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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( A7 D) [8 g5 B! nBoy Induced by Indirect Topical4 L' H* \* K) c4 M' L
Exposure to Testosterone
. [7 w) T& H3 Y. GSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
% s, d7 ^2 h9 z0 d5 @8 Oand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  l/ Y1 U6 `- ~8 N
Clinical Pediatrics
1 w0 k# F9 A& t, O& OVolume 46 Number 6
% O: D8 P3 n. J. EJuly 2007 540-543
* A3 E/ U) o9 v/ Q2 }© 2007 Sage Publications
3 ?! r/ F: b+ o0 ~! @10.1177/0009922806296651
, J) P" F4 ~" T8 zhttp://clp.sagepub.com- R6 m# q9 n2 P7 S2 q
hosted at! n, c! R  Q' u4 C$ J+ H
http://online.sagepub.com
% e1 v) J" v, [* V) ^Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,1 ^  M5 r& Q/ G0 z& A! Q
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
5 B0 V; V: C$ R" D+ e% F+ [& _precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 H6 I' |  [6 b. F/ i& q1 k
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% D* P( k  }/ R& Ka higher incidence of organic central nervous system
4 @* C( i1 J, K$ x5 @# Ylesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 C, q& c6 Y6 p6 X9 ~6 ]1 x3 R$ Q
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
- @" J, O5 j- B" n- Shair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. B$ n( {  F- wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We+ V: P. s- c% g8 g% d+ F
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ o6 y3 U. B$ S
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 O. A% H* A" X
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due: N2 O' A) n3 B1 B$ C
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by- V) P% Q5 Y" r# p0 i1 q# ^
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-7 G$ m' o& Y/ G6 p- P9 {
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& W; @7 r: H2 s/ x" _$ ^child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' d& R: n2 Z  p, q! T7 Etestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; w1 X1 E6 j. u5 K) {4 G/ t7 ]! h* Zbly more common than the rare case report in the* L3 c  u# u! z
literature.4* Q( f" U) s) {% ~+ x9 S  j9 T: n
Patient Report
( u+ ]) _/ V; o+ X' {  }! z" TA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) R8 l0 t5 l8 H. Z( mendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern8 K. P' }* x. ^: C# h7 k/ T' M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
  {: s9 O+ @: P/ S+ \: L) glight colored pubic hair development when he was! ?. U" ]$ f  A. H
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
  {0 w0 m  C) q9 ?- }4 u3 c+ ^5 bSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 n0 x# \% K! A/ _; B, \. Y
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
" t# u3 m& T8 W, X# V, t) l  g: }Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ ?& J' F- D- p6 W8 r
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 I' u$ v( |1 A; O( z& h( ne-mail: [email protected].
/ D( F5 G  s7 O" a3 k" h" A8 k9 J7 labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 S  n: l& X9 c# F3 E9 b
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ [& A' y) C8 n* [* n/ l
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; v5 [% m6 A4 q8 o9 r' l  {" y, awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# |' y5 x& p6 D+ ?( L3 N( h! V
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of  O% g9 M1 f2 t0 [. G8 H1 O& p' n
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 H+ o. o+ w5 R0 j  n  M1 Z: N& t0 o
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with2 E+ P/ P( W5 D: D2 X) l
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 e# e) w& b. nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- M" I% ^* o4 T  u1 c1 ]was age appropriate.
  ~( Q' v' d! Q/ _8 O) pThe family history was remarkable for the father,
' K9 R, C1 h0 }  V. Mwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: C. z- u- r5 L3 pwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 i/ l, `2 \- \8 a
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
& x5 J" G4 f/ R; i  I1 dearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.# G$ C& k+ y3 L- t0 C
The father denied taking any other medication. The4 d9 N9 Z. B! G1 E1 b; [. ?! |
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 O# |6 j5 o  }% E  s+ j
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet- i  B! x9 b" b: \5 b9 `
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-) \7 i6 Q7 O* \$ M5 A
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ ~, w. D/ G4 S% x  l4 x
tives. There were no siblings.- o9 Y8 c  Z2 Y  l5 }8 }
Physical Examination
2 k+ E% d' I' QThe physical examination revealed a very active,! |1 \9 B5 ]) T9 M( i" C
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
! m! V. V3 F2 G. X: ma blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! m$ n! q+ F* v6 y& O
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
0 u2 Y: M( n* a1 w! t( T# G(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" }% A* }- S5 Z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
! r5 h' Y- }2 k3 H$ mthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ H) p4 C# y, C8 cThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 B* i$ O4 ?1 q1 n6 t4 p( W* R* q
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 g4 k3 E1 s1 ?5 m/ \/ `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well/ Z' ]7 F* g' z
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& @9 ^2 ~, F3 x) i/ W. G' V8 }
540
! s2 X7 Z( [1 P- G0 iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  w9 i  b% N) u; M+ u
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
, f# S8 E1 y1 R5 O' l6 ^8 Ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 d* w3 m5 ~/ {The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat" K, E4 N7 ^# v* X( ?
