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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
1 ?& A% x& Z* p- o, F$ cBoy Induced by Indirect Topical& `/ k1 j/ Y* d& c- }
Exposure to Testosterone
2 r5 _0 ~- e) F1 I! p* rSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. r9 P7 M6 [5 D% c' @% q1 Tand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
. b& N. B4 `- ?5 D; g! sClinical Pediatrics5 ?7 s3 D, Y0 I# p' p
Volume 46 Number 6: j( ^0 I1 v* b& I$ @* \8 B4 _
July 2007 540-543
7 ]6 U3 o# S/ I! W, \1 z# s8 q© 2007 Sage Publications# ?( ?' p+ E$ M( z; J+ y4 S
10.1177/0009922806296651, T2 K# [5 I' J" b
http://clp.sagepub.com
7 N8 Y0 t" }/ i3 B1 ~8 y: y' j7 Ohosted at( I$ p3 @/ A1 J3 p2 |- V- \$ L
http://online.sagepub.com3 j& W. s0 }4 r+ e/ K4 ^8 d: _, H
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,$ D6 i9 X: z% a& S8 i7 k# ]3 M
is a significant concern for physicians. Central. S6 e) t1 B. v- {# y
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: Q4 w  e; c5 f4 v" }2 g7 fthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ i( v7 [( Y6 A# fa higher incidence of organic central nervous system; n, _. \7 a+ T7 a# h( C
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
6 \' G; p. ]8 y; n4 G7 {- \7 \by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic+ k% `' y' z: v$ u" E
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ b# e. ^0 P+ W. Ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
! Q8 s8 i+ H; ~  m8 C$ kreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
# Y" M: @% A5 g4 ~$ E1 B7 Lenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 F& Z* @" ~" {- J
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due; k. Y; t4 I0 n- C7 J9 L
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by0 R" e4 W7 ]0 R% |& ^
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
. x* m' o# H2 X8 }( K% D# W, W5 umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
" y& y- t# T- P; O* jchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of- D) i- \& M* P" `0 Z" K2 o% u
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* B3 \8 O5 V# B( {
bly more common than the rare case report in the
- m. w, B* J5 N+ O! Sliterature.4' j* w1 W. r9 S( O' P
Patient Report6 J) N$ }) N7 T7 x) U) @
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the9 `  C0 V' y+ ^0 r4 K9 w
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
0 Y* q2 E8 i/ M$ H& _of early sexual development. His mother noticed; \! Y& |9 M9 h) _, \' K
light colored pubic hair development when he was$ Z4 m8 c- s0 ~; D7 @- f+ i
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* T2 x; Q* G" M1 FSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." c% s  r) D9 z' ?
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
4 j$ R9 P5 T4 ~: @2 b9 RProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of$ R0 O+ U" A1 S$ W. \, y+ Z- W
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; m3 Y; Q: m; A. M( @: s
e-mail: [email protected].# A$ v! W4 S$ u1 T7 @
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( R' b8 V1 J/ g' u% v# {: }$ M
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-  q8 X6 u4 v2 f- W0 P
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  k7 B- F1 d1 n3 e# [( h
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with- P2 ?# M, [( |) D& ]) c" o% F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" i$ G) k6 y: M1 ~  |, m( l
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
# `/ H6 k6 G  I" a, j- y! ]: j6 x" gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with  O2 l7 p1 X3 i! Z
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
  g$ }- q: v- e4 eand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 p; j8 z# [) v9 Vwas age appropriate.  \' D4 r! H, g% c& \9 S) Y
The family history was remarkable for the father,
- T! |, S3 A/ B0 v& T  b& ywho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ s" [% C: W: z$ F1 v
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s- k3 S5 V- {. ?8 U% Q- c
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 _$ b; W4 Z2 H9 C5 Oearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 T1 ?4 ^% X4 {* U+ C- i5 x0 y  yThe father denied taking any other medication. The
$ E4 j! w$ v" V  z" J% I# Ychild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 F& P2 \! @6 f3 ]) x2 ?
