: p" R) }, ?+ ?6 n5 E- |
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
" X% V* l" b  V" J' q4 m! qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
# {' G# t5 Q9 Kof papilledema.
% H2 a, _6 E- t) d6 }Laboratory Evaluation
; o$ b! e4 G4 Y& u4 H6 ]. p! ?The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* m& l1 K: ?* f4 L9 q9 Wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-9 n7 @; e& k  b! u3 v% @8 k, s
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal  I3 |( i1 \- M8 y! S
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
& {0 A$ ^* a$ S9 U! t- Y! Q7 Wshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
# Y- B0 ]/ \; t9 C' }- X8 ^: ]lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 q& h$ K! H: \; {) b1 xThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. P) n2 i, |& i" G$ Curea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* r( b& h( r1 K
within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 _. [1 P8 C, w# i0 Cof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
! @/ m* {7 y6 W# B5 M3 k(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20- j7 F* K1 q  H
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, O# c0 U2 M6 ?) q7 q/ d# e1 m$ iterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
5 D! o( t; f* ?8 R. F* Y) m0 Ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to. {  X6 [% Y; e1 [
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
4 C) a' x' d" ~was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 `  o+ P! v% S! h8 [4 s$ ~
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 f+ ?* z9 _: K2 \# }" xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 d1 i  r4 O8 _% ~! J: N$ R1 |$ r; \and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than2 |5 t" q8 s2 c1 Y  k7 y" A1 k
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
* C. b- H, a3 |4 @5 C' H4 X6 G' _stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 h& n! s, M, ]+ R9 P5 L8 U! d$ ^concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 ]0 o8 x& @. p% ~' q) k# c+ P- Y(prepubertal).
* Z" U" ~* P/ X+ l2 r/ TThe parents were notified about the laboratory
1 `$ S. s) L4 r) f9 I# ]8 Eresults and were informed that all of the tests were6 v, R: Z) L7 ^8 p6 p, X. ]
normal except the testosterone level was high. The+ A% C" m/ R9 b  d4 E
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
3 B6 K; D0 D: a7 X4 V( {" xobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! |" Z8 D& F; R8 L* J- U
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
8 D% Y4 K" Z$ ]2 g, W" T# U( jPhysical examination at this time revealed that the8 ?0 l. n# R4 T/ A% @! g( B
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 F9 \( L  l7 Q. u5 w2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 Y. x+ n0 M" l) F1 Wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-; q2 Z  ^) f0 e' u4 @
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# q5 u) @4 x( m) ~- b1 u
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2# D4 _9 r" B% M# \% W- P1 P$ Z9 @- b; c
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 l3 Z' g) ^+ q* |" k% E1 D7 ^
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
  v; ?" E# h: f6 o* m/ Z+ W1 [ing frequent erections.
9 Y  R3 s! @& x; K- b+ g0 ~$ VBoth parents were again questioned about use of: \% Q- H: B" ?2 q: k! t
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to% V* b8 T9 {. b  t; ~; Q- A5 y# o
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) J9 |, `& V: n2 ^7 {! UTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
/ E# a: y, |1 q! nuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-" x$ ?1 r% G% o& |
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 _7 N7 S1 x2 O% f5 g* c# ba year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 e, ~7 Q* T- s9 a& ?+ b+ V
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 k5 D+ v$ |" k
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
2 ^3 _8 k4 f. Xsecondary to depression.- ?2 y) P4 D/ J2 D6 \( r
The child slept in the same bed with parents.  h# o5 e  ?2 D7 C0 D9 E' K9 Z0 e" P
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his* c; |8 F1 o6 Z7 W# x! w% p* z
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
  v0 r, w5 u, R$ Y5 Bnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.! s4 ]  A6 O+ A
The father also admitted that after the phone call,% G- l: F2 _1 N$ B1 x9 A
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 P8 b0 Y. C6 M' A
was high, he then read the product information
+ f/ ]3 L. E' `) ]0 zpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
- j" V! C: x- G* X' Yson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, r3 r6 `# ^  w6 f8 Q- Z; Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the" m% }- `$ c4 [( G% j' O* S
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 F" `3 X; m. M( \0 p: L) k5 |been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* s9 |* l+ {( L. C7 {test was ordered, but the family did not go to the. b* U) U6 H' J7 N' d3 Y( Q8 |
laboratory to obtain the test.