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ x+ M7 r* {; l8 ~  ^abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
( `* E( H1 J- b+ Y8 G4 `Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, A- k, X; S4 A$ e8 y+ h7 jbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 a* w8 O6 i2 v8 @# s" @1 `of papilledema.4 l4 ^7 y! K+ f$ N( K
Laboratory Evaluation1 O  K; V2 }# u* d3 ?( E+ h
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* Q/ q7 [8 r4 r% {using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
" T9 h9 v9 f( h; D; ?& n$ H8 jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 I2 p. M$ S  m3 W: w7 Z
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test1 f+ f% x0 J/ N- ]: v
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
" A8 x( S; ]( n: a* A" ~lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 K8 e- D7 `3 v- J& WThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood( H4 ^7 g) D) o% h2 C
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' b' t! L/ P# ewithin normal range for his age. The concentration
. c; T$ H/ P3 S; T  `$ K) Qof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) Z" V; N5 m$ v3 `$ G1 ^(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ v' H) u' t9 `- B+ R$ O; h, [/ ]7 [ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
8 D* y+ |8 A% t- {terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
# S/ c6 p% x# Cdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
3 |1 T3 N+ S7 _1 x5 G! C49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)3 _6 G3 A6 z1 Q: ?, i# B' s; O& s* j
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- e! O, Z  M! T9 C/ W7 ?0 z8 H
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
6 U; G5 |% e+ S. F6 }2 l. {/ {" _8 ~testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 E9 @3 I# Z! a4 y1 ^+ ^and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# k# l. V- n5 V& m2 Y7 K0 m5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 t7 f) a3 |5 o9 h* h3 B/ c/ b* |stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone/ U6 W8 D/ m1 F4 e7 R' V) |
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' W, \2 t2 T4 S' |. ?- z0 Q(prepubertal).
- Y3 a4 F! t( o9 J" ?7 d9 AThe parents were notified about the laboratory# @) d. @; r0 P0 x  ~  k* d5 N
results and were informed that all of the tests were
7 H! q; i  k1 J+ Cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The% y" b, m% s( {5 |' L) ?
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to% ?6 j9 \: n: D. D) R
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
* C( q. t) s; gever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 b- o/ g  [" tPhysical examination at this time revealed that the) _; `/ f6 P& i! q) D
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ l+ V; O, B0 k( m. C& Q6 Z6 L7 X
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained  l, ]) \4 G- p  o
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ C  C! T. }5 ^: \* E8 n. P- Z5 |# H3 B
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at$ k3 ~2 a7 b5 Z+ p' T
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2  D$ x" a3 A  G) l
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 U2 j' [) D, a+ Q
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 E# R8 u2 E. p$ T# c/ i3 P1 [3 F5 Ding frequent erections.
& M0 z# [2 n+ Q+ ~Both parents were again questioned about use of
+ v* s/ w) `' Aany ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ H0 g  D5 v4 x) c
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the0 z) f4 S# M! P( q1 Q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 p* g" N' C. x
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 ~* z4 W" g8 I6 [
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' {0 A2 n; s4 g; i, e5 _( E, Xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& ?2 B( Q& \$ t# L3 M2 B2 Dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-* a2 ]6 V' [) a& I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
& |# L6 \" x4 u5 f6 Nsecondary to depression.
