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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; z, E: t5 L" {$ ^" q1 a" sBoy Induced by Indirect Topical0 r5 ~) k. `% W+ F0 o
Exposure to Testosterone" ~# g% E2 A$ n
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
+ x8 s" C5 Q  band Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1& i' f" S2 W0 Z1 F1 V) v) l* r8 D
Clinical Pediatrics; i, f1 t3 q9 |4 l! U- s% K
Volume 46 Number 6$ ?2 O3 B0 s+ }+ k0 ?; K
July 2007 540-543% [5 M% O- V* N* l% q( ^
© 2007 Sage Publications! n* n5 O# G: O/ o3 \0 N
10.1177/00099228062966516 N! J0 p3 p- b! w7 `: `! R! t1 _
http://clp.sagepub.com
- q( ]- \8 B8 i: G7 N* F3 }hosted at8 d/ Z& y- j' e$ R
http://online.sagepub.com
* Z4 u8 G; |0 t7 t- |! K5 L0 h* |3 iPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* s3 a: t! q% Yis a significant concern for physicians. Central
" _* ^' m; s) u$ g2 F, N9 b3 ^: Aprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated+ B9 y7 _8 y& u8 p
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has0 D. |8 [1 k! u% x: Z; ]- X
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 z0 l/ P) ?6 l$ g8 A
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
% L0 Z7 o+ [3 Y# v3 g  ~by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic$ h: u$ \2 E3 Q/ C) U- K
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! E, T! y) H! v
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- _8 Z) _9 q. R8 C4 Rreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the5 g- ]3 h0 s+ W( {
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-, U+ F0 S( O1 ?5 t+ [2 O2 g
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due4 B7 A- k. }. ?, Q
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by: L/ s2 \, `+ E( }
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-+ P% y# {6 @2 Y/ b5 d- X: J
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& d' S, q- \4 @0 Zchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& e1 Z" e$ f) [! b5 Itestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
" @! K( i' f  t/ q# m4 |bly more common than the rare case report in the
' q; w! P' c' ~; G4 K' V1 r9 xliterature.46 d( H' E3 {) L' u& w1 J5 L
Patient Report& {! Y; [5 J* E, {6 P" y
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
; L, {7 l( n) v0 M) v: bendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern- i. _1 t! O$ O, R
of early sexual development. His mother noticed4 e; K0 D1 j; Q' c" s+ H
light colored pubic hair development when he was
- ~' e% D* L* ~& f5 RFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of, e5 x  _6 W5 e! f
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 C1 `# Y  }6 z' OAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
5 h; B8 E  p4 F3 ?; AProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
9 E; _! T! {1 \; [. k* L9 QMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 ?( o1 C8 W* q  Y: U& w6 ^" R; E0 Z1 `; fe-mail: [email protected].
  c0 J4 B$ H' g9 ^about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* v$ |" d5 j5 @+ fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& r" M6 J7 w  k" V( Z/ w
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ q. K+ V& [1 x: r: ~4 G: H9 X) n
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
; r+ m, J6 h0 A" x& qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
- q$ I: K( c; q( i9 {7 |) n  B& r20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year8 N, ^6 x4 |' f% u
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 N6 d5 W5 X3 r, psolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* G' Z5 Z. @* e- L4 {" `4 K
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
% a; H1 {2 C4 I3 cwas age appropriate.
( Q* ]& _: w2 f% eThe family history was remarkable for the father,# J1 A7 G8 c' u' J) u/ h- r* n
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ z; s- m- O" u7 f
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ X, R, J: N, |. sheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ s( c) D4 b5 zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ U* b6 a6 n" ]  n& Y2 B
The father denied taking any other medication. The8 B- v% e& k, f1 D2 r# N- A+ s
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche5 ?; W6 P' i+ O
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
2 E! D- q/ z2 Z4 d% ?# e+ _5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
7 g1 v* j: }3 {( ~) g4 O$ gcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 m& Q9 D/ R# N+ Rtives. There were no siblings.