- b, C: n6 S! R* `; m7 M$ k4 M4 |/ N6 fDiscussion
) X% n" h' T. M( l0 W3 t9 DPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary2 A* [2 }+ y2 e
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 b  w" Q# |2 s/ c" YPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 E* D' x: w4 h2 G6 g; `; M7 Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& q8 M" B0 R" M# m" p& M$ X! C, Z+ xthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-* b7 c# w  t# a. g0 r3 t+ h
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP4 O# O) d+ ~/ T/ y. Y4 s
may have a central nervous system lesion that is' X% h' G: Q2 R2 }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: q: S1 l  V$ ]# h* i
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
  U' }. B- \: u2 n4 lsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 F. C+ N7 K3 m2 o8 }
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# b2 t% u/ x5 x) o) X
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 f% D+ R$ ]" |
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: B! X" z5 U6 m( D6 ?  A3 ~9 K. Z4 rgonadotropins.1,3+ @6 j3 |, ]( D7 r
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
. M7 I% H: a7 a" I( ?* Jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate, P: k! R# N8 y6 ]& |! t/ _, o
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 U. w* E7 y* w* N6 h
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-5 O: u3 N0 l' H3 m, M  z8 w) A
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
5 a* W  _5 E8 w% Y% Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
+ h/ u2 w$ J; a$ m. [' I% Hadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious; {' i5 e6 D, X7 u$ M% d. d
puberty in boys.3,4( k# D! [' Y/ k$ {1 [: {: {9 o6 Y
The most common form of congenital adrenal
; n) I0 v$ D8 ^0 p1 V% G3 Qhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& D' a6 B$ }, R9 A2 X
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% `5 |$ d2 l+ _9 G1 S
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 f0 I  p) `/ m, u
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
9 m6 }; o! R: R% ^( L' E( W0 ]- X2 Gexcess.1,3
- h! X$ l$ z1 S& Fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 ?: u. e* K: C: B$ G5 s0 [542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
! A: n/ k5 y' Z  D3 n# b- e4 B6 O  ]A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-2 i$ `- T% Z% H0 ]( W' k7 j( Y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
+ ?* t7 f- ~: aas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# B& O& F7 v0 x1 y% M* |9 g& Wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ S( s$ {. b+ B5 M3 fwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
" U- p! i! k5 q4 j. Z. y* [8 @including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 a# b2 o1 g, Bwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder. `! H2 R* Z5 N3 T
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, B2 k" [- s- Z+ n* I1 L
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-8 w! I  x* }" l& A
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) D* B& U2 l' c  ^" Mautosomal dominant disorder that affects only3 e( `7 h! O8 `- |
males; therefore, other male members of the family4 {6 s# `' M7 k$ J! l* _3 S- d; W7 ]
may have similar precocious puberty.3" n0 I, s! a. x% W
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
2 t0 ^4 s; t& N2 Q! V. O$ asistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% b" [5 J6 t* j; h; z3 u
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis  s3 L- N( `: k% L1 U. n
was in the differential diagnosis because his father+ x  e. d( b( n6 u1 j. K
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
5 c  l! F: q; Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 K  n  x/ s$ U3 i4 F0 f8 r  m# Cbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
% r/ h5 v3 ^* I% t5 ]  }ative initial history of androgen exposure, our  z& y. t. |' s, [6 I. y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,( T, `, C3 s2 Z" H
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase  m0 V& D- U% B. p! V
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: A9 C- {, L% V+ {9 L6 S+ ^
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
8 F' f/ h1 j4 I: `$ n: lThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, i0 \& m+ ?5 k; esuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because  _5 O# D9 m  {6 M% K# }
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-* Y& m2 }0 Z; u8 M# k) G+ o, x
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and2 m* b8 t/ Q7 f1 ^3 [+ `4 M2 y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: O  r: q) e  V0 H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
' S6 y2 z* f! g* gusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
- \+ V" `" P/ B% g+ K6 NDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
! s' d1 E. q8 O! N4 wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to# E. a8 i/ H3 ]  K, J
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 ]4 F, r- M1 X3 t0 f8 T' _& H# FSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 q; d$ N. t, x' c5 j- i! Z/ _
