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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old0 T+ O2 m1 ~" G2 c+ R2 L
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 k# A+ R  U' S/ LExposure to Testosterone+ V. T- O, n: E" Z' o( E
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,28 B. p' k  X+ t( k9 Q- v  [
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 O# F0 a  w2 f2 G( X
Clinical Pediatrics
( m- n; u, D- s+ `Volume 46 Number 6
9 `/ |; f4 \- Q( p. l- D( }July 2007 540-543/ J! @1 R. y; L8 K
© 2007 Sage Publications
; s/ s# w8 n8 ?) r+ X10.1177/00099228062966510 O2 B5 W2 T5 u) t2 F) ]
http://clp.sagepub.com
$ H  B: M9 L1 r- K; G7 V2 Whosted at
( t# Q: P" w5 R7 D0 r- ghttp://online.sagepub.com6 H* V8 y+ U7 @# o) D  ~* [
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 {: k" p) S, ]7 a% G
is a significant concern for physicians. Central, \0 \, Q+ k- y
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% I# s$ V8 ?1 P* B9 \5 Q0 a/ `
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has% N& x- [. Q  s- Y. M
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system; o% M: V" k1 y9 H
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
) Z* o" r% i) f$ ~. o7 }; V/ gby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic! ^& z, U1 O9 ?1 n
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-7 o) h- N' H  }' @
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
; F8 C6 o2 L, h2 p' treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the, K  @3 v1 F3 {4 p0 P( H' `
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-" a7 F, |+ G% u& L3 q7 M
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due7 S; t5 N$ j5 I+ L' p, v
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
& s/ g& ^( L$ D" kthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ h4 D; ?4 T! s, omation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# f2 I. H: p5 V4 [8 ^, O
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 ~5 i; A2 X7 q; f5 htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
$ G" H# s3 e  v, f  [' }( Fbly more common than the rare case report in the" K0 Y' \* F7 a9 h( ]% L
literature.4
9 ~( u7 a; z' R& H$ B4 pPatient Report, Y3 ?; g9 J6 Z7 ^/ B. `
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
. T8 C& o, H" K' c8 Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
4 ?9 L' `$ [( d2 g; a% T$ G7 Bof early sexual development. His mother noticed4 L5 G- P" N% ~8 O4 R) ~- D! Y# O
light colored pubic hair development when he was+ S. I' k# T5 R/ }. h% f8 D+ C  y5 k
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of0 s, G; |# \. Y
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" Z7 t# D8 K$ J% v# ?. LAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,2 n8 i6 i1 H; G$ p& t3 `* {
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 Q+ k$ N! Y% w( `; D) s2 p6 UMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;$ n0 J6 l$ c* y' l& _
e-mail: [email protected].6 U! A8 Q" a% u/ l
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became  n! J. y  O8 T
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-+ Z9 ^1 m/ u& ^
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
) }  |0 O5 n# C6 U& B! rwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with1 p& _& s6 ?/ _' \: b( {, s6 u
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
$ X: Y: ~* M) H% ?( ~20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 d) B& K; v' a2 g5 B+ n
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with! p5 T7 k( j- Z) g( s9 H6 o
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,3 _2 Z* i2 f8 D6 O9 k1 G# F
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
& P; u, q9 A5 j! k0 w& \was age appropriate.