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
# ]& B, m2 M( t% s1 j5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 C& v" D5 b+ F$ C: Ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: C. S$ g2 I1 j2 K! V1 R
tives. There were no siblings.  M, h; h  N. y1 ]! L" n- k
Physical Examination
  b8 n& K# {$ n! E3 J" W: y- kThe physical examination revealed a very active,
' T9 g! d! F5 T0 C5 j4 X" @7 rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented2 u3 r9 l0 E5 I' _+ P0 J
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) T  c4 v+ |  y! x/ B& P6 r% u8 R
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 K- R  r* n/ P9 F(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
  B% f& G, o& I& Lvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. o' _3 C. c2 Q9 O1 P0 g7 [/ Ythe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
. Z" w& q  }* M% R6 \8 FThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
6 U# X. c" t* F/ q& ~enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of2 z# D& U# a3 d+ Z0 c2 D0 V1 ~
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
, G0 A. a/ h! X& ^' Q8 ], h& d4 hdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 @( _  o4 p5 B' C5 u/ i( ^
5408 }( Z2 U6 ^" W2 G; T
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the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
$ S# y6 e% t; {/ l# @0 etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
' r. h! b% f+ M; Q3 B0 G0 sThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat4 m) o( K: X9 P' H
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 {* P. t" c* H( Y# f# qabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 I1 j3 J1 C3 w* @4 g
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+, u0 c/ X, n8 F8 d) w* D' K
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion' o+ r1 ^, M5 q. T# y( K: C  W8 [- P
of papilledema.
9 E( \6 P+ x$ u+ B* dLaboratory Evaluation
( ?8 V3 h9 v/ Q# j  }- q7 B5 kThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by, b$ X8 N* D, U2 b  p4 k1 T
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
8 G* k7 n5 B; L, e$ v: ~! Rlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
/ M! `( k: x" tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 M# v6 v/ ~; e3 {! Cshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! t, }, I/ U6 L8 T+ Jlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).9 n$ Z+ d1 H+ A3 A: S. B
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
( V4 t' {- o8 P! C3 Surea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 s. p  J7 D. z) U
within normal range for his age. The concentration$ O1 c" c; U! y' o
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL1 @/ {8 G0 h( A# `
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* M- W# E5 ^% \/ M* L" d! d5 S3 j- b
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-, p5 p, e2 s7 I, g* f9 `+ o) ?! w
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL)," S- Y3 `+ [" H- i
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to% W) p8 f1 `8 O6 Q. z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 V2 a5 C& f" E& swas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. h$ D. k2 g0 G
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
& W7 }6 c% k8 e  [8 w7 w/ d- Vtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; Z0 p: H) I4 \9 \) Q* rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than/ Q1 O2 T, U4 r  J  `9 h* v+ o; \
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
1 I1 i. M  B% l9 A0 [stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
/ |. J% i* k* a7 Y9 ]: aconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 E) |/ B- g/ ~0 @3 Y+ L
(prepubertal).
: Z; ]  M  ]( b2 R$ ]The parents were notified about the laboratory
; _% Z. j  T" N. ?% E- {results and were informed that all of the tests were) R- s2 {4 J5 w6 e$ M/ J
normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ _& E8 c- g' Q- g
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- J/ m0 Z' Q! l: T. K' ?. Vobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, o1 X; z" G. g& ~ever, the family did not return for 4 months.0 F, p$ ^! U. M; Q
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
- D- G! W( Q  x2 qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
; K1 W" [# \) s; [2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! V' b  d7 c0 _" u7 Y( o# B4 ?7 ?
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! [$ ~, g  R& \/ S- D
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at, J; L& W7 I: _7 c1 L9 I
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
$ T5 p+ a3 f; kmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
1 X2 E  j- n1 _7 {/ h/ TThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 X: S4 T3 h. Q8 ?4 b# xing frequent erections.
& j1 u0 e; s; |; O" V0 H& e' B+ CBoth parents were again questioned about use of
5 |# C, Y% w: K" h1 vany ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 e+ l" F( y9 k3 E1 w; P, y
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ y) t+ v0 j: T  {Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 p- g8 C; a: W8 d' V3 Xuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
; u- U1 o* Q2 k6 F" O' Q, `ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for2 x+ Q, O/ ?8 ?( x# \
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  `2 L3 S7 U- R; K" O: wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-  g  Z. E% ?3 c6 _. T
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
) g2 B4 d2 ?4 ]  wsecondary to depression.' {# E$ [1 Q; ]5 C: }& o
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 c# f) I8 {6 v! \$ vThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
4 r; I3 A! O6 o+ Zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-) m- E6 b; R2 G1 b+ K
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' F1 B! I. Y- I& S+ _The father also admitted that after the phone call,& x. _7 Y7 ^6 ]# A1 `" ^# G
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby8 O, ~8 A+ C( K2 e" R5 K8 \
was high, he then read the product information; j2 D" y& E$ O7 c: @
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, \! U1 E5 m; Lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% x2 N+ }% x0 h6 b" C$ P$ L; ~, m
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
; S$ H! A9 x. p( ~  d. Yfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* T* ~+ s, i" Gbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
( Q* B" `  y* R* t1 z$ o$ _, utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; n9 L" ^4 m$ U" w- K# qlaboratory to obtain the test.