. B! Y" ~- z2 g: O# s# ^3 XThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 o& t6 ?8 s9 c; EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
8 }8 h' J6 e. Y! I3 vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-6 H; T6 v7 g* T7 J6 I' R, f. s
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. s% y" k3 t1 r6 y) u6 P$ jThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
; w( D. Y) _: k8 cwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
9 n, r# I7 }: B$ o9 _! I2 ewas high, he then read the product information4 `' t3 C) q3 U" f3 i( A
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 a& {7 b, M- F* ^* w% J; ^1 p
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
  e' c) s' q) Udecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) t% t8 m) C& k  f6 l( S
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had! _8 c8 M$ H3 V( Y  c6 [# Y2 l
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ K# [6 f! _2 m9 Z! Ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the6 K7 ]0 {+ O! s' h* W
laboratory to obtain the test.
) V; y! X, c% U2 ADiscussion$ `( v  ~2 `6 q* ]
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 \) J' _" d1 j
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
$ `# \7 R  |2 I3 Q9 p8 `' D( sPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& d. `) l( W6 T! k# ^* dit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-( I0 \4 X; e- Z# Q: w( G. U* A$ h7 c
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
8 i+ h% ~" o9 Z$ m" X- \( M8 Gmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
# \* g9 h( X& z5 _1 G6 [4 f4 pmay have a central nervous system lesion that is4 f& R; x! ^# u# e
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-) [1 c0 [" T6 P/ K, q& O/ `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ G! v) ~) z1 z7 h: E3 \; A
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in; X- o# i5 D& l- G. K; z
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& h( b8 X( V: z  f1 w5 k0 |
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- F: a' B& u2 c  vrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, R5 K% @% [  M) Agonadotropins.1,3, E% X$ Q. s% M8 v  S+ z; l0 b; U
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 F9 S! V5 q) D) S  c/ Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( B3 L1 |/ _6 ]( x4 m8 Z/ Iandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
/ G# X7 b) ~4 \4 X+ Q9 pexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. ~2 ?5 O7 c# Q: a4 P: N1 Y# N- R: O
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
6 _) w& b$ e1 Z) ]7 acongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: T' t% n; `7 U
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: F  i# X0 ~0 O* T2 {% L% Mpuberty in boys.3,41 c2 T- ^, h" T" O* A0 |
The most common form of congenital adrenal
& P2 Y0 K3 _- d  \8 t: n4 X; Ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.) Q  _7 D# `4 q" `( w# \6 [
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
  i9 C4 f* M' t, g8 x. J' `excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,  E3 E8 M2 P% X* X; q* T( a
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen# [* i8 b  ~! _' p  f8 a
excess.1,3
/ E) N. W& p# E+ |7 W- m' }! b9 kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 N6 X& U* `; U% k; k7 c% l8 m542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
7 M! f( h2 v6 ]) x* pA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
  ?" z# H+ l, {) w! ]9 ?1 [+ Yindependent precocious puberty, which is also known6 t$ z: v7 z6 i/ _% m
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) G$ b- l& |" c4 s  l: ^9 s0 X# w& N
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
% R9 c7 s# m; x; H, f% lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, a0 @; |) N2 Z" U% C6 k. eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 p2 i2 q5 N) x0 u9 o6 ^/ |' ~
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder1 n" d( i, h0 p4 C9 P
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
, b2 J7 o# w# L5 o+ s2 m/ jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ ?; Z* C" _, C
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked/ Y" [8 g  o: g, ]* ~/ G
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, Y( P# G5 l7 g* omales; therefore, other male members of the family
5 M6 ^  c  z6 W0 b9 Tmay have similar precocious puberty.3
1 k' j1 Q& z3 \/ g6 eIn our patient, physical examination was incon-0 W3 e9 q1 ?* D8 w
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 q1 ?% i0 I. C6 {0 w3 Tcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis  y9 g$ K% {4 C7 [
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
9 A- p4 V# @2 X  V4 istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
" r: h' a- p' _% ^testicular enlargement is not that evident in the9 H% R; o6 v" A1 `1 t* F
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ R, B! h1 I1 {% ]ative initial history of androgen exposure, our1 l# e) r/ n% K" ?+ i: E
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
- D. [; j) I9 x3 a5 t* v& v# G5 Ceither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase: a8 \% C- r* `$ t- B" ^5 l1 }9 q
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-7 a3 i7 J1 E* [" ?" W7 i  d
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 |% z9 D9 |/ N& vThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 I: @! o# [* y. D  V
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because/ W2 X8 Q0 J2 o4 L5 W
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-  w* g5 {7 _8 v( Y" t# ]$ X
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' x( C& V* x5 z  W8 \" }) R
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
" Q/ k2 u1 g* x: q( t( ~* rterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
. X: W( q$ h2 e# p! u$ @using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
9 L# o) C3 p; D5 O% k4 z$ YDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# R# n, I# O7 b' K, _7 fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* X1 n0 u  L+ \+ B4 c" M
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.1 x1 ?; U7 t( y* c) W5 S. n
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
/ T5 N$ q, p) S. `8 a' w. k5 Sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to  M7 E7 }$ l5 w
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) K0 {0 c. `8 N0 e6 }/ |* |partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: g8 I$ ~, M3 {. m8 F0 X" i
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
9 l" M8 M1 U$ }% _' ]' J. l5 a9 ]- WOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
' k( Q% i  n: q: {which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ M( u- i0 N( d' U3 C' n
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-# I% z4 z6 h9 |" \. z; Y
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! o+ ?3 O6 i) r5 W5 E2 u$ n; ?  ?