+ m4 b- E! {2 g& xThe family history was remarkable for the father,
9 Y& g, u3 K7 Y. q$ fwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 C1 E: M* |7 w$ Z* U3 J" O2 K
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 C7 I' a) ~- wheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat) \. z2 G: J* f9 V) Q8 V, G$ t, R$ c
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.$ Z/ U& f! h; v7 {. x
The father denied taking any other medication. The' _. H' D3 ~* p# F
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- Y4 X4 X1 D2 N+ [8 vwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
# u. |9 B" X2 i! `; u- x+ A5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% c1 n3 h5 E  T4 u  X$ A
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' H" {) U: ~5 r3 V' _& x# o
tives. There were no siblings.- K- w2 j& N8 Y  l, X1 L
Physical Examination( ~) f+ J3 d7 T, K
The physical examination revealed a very active,
( ]! @. k; e2 M: [# uplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented3 x. I1 \% r3 U% B, h6 w6 o
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
/ r" V+ u5 _9 W90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
% Z$ a( [5 a. p2 o/ d0 c(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 W# b' f8 R+ Y) |
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* B. }4 v  ~- x# c% f5 xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ ^. L: R. _+ dThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for2 p2 o  U6 ^' X  m* H( X5 ?0 i
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 |7 a" G; ?0 C* r
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
) X( F& R$ |- Udeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 E9 m0 Y* [$ c7 B540
' S; k7 T' [# F! q/ Bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: R8 @+ F6 t6 G8 f% q' sthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The  q5 s7 x, }# M: E0 U& n5 y  W
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& \+ x2 H' A2 n9 T1 X" ]+ m, n
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat" v9 w+ \; [# t2 P' G0 q& Y; d
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# f  l: ^; b0 ]9 w* Y% D* _
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
5 G: K% r. v+ Q) c5 JNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
7 S3 U# k, p7 [2 `bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( O1 U$ ]0 P5 Kof papilledema.; P7 o: B; {# D6 D
Laboratory Evaluation
" F" ~8 n3 h8 J7 zThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by! J8 ]) X0 ]7 S
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' y6 o2 V4 N0 u5 n* Ologic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
9 `! Z5 E* p9 X4 ?' m* bkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test! q9 M0 f7 [- Y: W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
& u  v% K5 L9 ~$ F8 Mlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' l/ k" a0 g0 }The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 E2 F: ]  v3 h) \
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
6 F1 k& F& b$ p: uwithin normal range for his age. The concentration9 F6 u! F9 E1 k# \: @
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
8 |- Q4 c1 {  o# T5 b! q0 Y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* Z: F0 t* B2 N* {8 Q2 b
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 {9 C. V6 P) A+ s/ |! J, i1 Nterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
+ Z4 g5 ]4 G& ]1 A9 X8 B0 rdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to! s2 t. z; e, K' u
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
0 j2 L9 E$ T) {! G5 U! f3 ^+ awas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( v8 W  y. u. P' s- n! X3 n( @
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 n, x  {" {0 U# O2 C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
6 B, s. G) [# O6 E1 P8 X6 t7 aand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than/ j- D6 M; s* @
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
8 B+ E2 m5 M) T/ V' B& xstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; y# z# Z/ `! hconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL3 ~+ h; ~$ V" @9 g+ z# F  e5 ~5 V
(prepubertal).$ t* G& b, }9 h6 j, k) s! f3 e/ z! q
The parents were notified about the laboratory
; O: d; m7 X" \! T( C1 Eresults and were informed that all of the tests were0 D; d# f3 j. p, U
normal except the testosterone level was high. The; E  `2 z: O2 f* ~- t
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to5 [+ f" R: s/ V  Q4 N2 l: F
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
* ~# x3 e1 E, r9 j7 }" qever, the family did not return for 4 months.
7 K% h( ]) }2 h% R# u: uPhysical examination at this time revealed that the+ ~- ?0 [% [; d9 [- u$ h1 s
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ m$ g$ i# [6 Y( B2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained* w: V. h6 w% h0 n6 q+ t/ l
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ E0 E# t+ R; P+ B* J0 b
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, v# P& \& c# Y% I1 bthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2" ]! B& E, U5 g! @
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- V* {8 Z. b/ z' `
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( W2 ~7 g$ L; k, O& o
ing frequent erections.& y# M  [5 F  |3 W. Y# c. e
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ [; E/ K8 O$ N$ c6 t0 d% F7 s' z
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
; S/ h9 k# I. r, U* o' I3 S1 ]the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 c3 {- A: P8 v, F$ }/ z
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. X0 S3 X3 O, Q9 v
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-2 m) n2 ]  E6 _& \: p$ G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 [, n6 U5 p7 c) T- j
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* F; c0 E( }5 i0 F$ L; Gto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
0 C0 t5 s' Z; D& [/ Mscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
, Z* D% O; c, q; [secondary to depression.
$ X% k3 n7 z1 f- f! u1 c4 x7 qThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 S' e' o/ ~; [1 N
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his8 i/ `/ b" h' ?