. _0 r! w2 ]* @! Q3 K( q& T9 }Physical Examination* y/ I# W- t% `/ U8 o, ^5 G
The physical examination revealed a very active,
8 X: D+ q2 g. c2 a0 @9 gplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
1 H# S/ `2 H* G& La blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. V6 z2 a$ Q' [" I: e& B6 P( X7 }7 M90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg# O% s; Z, }. z3 }9 W
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
& f2 Q( g& Y+ x6 }% _: V3 Yvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of& w1 e5 N9 N: D* H
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
2 k9 ^- ?8 [- i7 k/ pThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for8 I& L$ \- s. y1 `5 E& R& ^6 N$ y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of5 h9 b) `& F$ C8 _
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. ]  n% b/ M5 T  Gdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
4 t; O$ y! l, O1 {4 t$ r540
$ B/ {: S- t. L# Qat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 V9 \0 O- w9 @: h# s
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The6 r, X) o1 Z6 \$ Z) w
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
* y% g1 T% A2 wThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
1 c* L; [) _( A/ e2 w. ]9 noily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! k: J( Z  B/ B8 z2 ^5 H0 R
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 c! C7 Z3 d' }/ A  N& W5 Q: y9 KNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
7 ~& Y& s& K: L. S1 obilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; q) m3 G: H9 w: a1 U& o
of papilledema.
$ }  ^8 T" k* I6 i9 Z$ M, jLaboratory Evaluation% B0 `. V1 P3 k
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by" N( _' v2 I7 L  a" M
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-# {( M$ N# ]" P/ |& U+ D7 n
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ a$ Z; X- H* F: F- K/ z% I) c
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
; k" p  w8 J, {" q7 [1 j1 xshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 f- _! M! n6 t' u3 ]lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).1 v- x5 ^3 v7 I
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ d( U* i) N$ ?+ Purea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! q2 U# D7 K8 p& I2 B! |! gwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
% R) P4 S" w9 f% l& Z9 n& _of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 N5 @* r2 G5 e+ a  n4 ~. |(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: ?. F  v) U( D9 t" Q6 zng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) I- F" {" i9 v. E( `
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; L6 Q, T$ |" Z- y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
: R1 L) z! t1 n8 w" C49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): J' {$ H+ O4 b* |) z
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-+ M; ^5 b8 L6 j! o' p5 \
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
: r$ \8 n  b( Htestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL)," K0 v1 A' G' w5 M# D
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
% v6 o2 q4 F# S7 W0 o, r- p5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' T6 b$ T& j5 w0 `# j) lstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
4 r; z; z' X0 O+ m+ Z* T& ^concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. o) m1 ]6 F7 D  j9 \  j(prepubertal)./ i. @  K1 f- c" o  I. t' Y
The parents were notified about the laboratory
+ p5 }6 b. B: Z! Rresults and were informed that all of the tests were
' D' Q& M$ U  i% Knormal except the testosterone level was high. The
. v+ T, }- B7 Q; G' Yfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to( P, \$ T8 P1 b! a: e
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
0 ~9 w' l# ^$ M. Y, r0 q$ sever, the family did not return for 4 months.' k- P* e( M5 ?
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
+ E# `0 x4 ?2 s& m/ W0 U9 @( Q8 kchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ y# z. Y2 v" ]  u2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
  Q  A' k3 o3 L2 b" eunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
5 u  j  ~9 O; [1 Q* Z6 Gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at: B' r. v/ ~/ q( i5 p% f
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ b7 S% X2 s& [. r
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
9 o* \. S* K1 t7 Q5 D. z" U4 PThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
, X; i1 ?* L# ^) g% B9 Ming frequent erections.
6 e$ c0 O; I+ W* F: F' r! _Both parents were again questioned about use of
' U/ L, v  F' _8 w. uany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
9 M. Y! _4 s/ J5 q6 Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 Z% h* I! o. o$ b
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 q: {; c8 }) {. B  i" {3 C. Uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ q! G2 s' D! [& P, aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! J) M# e1 ^& f2 k7 f7 X. S1 g; J
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
; i  H: H1 [* W9 @to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
- N3 P  J- F0 l# u0 C( L( Oscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
4 w; E% O# M* Y, C% K& D/ }secondary to depression.