9 W; b- R/ J; N& d7 qDiscussion
4 [) n( L/ E2 t+ KPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! i8 k1 {- o+ P1 Y  k$ P9 r8 vsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4: W: c+ X/ h5 u" i: K! T
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
. o4 N! Y1 S/ d9 w4 R4 [it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 i2 z7 X# H. J" m% H
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
# Z  e0 J  I) |  Amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
# @/ z9 p, O% H% Kmay have a central nervous system lesion that is: |; \& l3 n( i5 J5 e; ]9 }6 x
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
3 I3 P2 S" e, C% m4 kamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' b, g- R' x. [0 |4 Z0 Msis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
! k4 M* f, ?8 J- M0 ], Nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
' X8 {/ L' I0 u- I  V5 x  Uization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
: M) V% L( y2 E, crical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 {4 n' W9 O* o% \# `gonadotropins.1,3  n: t4 w4 U# Y# M# m% Y" C
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 ^* @/ |# g& }: {$ q8 lcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
) ?  R+ E. K1 Aandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or7 v# O) L  g# l0 e- h% ?) |
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% S- L) [4 x0 F+ z( l1 j1 g, {ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
% d9 E4 T1 L& J1 W8 K: ]congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 \5 t4 J  x) y# Y
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
- x4 P: J/ o4 f1 x$ B3 H6 upuberty in boys.3,4  n2 g& ~, h7 }& Z; c
The most common form of congenital adrenal' S1 K! y) n4 T( A
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 j7 `+ `4 E$ \4 x; V) e% ~The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
5 h4 v9 n1 [- s  g0 f; T0 o! Yexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
  o+ G& s+ A; _9 Ian adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen+ b8 A# a: H' c6 X4 p* x2 ^8 q
excess.1,3- W" E. s5 V+ O/ D5 w
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542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ `, m8 i5 z# S  T6 R( Q0 R& V
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
! w6 Q! @8 y  Z1 J7 Zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
! X. P. ^3 `3 r/ ~1 x' g- Z) m) `$ eas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. G/ M( S% ^% j4 m$ D, A, mvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
% x2 y1 m8 w7 S2 S6 L; M0 C" twith this disorder are full pubertal development,
. h7 X4 T" c" z( `* \including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
7 p7 n5 h% W- ]7 Rwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
4 [0 w5 I3 l( J9 {* Hare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
$ h3 S/ A* I* p+ r! U; Q( k" _5 Zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
& b' d) V% U  J) J# n" v; t- lreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
/ A) P2 R) b3 j  ?2 O# T; yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
1 z5 X8 Y- ?/ p; ^6 n6 Z5 t3 zmales; therefore, other male members of the family
8 e8 k" [3 ~" d+ E: Bmay have similar precocious puberty.3. J( M3 b+ w( ?: w. f4 U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-& X2 l6 V( S. a2 r( D1 ]; s' ~
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
" D! _/ K) e% Q6 O1 }( ^& Acles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 P- [3 U. e( f0 ?( t
was in the differential diagnosis because his father" `2 b6 ?7 d* ~/ P$ B6 C
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
/ _% A0 v/ D% wtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the6 X1 a7 y3 j7 B- U( z1 T; o
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
$ ~9 ^2 `2 H( W! ]1 o. f" Uative initial history of androgen exposure, our. {0 Y. Q# x; a& R. I
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,9 p7 i. s$ q3 P3 P9 r4 s/ {
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
9 M9 x' v, B! M2 V4 Edeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
5 F5 w- R/ c* Ming the normal level of adrenal steroids.5 U& @; g. ^) G; f  J5 |) t2 o
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
8 |. C5 }. L! I, Wsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
% i. d4 K& s8 m! B# J7 cthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
2 f1 Q8 a+ T7 rpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
/ `. V, X+ {! Y! Y1 F. Bdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-6 R& s7 |0 s* a7 z  B( w8 X6 L
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
, Q1 e4 l' B; J3 ]* b2 D1 qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’2 `, E+ n8 F& |2 w