active in young children exposed to testosterone
9 z& }& m& W9 Oexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-- o( v) d5 Q, U9 F, x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
# c) z  O; B' ~/ bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ c2 z# M; z' }" B+ R6 q5 l2 \children results in an increase in growth velocity and1 N. B9 ]- }3 e
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' J1 E) x3 I. o: _. _. oThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 q4 f  f. t8 Q% ]- t5 V( Pearly childhood on pubertal development and final
3 N1 g3 F  Q7 a4 {+ badult height are not fully known and always remain7 y: R+ B4 z8 l+ }+ u
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  ~  h! P7 z- l8 I( j3 Hterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
3 i! p8 a% C1 `, p; K3 a, L( eacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
4 l' V* j5 w- j, B! K8 |8 Xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ k! `* O( D8 ~
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
* }' s* S/ \3 z9 r* MThere are conflicting reports and controversy
; w' a& p5 D4 J0 h, K4 rover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 c8 c& {6 V9 ^, z2 P4 [
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 m, v5 G6 V% W7 H& T
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-: l3 w/ N+ _6 n
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; V: H/ l: X. wSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 ]! C* p5 I3 ?' S6 F! d/ E
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult9 ~* K" I  L7 N4 U* E
penile length in clinical studies.
5 I% }8 r# H1 ]: {; P" a+ ]" |4 z) hNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 b/ g$ @6 [% z# B% ~& Ogoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
! \: ]+ _6 {) a; Jtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because) r* V! E% X/ V1 i
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.7 _  }; A* {/ N+ C5 v7 X
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of: q+ b3 k- w3 _8 ~
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, _: T! t' ^% K! T( @* U" `/ J
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult1 x5 V4 W- v4 _
height will not be affected., t  T: A6 ?" J# @" c( O) p/ _
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
4 L7 K. m$ N8 R* K6 bability of androgen products in our society may
, B+ V8 p' j! E+ m- M) vindeed cause more virilization in male or female8 m9 s, Y9 E: J& U( N
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: S" Q- j) p; Y. G: {+ s  x' |- j
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
8 V& |( Q4 R1 H7 L2 utioning about the use of a testosterone product or) L1 v) `) C# L
gel should be asked of the family members during! c2 g$ U, Y& R& ]1 x
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 F1 h4 K/ n3 x- q- U! X& Silization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 i) z* K, p& Vnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
9 ]+ ^5 I# o: H! o1 c) mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
+ S: s* A$ m0 Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
( q/ G; J! X% Rresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive- {, I2 }: K7 @: ]' _/ y
investigation. The primary care physician should be
( W# c+ O2 ^6 X. qaware of this fact, because most of these children" U8 f* R) c4 Z5 i
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
7 p' Q9 M1 F/ D3 d$ u4 VDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
. D& M9 |. r9 R: }warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 C* {0 E3 K4 e6 W+ d. rfemale child who might come in contact with some-