7 i: L* `7 i' ?# \3 H7 q8 q2 IThe child slept in the same bed with parents.5 E8 U) C3 H  [( ^; z
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his4 y8 o0 u  [+ D
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( X( C% z0 f" z$ H/ i, I/ v9 \2 {nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 {9 |4 {6 c! V, L4 n" e5 v
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
! y4 }2 F  f% k+ d+ n# p: L. wwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
: C8 e9 R/ i2 n) g9 m  O3 Z$ g- Lwas high, he then read the product information% M  \& m$ X0 K& w" d/ a$ F
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' t# F+ A9 x! lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
# H" b# i2 P& l2 Gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the8 B% N2 v1 X! l  }, [2 j' m
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had6 Z( |& p4 r5 \6 w% h& ~" C, C
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
8 A' v2 S: v+ m' _( o0 s7 P% [test was ordered, but the family did not go to the) T0 k4 C0 u% z  u
laboratory to obtain the test.
! T: l0 O, G0 O5 p1 m9 FDiscussion
. k0 o) T! P- r9 S' ZPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary4 d# F) W% U% A
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 S& R) @( s8 T
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
  H: t* t: W9 n  eit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ L) e0 j3 n7 l( ]thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-0 ?! C/ O  k2 L
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% q  T0 U/ A! zmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
* D+ j. V( f; M4 F# uresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ \% ]) |2 ]0 k! H
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# M/ T0 `; @# _7 e, }
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- V1 U/ y& Y" h; E0 a, W7 F" \4 o: M) jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
3 n  V/ u/ @7 W. r" Y! L1 h$ |ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 E! G* h1 Z0 wrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
1 U% j1 E1 i1 i! fgonadotropins.1,3
# i7 v$ g5 h  |; QGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ k0 F" E, T( O+ {4 h4 ~
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate/ Z2 \9 p. u9 m" N* O
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 \: X$ F; a$ q4 x/ p/ z' [% vexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-# m- p0 s) N3 K7 S1 b
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( k/ ]4 i' t  A0 h' Zcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive. g1 D2 e4 C/ A" t
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
% l  H3 R' b- H7 h8 ~" q8 tpuberty in boys.3,4
2 x+ P. {! Z: d5 l- K& c5 MThe most common form of congenital adrenal
* P8 [% c$ \; E8 C8 Mhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ K/ q: F& A( {5 M- k/ ^6 n
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
7 N; t/ T( B) [" K" _7 A% L* Rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,1 K! N; Y7 e  [: Y2 O
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
- {) ^8 o  y4 O; Y0 ]% Eexcess.1,3
# ^# ^; Y9 u- q# d0 `8 C$ k) b7 c% Lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( X0 R  B: I! z/ Z2 r542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' l' k' \/ o7 f$ s2 {6 D; h
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
7 l* g6 s& w  U! F" x2 [independent precocious puberty, which is also known; i4 y5 }/ k1 O" V, O" ?+ u
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
9 g' w; k/ M% o( C  vvery young age. The physical findings in these boys4 r2 y( G& `1 M! K
with this disorder are full pubertal development,  x5 }4 ^* b; y) i) p( o1 Z
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys  ^: `8 E% ^5 f/ [% o
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
" M, D: o6 i( K" D' Lare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
1 [& N& b( i1 q+ upubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-: m+ C% T6 U! t% c- W
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
8 V5 \3 L2 F' r: K  gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only& H8 @8 ~! [8 Y
males; therefore, other male members of the family
2 O: r1 t8 ]: qmay have similar precocious puberty.3* `% Y- D0 {' u. k1 R
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
/ N  s7 C6 X! h$ r" msistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
: Y& t! n0 W# H4 xcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% A3 Y( i5 t5 n- l; O6 Gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father! J! i0 z; W7 ~; _
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 h# S- y8 z1 B* u  Itesticular enlargement is not that evident in the$ x* S9 x+ v+ ?: ~4 {1 n7 X
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
$ H. G& G$ p6 a1 h3 Y3 e1 Vative initial history of androgen exposure, our