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& l: L1 `& I# P- v1 ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
/ t' D& k6 @. m" I& z* nunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
5 h; f- C* d  tSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 I4 R) R# g+ [6 Y* ]  _
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 z, J! _2 q2 E) Xeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 e& Q) v- v: O+ c- q
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-+ T2 I5 c7 |( H' \
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 @" l5 L  I" g, j% R; M- F
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, \# F# L- g; r  H! I& l" w4 L$ {
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
, m- `& j* J2 t8 E% H1 g& n: Pdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-3 h8 J+ N& U# }  b9 N7 C/ \' a
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ ]1 s8 c) y5 h  _2 |) Cactive in young children exposed to testosterone; t8 ?5 @+ L: l% D+ E5 F
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% v; u4 d" }7 Z& x& U+ m
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' P* B* M. `* U4 h6 R' {
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% `( H/ U/ y4 C0 m3 Ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and$ i* y$ p8 c% o5 n; p& B' O
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.2 C# P# o) `8 Z- p0 Z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 D; h7 A2 o  w6 zearly childhood on pubertal development and final" S" ?9 I' y% n$ `' t
adult height are not fully known and always remain
- ^" z  F- J0 @$ T3 O& ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-) ?' Y! f! O3 u6 M
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some) m+ ^- l) m2 L
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ i3 N, F; i' A; y% t5 g. L
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 P8 I* N, O% a3 M& A2 C
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 a  A8 l; g& L9 x" f
There are conflicting reports and controversy
! V) S& [6 q( |* K+ uover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult. K! _7 @# `( D$ @5 S0 H0 [+ l) U
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 U% E5 A  A- C) `( w
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
2 c+ z  {2 F' X6 A4 C& S! {  Oulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. K4 O2 M0 |" Y, c2 @Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ n0 J- k. t- [& N* |3 g  R& F8 p& Echildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult; C3 ^: R& ~1 D/ P) U
penile length in clinical studies.
: y, L/ F( m! X  j" n: |Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
/ Y. g' o! Y% X( u% }' ggoing to experience any of the untoward effects from6 h+ C2 v" ~! l' B5 S# x, O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ ^* K, a9 U% Z% [
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
! W7 G4 v3 e' C( i5 G6 eAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of  \9 M8 l9 d$ U" v  q% \& {
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at8 B5 q4 w. k9 k
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
+ a+ c- O6 u# x  x+ p$ K5 _height will not be affected.- S6 b: g  a9 b3 ?# Q/ G  W
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! Y8 B( F3 _- K5 m, e# W7 Bability of androgen products in our society may
( l6 r/ k+ [# q3 ~7 D/ o: bindeed cause more virilization in male or female! Y; D; }1 p+ k5 @0 n
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-% ^/ f, h3 Q, X2 h" Z1 P
gen products must be considered and specific ques-" O9 ~7 f' o; |: M0 ]2 Q- ~/ e
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 S5 y- l! C% ~. {+ m( {& ?
gel should be asked of the family members during) j2 D: v2 y4 A3 ~! s
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
' U$ G9 B3 ?% z2 Y: i5 silization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-* M# S) _. B  o8 _$ k
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by. @& a: u( \8 F
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 m$ n) _0 |( k8 _$ R6 N: ^8 p2 ohistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
2 @: I6 D" C& R& ~; Yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ v8 T( j3 T* tinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
" y, r* ^* j# p% Oaware of this fact, because most of these children( W3 n# Y+ U6 u% T) {: E+ A
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 d; v6 b/ h% a9 a# m: k
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
* j+ b" d0 x3 q2 E3 W# w* }warning about the virilizing effect on a male or( F. ^+ t" K) q0 l7 q2 p( u
female child who might come in contact with some-
0 ~7 V5 N: O$ T+ _3 Fone using any of these products.