8 C: S- ?: k8 S; eone using any of these products.
- L' g0 n+ u/ F7 R" ZReferences" L. K1 B' ^+ s7 _# G- z4 D" |
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation* ]$ T0 P; N( h% p( ]* g% X, z& b) S
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric/ Z2 s7 q; I* `( I
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;& }7 X3 P6 w5 ?# X) M7 z
2002: 565-628.# f/ b7 [2 }0 r) ?2 g# p+ u* E! ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious+ |" B. ~9 ?: r/ P' t- a
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
6 @6 Z& k* n- ^3 J( U+ XBoy Induced by Indirect Topical9 D3 k/ s+ s4 ?) w+ O# g
Exposure to Testosterone
/ h  D$ c* x2 t. p& b& I* U: YSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2& c0 ]- b4 C3 U" I& d" q
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 J/ X" l- a0 g5 I. e  [( k
Clinical Pediatrics. O$ q4 _2 T; M' ^. F7 c  ?2 v
Volume 46 Number 6
: J8 \/ h& m' ^% WJuly 2007 540-543) _9 [3 ^! Y" P( s, [/ T0 k. u9 H" G
© 2007 Sage Publications" o. U0 h3 _1 O, p7 X
10.1177/0009922806296651
: r9 j% s3 g, B' B' @http://clp.sagepub.com  y7 g- B! @" ~( W
hosted at
! ~& M) j+ C0 r& B! Lhttp://online.sagepub.com+ W+ V* N8 c0 G* {+ D# Z; B( s
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 s. ~5 N+ l* [* F1 K( A
is a significant concern for physicians. Central5 P# B4 @" O6 O' D$ H# K
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- Y, S' `: d) q' l- q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 f7 b7 F% u; o0 _) p1 ta higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 q9 m+ ]0 Y# ?$ Zlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
+ }  P7 ?/ A' h4 c- \0 ~1 H: |7 pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
- |" r- B* M. F7 b$ x( \8 Chair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
3 x" G: i/ p. O) V4 X) Ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We( K  _4 L, R% R: N* G) w
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, S+ E4 B: n$ ?0 menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
- b; v6 C7 T" C# K$ c( _2 Zment without testicular enlargement, which was due
) Y6 k' @4 e* t* {to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 e- G" `5 l0 [  @$ \the father. The family initially concealed this infor-& i$ d4 a( a. l& W- f2 z8 M
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this; D9 X0 V* X3 D6 @2 w/ }6 L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
* M$ k7 n" O4 p: P6 btestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
5 ?' Y- w7 {& ~. Bbly more common than the rare case report in the- H5 r) G% ^) a2 s. j8 [
literature.47 J6 D/ t  G4 B) R! M) T5 v) B% C
Patient Report6 w7 x- k. A+ ~; H% B, n3 W  e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 k( t; T: R4 z! t. Yendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern( a& D" I- L9 K8 y- i; ?8 J
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
7 b% ~$ @) G8 w& U8 G" Y2 Y$ @' n, Klight colored pubic hair development when he was
' G! \. |; r7 S: H* L/ AFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of! C5 X8 W3 m/ d% P5 o
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 o# s6 [7 u! J& q+ G2 ]
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," O5 h9 p) P* _8 U0 W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 d' I  @# C9 R& [/ o; B; ?+ B8 L
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ X! B1 Q* f' P4 W" ie-mail: [email protected].
5 l* p; @3 c; h& t: v; labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 h. h8 B2 a8 B. \& [9 Y- J
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" u" L2 N" P) G! }ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! `7 z! t# X5 p: Y7 N
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" ^1 U. M7 E8 {8 Q( ba birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ M# U9 e* t+ b5 G' w20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
' X' W8 X. u3 {. l7 z# gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with5 @5 |$ m) @$ D* P
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,+ ?- E& ]6 I1 O# V
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development% C8 w. I# {) C' ~' w" M/ b# Z
was age appropriate.) N& r' L1 W( W" ]6 X; b
The family history was remarkable for the father,+ u+ ]4 [7 f4 f3 ?4 F
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 \' [) c1 z6 i/ @# I- `, A
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
) U4 W$ `4 v! _height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: H; k8 i4 \' l$ B+ E
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' I9 T* Y/ o2 V1 t2 x$ YThe father denied taking any other medication. The& J. z. q1 b+ u0 X
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche' w/ j8 d. f, c0 e/ [+ T) S$ @
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 R* l  x- W5 {
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, j& x4 O7 {0 |, ~) k& f
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-) @4 L; V# z( f2 K" I6 m  E7 ]
tives. There were no siblings.