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-! i+ K, B6 G8 B! K+ `+ b; B
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.$ E8 z) j" x5 s$ d: N' l
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 C- d* q8 K3 @. M! h6 V! i3 Iwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
  V: k  T- a4 t1 @8 x& }was high, he then read the product information
9 C# `* i7 X; d  w/ g4 npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
) ]* Q4 O( [( m" Json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
: P' J0 ~9 B# e) V5 Adecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 F# I' G; U% r
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
. w) ]5 i8 W% ~1 T3 |* Q4 X5 \' {been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
! n! \( q' \9 stest was ordered, but the family did not go to the! W: s3 k$ \3 V! x
laboratory to obtain the test." {( x; s! [( I- t
Discussion
' v$ `8 d: X  {8 j* Y6 Z8 dPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) `7 H1 d3 j/ j: ?4 v1 lsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
/ P6 l) d8 f. D) MPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
1 S* L- E8 n' Y. w; Lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ a, }' P0 R  xthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
5 E$ \( B. }+ |$ O7 ~/ kmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP0 l) s! @2 O7 ^4 |6 @$ B" O
may have a central nervous system lesion that is) m7 Q+ S! a( a( k/ j1 T
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-& |4 ]+ k# F. [+ t. o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-) y8 F& h7 |9 m. ^9 c5 x) d
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- g/ P  {# G5 ~7 Vboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& g' W' _' ]$ v# J* ~
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. v- x* V% n& k& t3 \! w( V1 }& T
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 h: k& a) N* K" A5 F; {& D. m
gonadotropins.1,33 S% }  e* W2 |" z! O5 F# T+ U
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
) r: F7 I+ ^6 a' C5 Z; u/ N# F. [0 ucious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: o' t5 D; B( D- l  ~8 Candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 k( U3 b; n: m8 O
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-! ~6 k% A5 D/ J7 n* l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 F' w, a. Y. x5 t7 n
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
! O& }# Q1 w% |adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
, t: q9 n5 e# l( o3 Z- xpuberty in boys.3,4
8 `- H* ^. h4 u5 Y; kThe most common form of congenital adrenal
" D) w7 p. }$ I$ d2 ]( q) Z4 Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 k" h& [, ^. O) q' J1 `3 S, XThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 B8 |* \8 f3 O+ U" m# B# l
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" [4 X( O! ?1 [+ p+ g9 yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
6 L0 L1 a+ Q8 L1 g2 Oexcess.1,3% u( F, S1 `  S
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 j% B3 u' a  `' R
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20079 s8 v! O/ P! ]* {. h
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ A, D. N  z9 @- N2 O$ S' T
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 [1 \9 P+ ]; D* k$ x5 w) f5 a" I# Mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! O$ b/ ]  k  V. dvery young age. The physical findings in these boys; ]" z; ^9 y4 _. k6 o" S, d
with this disorder are full pubertal development,1 ~$ v- `8 U5 J2 L6 ~
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
! @  R) X5 w) Ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ H  s/ T) O7 k0 A: d6 M% \% Ware suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
5 x5 f7 _* W: e; \8 m9 p! jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 ~4 c, J+ Q, h0 b) o) Q  i( [releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ o1 D7 v* F6 M+ l/ }4 b' Eautosomal dominant disorder that affects only3 X0 g' y# |! _" ^. B. _
males; therefore, other male members of the family
+ o# Z- l# R# vmay have similar precocious puberty.33 A3 H# c0 I) L; X! c
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
1 U& `# z( b& v4 R4 U! n8 d3 l* Usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 F- ]1 @$ E& ?9 [/ M! Icles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 C* E4 a! i7 A" A; t  D, P
was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 M) w' X( S- p6 m) _
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,5 v/ w: s1 e8 I/ r: A9 M
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
" |. T3 v3 Y5 Q4 F' }beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! g+ W% R: K4 h- c2 c+ X# T) E1 h
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our, s) I2 v7 L4 q; K
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
  ?2 L1 |( g' I. H+ f: ^& keither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& N8 x5 O3 n# fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
& O1 y, `  a. ]1 ~ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.! N7 V9 ~# W# H
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly; D8 K  [- A* c0 {4 `" w; k
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
8 J4 _$ I5 g* f) B: F7 Xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" [+ b% C4 B7 K/ ]+ |+ A) F8 ipearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! ^- v' U  M: }* n& v# f3 |1 ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-" O1 u5 }, z4 w# o5 A
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
  ^4 ^3 w( c+ a! m5 h5 husing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
8 `. i3 ?5 F1 b6 YDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
3 W+ S5 A/ P% k* d2 q9 Mcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
( ?) F2 k0 N3 T) P& n% |; {unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) ]+ O- F1 [; XSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
: P$ v! ^% Y3 }, }6 }baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 u# P+ A) ]- T+ g" `. b# }even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
! n% \3 w/ V1 r/ h% |2 w+ z2 Ypartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-; O) D7 ^$ W% B, u- o* I
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 I- |% P9 D* ?3 }1 K- z) c
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,% A0 r8 ~9 n6 X8 G
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: |" ~# X( I2 z6 R" C! {
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
& X+ P5 F* u- \terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more  X& H  {$ v% ?