% H/ e. e; i) ~, R7 A  ?References
8 L4 T1 c! a/ x- @0 \. n0 }1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation  K* \1 v! @8 o3 y+ }
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 K: d; l: a0 O
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
6 X/ A" }1 n  E# ]+ L% }. D2002: 565-628.# j# i' f8 e/ s+ q( ?
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, x. q* [+ A' n' w! `6 Jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
$ j, O! z9 m! c: `0 k* gBoy Induced by Indirect Topical% h3 i- L6 b  Z5 H  t/ g
Exposure to Testosterone$ E. O: t$ E; r6 R
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
) A: _" h2 q# U9 M, dand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ P, \2 {5 s, T. s3 g* E/ z
Clinical Pediatrics
* Q! v" k" ]! \Volume 46 Number 6
6 w& V! o" G3 ?" FJuly 2007 540-543' V' j# v4 p8 X7 x+ M5 n2 C- N1 Q
© 2007 Sage Publications/ Q' H. v$ _* o" n6 R
10.1177/0009922806296651
' ~. f3 B3 u- M/ F+ Qhttp://clp.sagepub.com
& ~; Z7 N% {" v' e4 B) Fhosted at
: o1 E- z* Z+ D- y* f% L" m4 jhttp://online.sagepub.com
" x0 T$ _) [7 A) |2 A6 v7 yPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
' b: H6 J6 _+ x% R: i- Z5 [is a significant concern for physicians. Central6 j6 V& I$ v' f, A( X  b5 L7 c
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated0 s( p$ h8 Z3 g7 k+ d
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
( ~. L7 a) y7 V) T" |* F3 ?. Ya higher incidence of organic central nervous system2 _+ m! R4 Q$ u3 M8 E; `" b
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& k, ^' U0 E7 u' o; L* X1 [by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic, W! j  y5 r& d8 ?# \3 r3 j# {
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
+ M" x3 g- a2 A8 I" |cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 B& \9 R) @6 b  v/ s+ greport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ B' z+ w  K  j0 ]$ Oenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 Q5 }. U6 M$ G; ?" X
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: }9 b$ q8 i. Eto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by0 P7 l/ [% a# f
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! e3 x4 v% }! Pmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this4 a, _* s7 R7 g- O, }$ [1 [
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
8 t2 f; F, b! k8 ]- n! ptestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
- G5 `# J, \# r2 U3 F% i% E( ]bly more common than the rare case report in the0 C, a9 w- p, X$ h6 T
literature.4
! Y( K% \5 R) t2 hPatient Report& h+ N- x  o; V; W- Q" }+ Z8 w
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the0 V) d! _5 [, N0 D- U
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
: T9 z6 y4 h+ c8 {, S0 U- dof early sexual development. His mother noticed0 f8 {1 i: j7 L3 y1 K0 M/ a5 i
light colored pubic hair development when he was) O1 Z- _% p$ H& r
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 y; s0 w$ P7 x
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.3 `" _& J5 P8 j0 d/ V
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( K$ g8 l  ^6 ^9 A5 u6 I3 ]8 BProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ b4 H1 ?6 `+ G  `* WMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;9 _, c7 s2 p3 S5 B) R- c, [
e-mail: [email protected].  S% P& V+ E) G2 ], d" L
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* e0 p; k' R% B2 J* f0 b& bdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-1 R. w& p( f4 {- w
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' v2 F& y1 P4 y- [
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
9 V: A) ~" j0 ^4 ^. ga birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: g' i9 O' q  r  ^0 j  q* ^20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
. g% J) c# g" {. _of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ P0 w. I: d2 @solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,5 [5 e* I# o. ?3 `% ~
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" n4 G8 N1 ^) w' I' T4 pwas age appropriate.+ U: o$ P! q6 U7 E7 I* s  i8 b
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 E$ s$ _* x9 u( L* G  \' A2 R9 q" X
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ L% W9 O) I+ l2 N% ~; v! s. w- X
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
' V/ m3 w4 M* l; {' |9 Z0 Cheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat# G* t! V) ~& K# n. Q8 Q, j& M: W4 E" K
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
" m2 I6 _1 q+ Q# b- RThe father denied taking any other medication. The
  d  n4 d: S% T' i: B& Mchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 }! I, M6 Y$ I2 N* `3 X
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 w. ?, H, _1 @. Q) F3 K. v5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
% b) d3 N8 d, {5 p* Fcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, x$ W8 A' {( [8 y$ i9 d( j- e( y
tives. There were no siblings.3 g& u, z5 G/ z. i' d+ `* j# K
Physical Examination
2 ], z- K  |# g0 FThe physical examination revealed a very active,5 B, N3 @. E7 r; m- o% {
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; F! a( g- D+ A" a% C6 l. H
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
1 R% k0 M* a; M; I5 h! C5 a/ h90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg/ Y% O: G2 r4 C$ T3 ]1 e; j+ W
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" T# `/ y0 [+ I' N
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- ^0 g. [4 W( [4 v  H1 Ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
" Q( a/ W- f9 w, rThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; ?8 h& p/ M. V, E( Y; f8 w; Henlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