* E! T' |  x. S0 \: S& U; G4 jPhysical Examination
$ o) b, h, z" J" Q7 }( [4 \; B, aThe physical examination revealed a very active,* W; L( Q( V# {, E+ ]
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 a6 X% ]* B  Ra blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. H' C% j% \2 q/ H6 @90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg0 n7 K: ?1 e# z' ]
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
- Z7 ^" Y% d8 @( d5 ]+ l$ a9 `- gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
  W: a9 ?9 E+ d4 p# vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.1 `8 f% G( Q& q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for" k7 e; r" ?/ W( L
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# J( h3 s% I% c' r
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 ^$ ~* G9 g8 [. y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 ]7 o/ G/ a" S( Y3 I( H540- T. }) k7 r. J" p& `2 q$ m4 Q$ J
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" T4 V0 y8 i  jthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% X  U9 t: o% [
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.! h; Q. j# P. d5 |3 n
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 \1 q3 M0 t) y. v( y
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
' o) V3 K( M2 n0 V# P4 l* ^abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.2 X6 u: ~! u1 g0 R4 S
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
7 k* W4 M" p  U, y: a7 vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
6 T' }3 W$ Y1 n( C5 q& b2 g: a! L* F1 Hof papilledema.
$ V4 U2 P4 S# ]6 T/ eLaboratory Evaluation4 U0 M$ h( k4 L6 s- l1 M* U
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ A# B9 ]: i7 g
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ |2 {* [  W, |logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal4 p9 M5 r( x# \( U$ A' H% N
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" Z7 P& n9 |( }
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' Q1 y1 F2 g6 T) r) _lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).) X% u; }0 A/ D  b) ~1 k3 ~
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood& J5 C# K4 s1 F6 `0 h
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* }5 F7 k3 \" e6 B- X  C- j7 r, |
within normal range for his age. The concentration4 {9 `* d* K* |6 [
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL! F7 k; _" t' Q/ z7 m) b% `. W
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
" I( U& K4 ~  `9 b8 d5 G5 tng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
  l+ Q  H& {7 p3 W, j; D& m& pterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
* O+ o2 m; J- i( G2 \- C3 ~! ]9 k' bdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
$ ~, @. h8 H: v- E% o- x49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
6 g& D8 ^8 r" _+ A" ?was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-2 ?7 D- z4 o, _1 r! ~8 K
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( M) ?1 K4 s  N+ j' X! ftestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- V! w% D7 E; O# R& h/ uand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
8 O5 J$ m6 f* K3 n5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
- [( ~* n1 l6 D+ [! }0 c2 |stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone# m, C: U, }; ]1 v4 y
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
9 X( C# {1 Y5 d/ X; ?2 W(prepubertal).
- t* [" d3 J$ D+ jThe parents were notified about the laboratory4 \7 `' Q2 @; s  P: V  w! H8 R
results and were informed that all of the tests were9 t$ I( ^0 y8 B  d% z5 t  r
normal except the testosterone level was high. The  n; D! L' ~; l: j
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' \; r& n5 _  Y& C0 Gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" U, t+ W# l$ c( Jever, the family did not return for 4 months.
2 k$ \2 J5 T$ P6 [+ ?Physical examination at this time revealed that the
0 N; w/ h: W1 ?child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 F! _& m9 R' @* ]$ @3 p
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ @% Y" i" s0 [# wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ B9 \8 T+ R7 V) }, w! h
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
% l+ r( T5 `( }7 E6 mthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 24 g, t1 H8 O% Y3 R, r
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# R4 O' J3 u, r" ?8 }3 d
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-2 d. I: @( ?5 [/ b# G; x
ing frequent erections.) ^: j( o  E: b9 _7 d: [+ U# o9 s7 S: o5 q
Both parents were again questioned about use of; v* g$ @$ e6 o; a
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to5 \, E, q% N( Q% ?
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the% b, B2 ^5 D6 o/ h6 l: n
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# S+ a5 O0 U; G) h6 wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& f  `( a8 L5 H' z# cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for; |; V( }) D) ?. q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) J; K# @; q. l$ ]+ R
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 P) Z; ?% `9 Y- Wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 O; H3 i* S: k/ X9 \' R/ P/ ~  _; O; Z2 x
secondary to depression.