active in young children exposed to testosterone
# B$ T8 D/ X* y/ W& {exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 ]6 ~: G  _* A4 H3 }
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
# ?1 e" ^* t/ K! Svirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ f& }9 b# U- `( m" v  C: w
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
; j2 e3 f+ Z! I( f9 l1 T! madvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 {6 p  {- f0 \9 L
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during& p, ^9 v; u2 `  N4 s
early childhood on pubertal development and final
1 z7 ^7 O0 b+ n' O2 \, Jadult height are not fully known and always remain: q, N7 G# q0 N2 B" w
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-8 X) b3 F  I5 A( n. |3 W
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 l: @1 [" g, O2 W
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; H+ d: q; f% k4 E2 P5 v6 n. v! Tcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
+ C. r8 F& `, }decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
4 J5 l6 }1 I1 o$ A* Q# L0 {8 c6 S' eThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ b0 \$ l. @' s2 Z, {over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
6 e$ D. A1 ?9 gpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% P; X- u( G+ X. e+ r% F
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-( ?$ c+ u  ^5 e. Y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
7 e3 T0 t5 j& _: N% d6 R+ A' }% jSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between) ?% x. \. S4 T$ T& f. }5 c
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult) x! |5 c: o4 E% D! S1 E; ~; q5 Y0 V
penile length in clinical studies.$ ]: q9 h* V: t- A' Q/ m0 `
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
% C# d6 k- D3 r& ^; {/ N3 T. Rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
1 b# R* D* W; Y: T& ?2 Ctestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because  \0 T) m& L/ |
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.' P) X" K0 [5 H/ c
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of+ I0 H/ ~. j0 o1 H/ ]
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 ]( H6 f6 K. Q* N. h3 e
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult8 u8 A* d; h; b* G) Z# h
height will not be affected.$ W/ i2 y2 a* Y. k
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! A6 w. B3 [3 u3 I; c2 ?: sability of androgen products in our society may
! [; i8 v7 Y& g6 mindeed cause more virilization in male or female
- n) L+ e; X/ o) Cchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-! ?7 t, n5 Q' O% b! \
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 e6 m; M: E1 {+ H+ h" utioning about the use of a testosterone product or* p5 q5 s  u& ?
gel should be asked of the family members during3 z7 ]+ p" d, s; c, ]+ d' k
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-' p: x( k9 f7 ^; [- v
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-# ^, E) m) a  Y: L$ y! A: Y# J. U2 v
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; t$ C6 a0 n( {* }+ Mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
# m. Y% A- L1 F5 U; ]7 s- vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
  j6 N; ~( U! t, H- G$ Iresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive% k! T$ u5 i; c# h& K2 Z$ X$ j: k  I
investigation. The primary care physician should be
1 k) I% D: B6 K9 s5 ~) {aware of this fact, because most of these children
" i1 k  U. G. P3 ^/ f8 B) @may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ H0 S/ Y) N. h- W7 m
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a$ G8 [8 q6 k9 y1 s" [# p+ _5 F) r
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or% Z  Z( f! w+ s! N
female child who might come in contact with some-7 e1 Z% a6 r% z, J1 y
one using any of these products.
( o; T! y  ?4 T, _2 A: w# ?References
( X/ W* L& ]5 b- S2 Y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
, t" P/ ?: Y6 v) M( hand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric4 U* M, }1 x" V/ D' j& k
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
0 p% O) x" y3 o2002: 565-628.