# D( E8 j3 e, q, O0 t. d8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" C% f' E$ `- t. K8 T- |- Ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
0 x/ q2 r4 e3 }* z9 q* b( q5400 z9 m0 a* O1 Q7 h- v
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the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
7 C, [1 ?4 ^& s+ vtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ U0 C, }; y& G0 q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: _  `: x* l& Z+ n
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no% i: I' W/ D. [1 ^8 |
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
) |3 A) C6 l. F2 t) D9 G6 G) Z0 R6 FNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+. J; O5 F$ Y% y: d, y
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, x4 N3 |- _+ Y  W4 `
of papilledema.  b5 t$ _, L, x; D# r
Laboratory Evaluation2 L" C( }( k/ @8 w3 h
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" \& t0 v; i7 v1 P) A! kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* E. F( i* G# Jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal3 w8 Z, D, I3 u  y: v
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test8 i3 Q0 T7 m9 x0 b" j
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
3 V2 Y- S+ ]2 O, Alating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).9 }" Y" C* p- ~# e- O5 X
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% b2 x7 m: ?, `8 E% ]
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
$ h6 c: c. J& U4 U& cwithin normal range for his age. The concentration' V" n8 S8 a9 f: q! [+ n4 X
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
& S( G' p; ^9 o- O3 f# O4 c3 G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 204 {1 b5 v  ^  z4 @! l/ o
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- N' f$ r8 r4 k8 L+ l, m% d0 a
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
# k" G$ ?, D6 F  U& ~, qdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 c. w. e- z7 e' f3 l* l49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)0 t( {8 V1 x, k- I
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 k& N" I- e( i9 A# ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& J/ E6 v9 [) \4 x* {
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
1 A2 g6 S; o. i' ~4 W: Z6 `( [and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than# H- o' m  Y; a- Z9 z
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
4 S* M% t4 Y- y6 Q+ @6 u/ H& ]' ustimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* Y- F' G2 h: V& L$ E& Dconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, F) S# X1 O/ H( P, q
(prepubertal)." u% p, Y% H0 L7 X) e, q$ w
The parents were notified about the laboratory* f, K# c. q6 r' A5 z+ p
results and were informed that all of the tests were4 [0 L4 T/ I+ t$ x$ q! {2 b
normal except the testosterone level was high. The0 ^1 D" `$ a7 Z  [
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
( X1 K8 w0 h  V  j0 Fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-& ?$ V, f  t* T$ ?3 n( k/ c/ _
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
; R* Q% W' \. c1 R2 y5 [- fPhysical examination at this time revealed that the5 u+ X. n% v% w( E; F9 C
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 _4 `6 B0 N: Q; \( H3 M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
" X2 S  t5 p( C; r0 Lunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 z5 _) s0 M0 X3 i! w3 p+ npletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
! N; M: w( l8 Lthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: O* s4 Z5 K: }- E. k
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 a0 t+ G3 i8 a% l6 E9 r; Y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-1 t* [* W: `( o1 T6 s! H" ?3 c+ s& m4 P
ing frequent erections.5 W; D3 `/ O- A" N3 s+ b7 \
Both parents were again questioned about use of! H+ Y+ [7 w' [1 A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to" I" Z5 t1 {1 K' D
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the: A7 p6 g2 O1 ~4 I
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
. y8 p/ F3 L( I  b3 U/ wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
4 y! g  `. j4 _- y/ n! Bing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for: `- @" K% Q# j# b3 M3 K
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed* r; B( A/ S9 m* D/ V# Y$ l4 U( [1 r
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
- ]: C+ t. A3 n: ]5 S; ^0 vscribed by his family physician for decreased libido3 [) a  O  K& A3 s
secondary to depression.1 m* x* ?7 \! H
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
& S1 |0 o# T2 `- Q$ Z9 p1 C. g& y# oThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 }4 o) k! b- N% A% j
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! O% ~) G3 B* v3 \nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 z5 T! E6 _5 @4 }8 y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
6 }0 l" I( F- C6 l- T6 uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby" S# T) |8 R9 p* C
was high, he then read the product information/ W+ B0 K: P+ C
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; H  T: I7 z) m* m  E& R& c* p' tson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& \8 v, W, K: a% Z4 z$ H6 ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
$ G2 W# E1 I$ S1 m; H; Ifather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) ^0 Z2 E- Y9 z  b6 O/ q% `been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
2 Q  \3 _6 F9 f" W! j# s) E* ytest was ordered, but the family did not go to the; b! `9 O/ n! P1 S
laboratory to obtain the test.