2 B0 h. B4 K1 H& }% w1 U6 ]% C$ `( iThe child slept in the same bed with parents.0 G( n& z* Y- t0 D+ D6 G; M6 m3 w
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his- g( S, D6 q+ `  ]" l
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
- D; R1 D- O+ R' K% q+ \nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 R# @+ }0 C- J, o7 |The father also admitted that after the phone call,
- u1 ~+ e1 g, @( u6 D7 r5 P  uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby7 n- }! J. `8 n5 x- {
was high, he then read the product information
" |( H7 d! z# \packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
3 C) b3 c6 v1 y+ D, ^son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) ^! _8 J' `0 v% f/ s
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
( D, \3 e* A( W2 x; `. x( Afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! X* c1 y% x/ Qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone$ N2 J3 J" E4 E) i" T9 _2 h) {
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the0 v3 k* w, Y$ b
laboratory to obtain the test.' w+ m  y5 U, S& h% O
Discussion
0 [7 J" M! Q9 H# D  XPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary4 L( a. G( p7 L5 ?2 [1 l6 ^( Z6 K
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4* e3 R5 [- I! O2 r7 `
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# D6 y9 A8 t% v0 k, X
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
/ \# p: R. T$ u3 x& ~( Xthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 Q% j- f" Q* \! I1 V
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% G+ V1 M; i* w8 dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
; d- w, e5 e9 E0 n3 o# e0 eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 l0 U$ W3 y' W& V" U# Eamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-) x. h0 p2 B& h
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 D7 M! {7 U4 V7 E6 _
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 Z( |" [* a# d& C+ ]
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# `! e2 ^: g$ i) }5 |, Orical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, f' R  ?  U3 K1 P* M2 r- M
gonadotropins.1,3
* ]% T' @( ?: A4 _Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
6 J. M* s* u: ?- K$ {# u9 h! U# ]cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate5 }& W8 V; G# u$ P& W; k* ]
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 W  F# }5 B, L1 E0 j. A
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-# B- N. `. Q8 [/ v( B
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 s0 e; J: {- D: \
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
$ B; h/ U- W% G+ {adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: Y% `+ l# K) H0 U% ~puberty in boys.3,4
- u  R# O+ T' P- P( t% U" kThe most common form of congenital adrenal
% j1 J2 o+ ^+ |& s; K7 H) Ihyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 U8 m9 T5 F9 u' b7 a
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ b7 s+ I' \% y" v* Mexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,' c. n' p  a* d2 v& Z
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen" P% ?! T$ A( p( {
excess.1,3
7 L9 {+ E, ^2 O: rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) N: q$ C9 R0 C% z1 d+ p2 v542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007) `' F  z( M0 w3 I' @3 z# c
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
5 e; _% C% i# b3 M/ windependent precocious puberty, which is also known+ J6 e% G  q0 d5 ]
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. t& K- i2 V) J! j# Hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys0 T  a  G: F9 u- m* `/ E
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
* O% ~; M/ e" _0 @! V, Bincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys4 ^2 j" ~# J" m/ d" }
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! B  g' q4 K, I, y2 |
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 d7 ~4 R# [9 n4 e+ {pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 p$ O( w& F9 m2 Y
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
5 J# \% Q, u# m' i3 r/ }, m! Fautosomal dominant disorder that affects only0 c+ m: b9 I" v& G/ F
males; therefore, other male members of the family
3 g1 E/ H; O  a- u2 a9 z: S/ [may have similar precocious puberty.3
4 }, J: w9 a# d  JIn our patient, physical examination was incon-" Y& w- `4 ~; J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
) Z+ l# W+ M" u& B% ?! Ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
$ |$ b' v) R5 _! w- O+ a! Gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father7 @0 }4 M% j$ e7 |; ]+ E
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, n3 s5 X3 W& n' R% g  Z5 Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the8 y+ e3 K) S" v% i9 I
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-3 b& d* K/ y( @+ H
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
, b) n2 V) u8 U  \- _7 u. zbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,: q3 V' b  `6 t/ j
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* }6 g3 ?  s7 G" `) R
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-( a( N; s: o( o
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids./ G+ l6 p: N/ G- ^9 a
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
9 U8 `6 q* U# l; v7 Ususpected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& ?0 @% H' O9 G& u2 m( W7 t; gthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 d+ m0 S2 e* }' \! ?pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