) ?# _. b5 A- q3 d$ s1 ?! Y0 H2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
+ z' d) ^+ x, p$ H& vpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# L) u! M: ^) i* Y& I5 T; k
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical/ G: k1 C, s# [& d$ c# D; A
Exposure to Testosterone$ J: Z/ w3 x3 U6 R9 H
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: m  L  A1 e+ P" h2 vand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 j3 p; E* m+ f, S/ a' W+ x1 g
Clinical Pediatrics
: c  P4 L5 a& ]( x6 S. k) |. C* hVolume 46 Number 6
0 u/ n. x! q  M9 g, mJuly 2007 540-543. F  Y% X) ~7 t4 Q+ ]
© 2007 Sage Publications
2 C5 r6 `) e- X. x6 P4 `10.1177/00099228062966517 ?# P, H% y3 x5 g
http://clp.sagepub.com
/ n2 P' i% Q" z/ E! R0 f/ l/ S" {hosted at* w4 {1 _  `- ?+ c7 n2 r; Z
http://online.sagepub.com4 Y9 h5 ]9 @# O+ Q2 p' b6 a9 `# H* V
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,. F0 g- c, w6 B  m4 d& y
is a significant concern for physicians. Central4 G! U( g! V! `$ C6 K6 k( k: s# g
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
# |# T5 Q- k3 Wthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
/ k/ h- m- y; O$ q- C( {$ Ja higher incidence of organic central nervous system- ?2 z6 c0 W5 L' b) B  _
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested' W- @& R5 n3 |* P* M
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
$ R2 G4 B0 ?5 ]; t  ~hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. T/ g$ r7 {4 Wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ S4 y0 Q- Z$ H# o/ Mreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" |0 X' b2 p  Eenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, X$ C! M$ B0 b/ c" V: ]- w! ]ment without testicular enlargement, which was due' u; I9 \$ P4 B" Z2 c
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
. ^/ {( i; k" a) E% Ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-1 F5 i' F1 S5 U) H) p7 Z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
1 N3 ]& w+ {0 h2 |) Ichild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
% F) t7 {8 S5 K, F; o3 w7 Ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 q3 T% e+ [5 p8 n* @; a
bly more common than the rare case report in the
1 G0 x* p& `0 A6 n' n( pliterature.4
. D. {) l& N) Q1 [Patient Report1 i8 r. R" e# X  T; z: M
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 S! L+ c) }* t" W5 T- @' I
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern+ y7 A: g" Y$ E) e! ?0 x
of early sexual development. His mother noticed. m& k9 M" t3 v
light colored pubic hair development when he was7 T& j. E7 g. T7 X
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 B9 C8 f: B* B( Q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ L  b$ Y7 X! b- j" B/ D  c
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
1 b5 k5 M$ E$ J9 a" b5 AProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 c3 k3 ~9 `; h+ M
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: M: ]7 ]$ q; M, P8 C2 J2 z( W
e-mail: [email protected].
/ J6 N: n$ v% {# nabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became  J3 v" [7 Y3 ?3 H2 c
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
5 J. e/ t1 L5 Mment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( \1 ]" o* G( C& ]% Y! F. `was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- b1 Y+ g  {5 O7 ^# M% [# w3 va birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& K$ k  ]9 l, U; J' H  N20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 R* c* p8 C& a' d7 k) `of life and was still receiving breast milk along with5 T+ @5 U: q% \: G" T, m+ {7 ^4 l
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
( c+ L9 E3 J) d; C1 y- Zand his psychosocial and psychomotor development: i% G2 l3 e! P- N: O6 s( x
was age appropriate.0 v" j& G/ U- N  V3 [5 m$ ~/ T
The family history was remarkable for the father,5 ?8 m6 @' Q! y) \. ?
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; k7 T2 W" j8 o0 d- {1 P  K% Twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
! J$ O8 g% A) U4 Y! _. Uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
- z% \: F: r/ s% u/ gearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
& c; j% i0 m$ I. Q0 [The father denied taking any other medication. The, c; N9 |! Z  v' c- K# b9 l
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
3 p* d$ t/ l% p4 U- ywas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
4 q4 o0 f8 w2 y4 S/ W5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-7 K- k: P8 y0 U- K) G6 F
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-  x! Q- V2 s1 s% Y  |
tives. There were no siblings.3 C; E# b8 h0 i6 a0 ]. B2 J
Physical Examination
& X; g$ _+ O" DThe physical examination revealed a very active,1 w& t1 O+ Z# {- z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented# R8 Z0 H) m9 K! R- k
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
1 I$ ^$ ^+ M7 s' \& L90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
* _! f! v- L/ X% B& |1 \. u(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth- J  q7 w( f% F  |1 Z/ t$ {/ ~
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
9 B. `  X7 Y0 S' I3 Bthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 D2 U/ X. a$ |. e7 T
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 P5 U- Q( V& i/ Genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of( h8 X4 ]5 P) p
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well% J7 m+ Y4 Y$ N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 {" x( e$ u( h& h- J( P7 }6 y9 y
540# L3 s. u- o: \3 M: I
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& P5 [) {$ A. u1 I& ?