# g" q! B, W  ]: _1 F  rDiscussion. Y: ^3 X/ o6 e6 v
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
0 v$ X) t( Z& F$ ]* e8 {sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
1 R9 S7 Y* u2 K& c; IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
5 _; @" P& B) A2 kit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-9 m. I4 C- X$ E& J0 @
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 G) y5 S$ `8 ~& s% Qmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
- e. q4 s9 c% T$ g. O6 bmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
2 {6 Z- ~, j3 A: J; U( [( Uresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. Y0 j% f$ |( eamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 J* t8 f6 ~) Y, k/ V6 |* h/ zsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in! `- Z! p5 y5 o7 w# I8 Z
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-  t- @8 @. Q; t: ~  ?9 r
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( `" s+ K. l5 [" S- m% zrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 |0 q1 W" B! A( b( W! r5 Ogonadotropins.1,3
2 |3 K$ X: w1 aGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 [: L* w9 W( m  U! N% w
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
% B- _9 E, k  R$ C4 \/ V! iandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
/ `2 y! C& u: ]. r' l& qexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. b( r' t; ]' i  s* p6 A7 Nulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing+ L5 o* f; H; `" v
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- M# W1 d6 V4 e% a. y: sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
+ r" L$ j' Z  c! I; h8 Jpuberty in boys.3,4( @* d6 V! X/ d# I6 J
The most common form of congenital adrenal
% P0 l& E; O8 ?% b! Shyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
7 ?, j8 N3 b' W4 Q  l- vThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in$ ]! ^* s/ K8 M* U
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( p# \2 n* n  l( t
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
* P2 K" |, q( y. N4 Qexcess.1,32 s, S# Z* y1 v# P8 C3 l/ k
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542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
/ ~9 ^: T- m" o" ~$ C6 N5 ]A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& i: j& p3 `/ [! b! M# O6 Kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 {. n* k; Q, O1 o9 las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
' q2 y+ E! D* {, x, p" gvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
9 I4 H! o& s' G* a! B9 iwith this disorder are full pubertal development,7 _& P. S9 u" f" G3 e' A" {8 r
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 M- L5 ?# I1 @9 f/ f& ~' }with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ v' J! I" p4 Q7 S  l7 b
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
5 V+ J) G# p, N5 gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 b  ^7 k  v# m. Z& X  Creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% u0 q+ G0 Y4 E( V; D) t7 q1 k
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only, u: S9 N+ K, j6 [: A
males; therefore, other male members of the family2 S! R' o4 x4 T  F5 Q
may have similar precocious puberty.3: K) D2 {% e! X0 F+ b& M6 b: S) v
In our patient, physical examination was incon-2 w5 J* n1 C# }, t! V; ^
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' b0 E9 O% `9 S8 |6 {" Z. U% xcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 D  j+ O: C; O! H" qwas in the differential diagnosis because his father/ J3 M5 g& R0 Q* E; {
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
8 R: z. y; n# ^  @8 D: ~2 mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
) X7 {0 @: ^4 Z/ y8 g- j$ P0 @5 Z0 Ebeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 |; |8 x6 f& j" u! m3 Pative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 s' U% J: p! D7 T$ M; x% W1 ^8 ebiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,: M; G+ _/ T0 i- r& f9 ]1 R0 W9 z6 q
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% }5 |9 j8 A4 E8 b; h2 Y4 x% r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" _+ ~0 F; P$ i
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.5 y( s$ Y/ f6 X0 q* B- d7 R
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
; U. S2 u, R0 L0 e7 @suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
7 G: s1 V9 O& o% s& Rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-) k9 w5 _) o6 i. t
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and% H, G1 f; _4 ]) W' `
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
$ q) M4 w# v. O0 w+ n5 gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was  b7 b3 H! K/ C3 L" d. D% q9 H
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) D" e& D1 }' F, {  J$ Y: M8 T" F0 x, p
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" L( I) }8 M4 G* r4 o7 V5 [
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
0 h: ?5 c, |& L* K( u( `( U/ l( vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# F( n) w4 x9 Y. m7 Z* g6 x* kSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