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
% w, N) l( n/ L; h1 N$ X# {1 d$ Xeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 a; }$ Y3 |+ Y5 P" w8 n
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
2 s0 Y+ V) P6 \tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
% i8 o  v' L8 m8 P9 t, UOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 Y6 H, f+ s6 |$ B- i' ]9 t
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- M" j# \" P, W8 N2 Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- S3 f/ e. p. Rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
: }; H0 H& _" _& P+ `+ r- `+ Qactive in young children exposed to testosterone
: M; x4 i* W9 u$ M* q# Aexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
+ P' a" @$ j) Z4 E7 I7 x# Vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to8 |' x: H% }2 M4 ^+ B9 f
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in- [) N8 P. Z9 d* ]$ C2 V
children results in an increase in growth velocity and4 E! Z3 u/ o' A
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 j- o( x/ a: ~" O+ v1 U
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 S! p; x1 w7 W- L9 Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final# a! E: \( _5 ?3 e5 @7 l' x3 j) N: U
adult height are not fully known and always remain6 [" B8 p% v7 B* x
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 [6 x( W7 V; Y7 T/ f8 [terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some4 V2 G' Z% n0 a- g6 _8 |
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 Z5 ]% ~; w1 y& Pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 E4 H- p- s) a# l6 t
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9" `0 f- g  l% b- X% y+ j8 h+ q+ n
There are conflicting reports and controversy3 j9 }" L' \- ~2 [
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 P( v# @: P! J8 t7 Y
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal& E# J# L. Z) ]/ y& E
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 q9 b# Q* O8 L# P( Xulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
  I4 z- m, ?/ W0 B. g+ H& ^Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ N" ?, p$ Q. F' l$ N8 {childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ I1 Y7 [; Q- D1 \
penile length in clinical studies.
0 F7 `3 P4 [% [) I) D$ k$ f2 {Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, }: |( T4 h+ G  I8 }1 ~going to experience any of the untoward effects from
- H" Y; y0 |; I5 P9 ]# ztestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because6 |# F4 @! M, r7 Y
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; V* T# y" f; o, _( V! T2 MAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of1 i  E0 o2 w1 t6 ^( o0 P
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ i9 v" b% V& M1 [
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult' |  l0 a! _: I
height will not be affected./ {  q: u- d2 J3 ~. E% [
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-2 [/ y" N1 y0 W2 |; M
ability of androgen products in our society may/ G# w$ a, M: x6 f) k
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 U( k! H% H- Dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
, g# v; I8 P; Z' J/ Mgen products must be considered and specific ques-
" g: j1 f0 V" R0 B5 p" v+ Ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 s$ E% K2 r# M4 a8 G
gel should be asked of the family members during' T$ R0 J% R6 A$ c" L' d5 G
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
7 b1 d$ Y% x! f2 Z5 I9 [& ]3 k* B' pilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 ?) a# T( D2 Q! `8 `  xnosis can be established by just a few tests and by# l& |. ]- C: _' k4 r
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
  e! N) L( m$ vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! Q) h8 c$ X2 h( t( X7 M4 ^5 y( c/ T
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive+ R. |/ k3 O' a  o  ?6 k
investigation. The primary care physician should be% G* J8 d" W$ q
aware of this fact, because most of these children+ v& p: A2 m5 m2 A( f. T; `, H
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
8 G& r6 y, t: p, q. R' C+ z/ H. `) m+ PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a4 B* u2 e3 ^  S& j
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# j+ L( i2 k1 T; L6 J- Sfemale child who might come in contact with some-$ B) W! d; c2 G( s. M' l( Q  S
one using any of these products.; `, W0 n" X  f$ R
References
# ^: q$ W, X) z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: i, d. b, H$ T8 S
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' m: a4 x1 m: \4 @! @# Y
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) a8 V: `, |# e. }: ^
2002: 565-628.& Y( ^$ |1 j% F- a; A8 a
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: I+ l8 Z! W/ L9 K$ k9 Cpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
" `4 |: p0 m5 z6 t" e
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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