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
- ~" d% t' H; w/ E: Q. xtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.! C; T9 }* I: S  E' t! g
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
5 Y! L, F, G- H1 a- X1 H% o# P# k$ ?oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
9 ^! L  e* {7 W8 W7 I% nabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 }1 W2 c/ D2 K! F4 J
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+* q  a  J3 E, i  k, h
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion+ x6 l0 T0 e6 k, h  u5 t1 _8 P
of papilledema.
; a$ u% `$ k7 C$ u# [Laboratory Evaluation; m/ D% x. F# {# R/ U& I
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by  A; f$ Q2 K1 F1 ]4 S$ e& Q3 Q+ I
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
: \! C3 t% O+ `/ x" glogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal  f, M5 q7 D8 D- k+ N" m
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 s& C* J% o/ r/ q5 W: [8 H. fshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' x' g& P, K/ V7 h+ e7 ^( c( xlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( H2 z3 {, N0 D0 d6 ?( u9 P
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
# R: X4 j$ E# I# k! B9 Yurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were  Y6 J. C( i" _5 a- \( e
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 \5 _8 B$ L4 z" b3 q: V: v# m1 m5 Z
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL  t/ ?- `4 }# D+ s; v
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20& [6 e% p8 o# F
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
7 o* k5 W; j4 I0 Uterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) C/ E/ g3 Q3 g) Hdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
! ^9 K3 M1 j6 Y0 @; I! U49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# v. t. P, e9 g3 z
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: q! e1 z: b, L6 \
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 V; Z; \  B4 A
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
' T# N# l' C/ Y4 u+ ^5 h0 Cand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 h$ H9 w& n4 W5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
; d; ^8 w0 N0 M3 [& W  M  d# tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
8 @, e% k6 @6 x1 I$ Econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
7 U0 f0 G. J; Z2 O$ Z7 j2 e4 h(prepubertal).
* V% l9 ~7 z4 D3 _' FThe parents were notified about the laboratory4 |) N+ F) K& ~( y) I( ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were
% n. y; G$ p9 l6 Z. N! I8 tnormal except the testosterone level was high. The. g; J9 E9 b, A. c1 r6 X' I- }! X- h
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
6 x' }7 r3 C8 ?+ c1 Y+ Kobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( F/ D  I, [4 b5 E6 F3 V  N+ ^) ^* B* sever, the family did not return for 4 months.
1 {! Q) p# s7 `/ v3 y1 UPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
4 z- q, G5 h. o7 K/ s1 U4 ^child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 h+ w5 E1 B4 v2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained8 r7 w/ @% B- J; R! V' r$ S% _
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
& z; o" R# F. a* I' epletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
+ q" Z7 m0 t3 e! W4 c. E4 l; hthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2" Z( N4 f0 Z. r8 ]4 J
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' v  K# m0 [! P9 H% q: j4 S
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-+ O+ C8 M( F: q' p" G$ t8 a
ing frequent erections.  o( O/ k$ k* n
Both parents were again questioned about use of
: {% R3 [# U$ `$ j# L2 eany ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ d# @1 E% u3 `6 [
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the: U. \! Z( u( L2 F
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 r) X, l5 d0 V6 x( Muse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
5 C! a! d+ t1 S) j4 N1 S& Qing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( |5 [7 ]3 K/ s4 V* R0 a) ?# e! T
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) v$ h$ h! [/ ?. P
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
% H5 H% [' S, o* P  `6 Wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
. H. @" E& M7 ]2 F3 o7 \secondary to depression.5 u4 p8 V5 q3 ]/ U/ [4 e3 r' F
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ j+ j: G7 g8 H! {* s; KThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his6 E. B( Y- w8 V& g( j
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
  }5 U3 k/ J9 \& c  fnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 Y. k2 N2 g8 ^+ K# K+ y+ gThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
+ E+ p5 I4 B3 n8 g1 @) jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
: Z" D, Q. [$ ^) q9 Ywas high, he then read the product information
( W" L4 r- {* }9 ?packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 m5 z* A1 C( _6 f9 X' uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, A7 j& @- H  ^% fdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 i. @: J2 C" k( j, F) R
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
. q, ~3 o" n$ e. J: Y4 Ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 P( ^# }( O" k! k& q4 z* R8 v& gtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
' [: M/ E; a0 u& L  z& Flaboratory to obtain the test.) J1 [- |% n3 p/ Y/ z' @
Discussion