& S5 P* l* m/ t- J  ]; D. V/ H" adecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
) _6 [/ h9 A8 r* ?) h% Fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 h. j6 g8 d1 _2 U9 n
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’, l0 A$ B3 j+ k/ k
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" \- G" {/ T0 O. p. \cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 x7 h) I5 ]6 _8 @# gunprotected females through direct skin exposure.* H/ y. B% Y$ @! r8 N% g7 [0 ^& ^8 @
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ f) P$ D0 t9 k
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 ?+ f0 U# t( ~, q# D9 n" ]& keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 E3 a( F% Q! xpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-6 C5 C+ d% S0 \+ ?0 _+ Y. ]- x0 P9 x
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 C* p, E; \/ U* n- {' wOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 v4 y7 u" @% g8 s. t8 ^/ Ewhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that& n& a' D$ o* c6 p
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-4 s3 \( b) [  F9 k
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" }" Z- Y' D& p9 P0 {# h
active in young children exposed to testosterone
: h5 h7 |7 C8 c; Cexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
( Q% D% T8 ]* Vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
4 `) m1 K+ a6 j+ E: t! C' W$ q: T- lvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
* i8 Z* X6 o1 J$ Bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 l( X* U3 J1 a, xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
- x. K5 ~4 k( m2 ~$ L. ]2 K4 DThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 x: W% o" Y) D1 ?) {" {' tearly childhood on pubertal development and final( u- c* g0 x. m7 Q, f1 R
adult height are not fully known and always remain; i; A2 d1 W$ I, b
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 E9 C9 t/ [( qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some: t6 z* b1 C) N# P, }7 s
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! g; Z6 D; j6 j: S8 J  Ocessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation9 e0 U( ]$ s, ]
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
* t8 m' i5 e. n8 I$ C* [" iThere are conflicting reports and controversy; Q3 z2 [0 r! D  r* U6 G# m
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( Q; T. o1 e6 P+ |. W7 wpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
- O; ]+ Y* H6 _5 V; t( s8 b7 tadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
$ H5 d& \4 t& c. A6 j5 Tulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
: r- @4 _2 I1 B* \0 ySutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
2 }7 q/ {2 j) i9 H  ]childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult3 `$ m3 |: E. p" S$ l4 I
penile length in clinical studies.
' c) `- h9 m7 Z6 @9 ZNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is5 x0 A5 c- S8 U2 F
going to experience any of the untoward effects from9 |3 L5 V% R5 K
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# U' o! g2 _- F1 T. ithe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
  m0 }; F- w- b+ i" K- W; YAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 b, c( p4 ?- L: z2 ^diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at# y+ Z2 i( x* K) z* F* q" _
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% t5 y  ]2 F2 h7 R5 t- g
height will not be affected." \0 S3 |$ d7 t: V  q) w. v4 N$ x; u
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
* z8 ~8 L8 m0 Y* A' q  L1 tability of androgen products in our society may
( ^4 i! e, D/ k( F- Sindeed cause more virilization in male or female; e6 M3 U/ }9 |4 b% u: A+ t
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-( }! [& C3 s( s2 k
gen products must be considered and specific ques-9 p2 X* N) S8 t% _. [* j4 W
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ `" j: T  J( `: Z. f0 p! U4 \
gel should be asked of the family members during7 ^3 X! w0 ]1 [9 c1 T* k) \
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-* f3 J% L5 g) z$ N
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-5 O; L! H( \* K6 t" d  |
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ D3 h7 p% b: W; }; m. p
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ z) v4 w; |, |6 D
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# o$ Y% d  ]- a5 c$ Nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive8 Q7 D+ V% B3 K& R5 W7 \! I
investigation. The primary care physician should be
( ]( g' A% ^5 P1 B; ~aware of this fact, because most of these children
( v" H- l2 ?  x( o3 m4 N) Tmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ D! X9 E# J, I9 gDesk Reference and package insert should also put a! E: R3 O' J3 M) x  ~, x3 V0 t
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or5 M* O8 U! z4 d$ S% E: R" ?( ?* b
female child who might come in contact with some-& I/ T! }1 T) k; _  S4 {) w: D
one using any of these products.! J3 Y4 a7 `% V; p1 W5 s
References
8 x! J! A' _1 _1 Y; I8 C1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation- H! O" w* G) u" ]
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( _* N6 T6 |3 [- n! |, _: ~
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;, x+ H$ _/ K; p- C3 f6 e2 i) o1 ^
2002: 565-628.) D0 e; s) U" f2 Z
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious. ]* d/ `; a( d- n! m
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
  }3 j0 V1 D$ K0 _1 j
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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