$ x/ ^- k, T! X5 y7 h. fbaseline value in those females who were exposed to( p# g2 ^3 R5 }* {# z( ]  Q
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
6 j. [2 ]: Q& r0 T  Fpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: Q+ v) Z8 [3 [4 T' l: B
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, u# _$ |/ |1 Q' O% O( i" W- pOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 X  H8 d; q' {5 O! zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# |! V4 S. S$ _" L' n1 Tdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-4 k$ ]; F9 z0 H% q( \3 }: O
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
6 k# w; J6 Y3 P& a  `active in young children exposed to testosterone
, J0 J! s5 R+ B) C  X  u0 A* Bexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-( f8 \( N4 C, m4 w" `) {0 P
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ m! [: H' M8 k/ U) M
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' e" {! |' {$ \: i/ Qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and7 ]! e5 I% v# W0 {' {
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.6 E( H* h7 j* v4 H0 E$ l
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
+ W4 P; R9 Z: Hearly childhood on pubertal development and final$ {$ @' A4 ^5 ]1 m. E7 U2 N
adult height are not fully known and always remain
8 }7 o- \( G  k+ ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 g, s, t' B( o3 h" M7 M
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
/ I+ e# H' {+ M! \acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ Y& [) F/ b" n+ R
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
# j$ I% m, R: @decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ g* c1 G! Y0 {+ b+ g" r
There are conflicting reports and controversy2 J. U; L* l, M& ]+ h+ L, ]
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult2 g1 R) ]  z8 L8 I# ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ r: N& |* d) h$ ?adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
: Z4 m* o9 {0 q/ R7 Qulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
- [1 b5 f8 |. ?) q$ w; Y( g, jSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 A% a9 s% i8 X2 h& T# {
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult+ P) K+ O& b/ j5 L1 t# M; K) [( |
penile length in clinical studies.
4 S- A4 F; \+ k  \0 u0 cNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is$ J, {- j& Q# S8 H8 T, V9 m, l# Z
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
5 e3 D8 M* {4 F- Btestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
" f! y; I* y! z  Mthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 H) @( n, g5 S% \- O) H( z0 qAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of9 H- w. @8 z' E& Y2 B. L) R" e
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 \6 y  t1 }, ?) H, N
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% j3 I. {# H2 i! q4 Z9 p  G
height will not be affected.
% j. G/ t, m/ o4 m2 x0 dAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-  f$ h; L. l# i' B8 l7 n$ |. |
ability of androgen products in our society may* V- d' I' u' z  Z5 z: @
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
! {/ D6 a1 n/ h! g, ?children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
, }. A* G+ X5 W2 P" s/ zgen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 f) Q2 k- U% L! O* g/ j6 A& Ztioning about the use of a testosterone product or
8 E! n# o8 C" xgel should be asked of the family members during
. B: |( ~2 q$ T8 mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 G1 M0 Q0 j! f( t- A+ U) Qilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-) ^/ l2 [: q6 L  H2 d) }
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ i7 B  ]/ z$ x# y3 p! a
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% G, \9 H0 h6 E( T; s! thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
4 r4 `+ y* H4 u: vresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 h8 o; M' `$ B6 B; Oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be/ Q/ v. h& q- E/ ^2 s* i* P
aware of this fact, because most of these children0 }0 j: r9 `5 a) D% r5 x' |
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’5 j( l  x1 H6 a# h8 q. q7 ~* W
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
- S3 S: f* d( a1 d4 s! \warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 W: C& Z* z* f/ ]* e1 }- Q+ Cfemale child who might come in contact with some-
+ r# U$ T% |- ]0 c, zone using any of these products.
" k3 m7 |7 F: a# WReferences
$ H5 [1 _4 s. E7 i1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 q$ _3 J9 i; A$ O2 A- m. G* ~: m5 s# B  cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: i! Z, `! U8 x
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" y, m: M& @; p( ~3 [1 l& X3 X& c* y
2002: 565-628., C6 d2 j% D6 z  ^; a
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
1 T# t9 t( H: B. x+ f) Mpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

1 {( f4 w. q- X1 Z( e8 l4 r; f5 V精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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