2 ~0 E# q' e7 ]! GPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary$ D% `7 |7 A- w3 e8 v
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
/ D- V# ^% c6 d& S) S' zPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 Z7 ]* _  [2 p8 Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
, C7 v3 F( _# L( Ethalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
9 v* f* a: p! h) t8 k( z( K' L/ ^) tmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP9 q: J% d8 I: T, ?( h3 g0 C7 c( h/ C
may have a central nervous system lesion that is4 A* ~; a& v" S1 q/ x
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 E- X3 }' W3 E) K" P' x1 l$ R7 Namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# M$ `9 r) r) z5 W+ G
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in1 S6 D! z+ i7 L7 o! {
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
: Z* h; R8 J1 N( }; z, eization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. [- X& T1 Y' d. b& i1 N# p& r, J
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by0 \5 s' X. a' k& W" c
gonadotropins.1,3& E6 e; a6 K$ w  q* Z
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
+ s" I& Z3 z2 t# M. _4 wcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ [% k& V9 D$ u6 x7 z% p# [' i
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
: M1 ?8 p$ i, G2 L& w4 Dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 p: a4 D9 k  e) o! |. y6 E3 eulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
6 o. p3 K$ v2 ~9 g, [congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 n" X& r" M6 X4 ^6 Oadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" |4 @* G- W5 cpuberty in boys.3,4$ W8 {6 v% y( @  ]8 M* ~% U
The most common form of congenital adrenal
% b7 W. x/ M9 H( A' \hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 }% f4 y/ D' B# p6 x8 h
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# X. L( k% z+ G- ]1 t( w
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
5 m0 o+ L1 u- I, van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! h  _; b- K8 ?2 @
excess.1,3
* Q- X# C3 p, U3 A( }at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 I/ g5 l' z1 T: a' D# E2 b3 \$ Q9 E+ S0 Y+ S
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 L  D; d1 w* X9 |: m! r/ SA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 |# h0 _0 {. F" `3 C7 P3 H! y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
, h# ~1 [6 `# }' c  h% I3 cas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
9 I$ F+ M9 @  w- X+ h- Xvery young age. The physical findings in these boys. H! ^5 G1 [4 X5 D; r
with this disorder are full pubertal development,1 r" {$ t/ ^8 S6 |/ Y; X# h0 J
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. R9 n3 h% i7 H# |
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder, d6 ]. U# [: B% L  e% y0 d, w
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show2 O* T3 x7 S  F1 p* V
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-4 b9 o! |: b0 l6 e
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
3 r" g2 H3 P% V9 w) [0 W4 I1 A% }autosomal dominant disorder that affects only  ?' m6 D- f2 N( g
males; therefore, other male members of the family
# H5 n5 L; s, n  C( l& qmay have similar precocious puberty.33 X: ^# n) m  b7 Q, U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 x% t6 V! m% n: u2 k6 [) ^  Gsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* Z. T, T+ V2 i0 u* }cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, L( u! i/ }9 _& I2 vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father9 X2 a3 m& z! M$ ^  I
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* D, T& j9 c3 K5 ^1 f4 @
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* G5 W' |6 U( L0 y, Y
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
5 ?" ^$ i9 |0 j- v( Oative initial history of androgen exposure, our" m8 L+ k1 ]' Q) x, r' |9 ~. Y; b
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, M6 O7 l" J; Zeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
6 o; r  w) k; W% |5 Q  Z( ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-' W4 Q; R7 h1 g5 \+ \3 b' v
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 P- {# q2 \0 p2 AThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
+ D" Q( ?4 r$ D! ~+ X$ Bsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
8 }9 C4 S; D( w' a5 Tthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-5 K' d. K4 [" F/ s. x' g/ p% J3 o0 r
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and% K  |: K$ o  u) E. q
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! {+ p, x' G+ o3 j/ D3 [5 ~terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 L; B% V. q% S5 r" [using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 |4 [# l" J, Z4 g" A, [Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ n7 S9 @  x& L; y! Y4 O9 O
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
( K4 `7 E# v4 C  yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.+ E" U" N4 Z7 [' _
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, \# K: A* n  }  f/ b6 c2 t& L$ H) G5 Pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
# L3 u. e  B: u8 Seven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male& E& ~7 x# N- N( d
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 y, S. S" U# d! e. M3 n; k* etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
  J0 [  z! D) T$ ^0 T4 OOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 u! K$ u- ^0 K, ?
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* g, M1 l. @( l6 f& s6 q& ]6 X+ R
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ z0 R% G" n1 B# t
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 h3 C$ v' T/ w# a9 Iactive in young children exposed to testosterone
' _1 P0 V! j; Q/ ]# Xexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' ^$ ~; t4 ^- T. O1 Q. w
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 c* w5 s# l# c% x% t, K2 y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in! S, K' Q6 ^5 q/ S" \$ [
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
' H9 D  k* }" I" z/ }0 `advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.  B9 r2 D) y4 _8 p' N% G  ?% U
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during3 F# I! U( E; L0 w; P
early childhood on pubertal development and final
0 r# @7 F8 F5 N; l( p# A% E% Kadult height are not fully known and always remain
+ z8 P& {# h7 K& Q3 Q/ V) ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-' ^6 [2 s" C' A: y9 N$ r: j
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, J5 e# H- X* Z$ {' E. ~acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after) Y5 }& O. E9 e1 z3 k
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( |8 C/ ~/ g  G' Odecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, {( V) _) H4 P3 R/ r% S
There are conflicting reports and controversy
5 y8 ^" G$ \: B6 n4 \+ S* G) Fover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult" o3 q4 U7 J$ z. e3 P( M) H! E$ A
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal* o* A$ k" D8 S  f% Y5 N
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) t. u2 j' @4 P3 h+ z$ S. Q! Rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
8 Z# S! f8 }& H$ O& ySutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( i$ m8 [3 i8 v% H, N
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult3 D, Y) ~4 w/ c
penile length in clinical studies.$ i5 A( m" n1 u1 B, _" q6 s" z
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. k! \) |( \+ I' v
going to experience any of the untoward effects from; l9 S. V" _( Y$ D! b6 }7 E
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" P& U! z" e) \# T, G* g
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
! x( P% l$ k7 L! Y% b& nAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 ^6 d' W$ ^4 K; R, F0 _* kdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at0 n4 i4 ~0 z5 I
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 M7 H, b* l' @1 i  D
height will not be affected.
+ @! A4 ?( M4 i- _8 @Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
9 g8 ]" c" E- ]& J5 j9 j! w. zability of androgen products in our society may7 d' b, q9 J# ^" ]% @4 V
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
4 ]8 k: o/ O/ pchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-4 {5 e1 T$ k9 v0 k" ]
gen products must be considered and specific ques-8 \" m! {' b# B. K1 m# A
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 i* E) g1 F  G' [. p; C
gel should be asked of the family members during6 w- Z  F* {; `5 B) w  Z
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
' Q0 s( M- o2 A8 ]3 e: F. |, Vilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" Q% S; Z" X* {6 l+ v2 c6 Z; anosis can be established by just a few tests and by
8 z/ @0 [$ e$ d5 E' ?  V& S) |appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
6 s) C0 z5 z  K( O5 [( `history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# o2 x4 f1 t6 M  ^' k  yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive) F5 O- C0 d8 U1 ?* A
investigation. The primary care physician should be
% d* a# V  `2 P( G& K/ w$ l/ h, E1 iaware of this fact, because most of these children: ?6 U/ w0 k( N/ e: V4 w& ~
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’5 t( l" q  h' ~
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 |6 n' n6 M! mwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& @! d$ z/ o2 k! k: gfemale child who might come in contact with some-, N' [0 y* l4 M8 H1 ^3 P+ F- T5 t
one using any of these products.
0 T& |4 b( ^# k: t1 Z+ eReferences
" U8 T, X' G( x. N4 a. U1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' H5 D4 C+ b& Aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 v) V% V0 q7 U% P, B3 n
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
8 i- R5 W$ w5 ?$ n6 A) r( N9 Z2002: 565-628.) `' j2 m* T4 C- Y9 X7 F& p
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) L6 p1 i9 Y" u" P( q+ ^; g0 m
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

! ]+ h9 {, [2 C8 n) A6 \+ p! Q精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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