! T5 F2 v7 N5 X1 B* [biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; u5 W  e7 t0 z
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
3 f+ `$ D# R" C* K$ I9 `! hdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
  E* B9 i1 y4 ~& \4 _: cing the normal level of adrenal steroids.0 c% f1 O5 W7 L- P1 l) P  F- \9 f
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% z7 U; \1 l' z8 M- f/ x3 u1 p
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because, n* w  H2 i9 [, l7 C5 U9 @8 `
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-9 ]4 p# {% j/ q; Y6 h5 i' `9 W
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and% T2 H, J, o/ l0 N* Q9 f, Q
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 f: B. ?5 ~2 v4 @+ }# }8 X
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
9 x/ {+ t% V8 C8 Zusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ L* q: F) }9 }) Q+ |8 B- yDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 @: k( X& _& i" T8 Z
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to4 @" I5 s* O( d7 R1 h3 w6 [7 F& p
unprotected females through direct skin exposure./ k( o* D- D: F( ]. k
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 a. w* P' `' s3 s( X6 t! ]baseline value in those females who were exposed to
2 o  a9 m9 _+ f4 l* l( |) ~3 Heven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 m) d0 r  n- d: N2 y" Z
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 i' g! W0 e6 u, A9 T. P. ntion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
  h' }0 w( V; z8 F- x. ]# i& ROur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ K6 }" P+ R: F' Z! S
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that0 Z7 ]; {) A. I4 n( v3 x+ N: T
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- ~( {) D' G6 y8 `# N5 R3 S& g8 pterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
' b! J4 k* l1 P4 s$ ]) mactive in young children exposed to testosterone
1 h$ Q6 Z# Q0 L/ o7 q, O$ Texogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- g, ?9 l1 x$ N7 hdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to; N# P" A! \# g  P3 ?
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 _. t8 j- k' t. U# ]. }children results in an increase in growth velocity and
$ c( ?( u# ^, q5 N/ {5 W/ T3 I2 E; d* @advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ `" W/ y2 o3 b- b6 y9 v
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during8 U5 c% w5 _+ b, |3 z
early childhood on pubertal development and final
/ O$ L. g8 [/ r* S5 i5 Yadult height are not fully known and always remain
8 F) ^* k: n3 Ja concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 ~9 f  L- ~1 B! q8 ]! v0 _% O6 K
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
! K0 R- p0 {6 b% X$ A- v7 V9 macceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
& n' Z+ I4 e# K) xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 p) {( {3 U- t' _3 J6 F) P% @
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9  a3 P6 d/ k  R2 M7 ]8 r' v+ ~
There are conflicting reports and controversy
& A' c" B, W2 A# n% Rover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult1 V" _1 F( Z4 R$ w& I& s/ q& ~
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal& b5 A8 O" z( t; j/ g- j
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) P% [# J; y2 w. \+ {ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
! m% [' z* W) U% k* xSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 c) y  }) a5 z) l$ Z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! Z. i5 ]3 E& j6 o0 x
penile length in clinical studies.0 C9 z$ D# i9 w# \- Z
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; c4 P! {7 G6 S# qgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
- P, c: Q6 x2 |# Vtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 p! `. x4 o, uthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 [+ B6 ]. u$ o4 _% GAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of' F0 N8 R8 B3 I1 K7 h* ^
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at9 t: o6 N- y' f+ P
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
9 I4 v. ~  S5 d, e' c. U6 r9 oheight will not be affected.( @6 u. W5 M, \' K
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-) x5 K5 s8 a. B: n
ability of androgen products in our society may9 ^' }/ Y' Q4 M. j  ^0 D1 ?2 y& J! ?
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 j% L, u2 U' x; uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-1 o1 E) s' R* ]. e" t& G
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 e2 A  @/ `. p' K. rtioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 X' P4 G# c8 y! G8 T: y) h
gel should be asked of the family members during
2 P* v* ~0 j6 Mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-0 g6 q; s- E1 |
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-  J. F% S) A3 C7 ?$ l/ t5 G' n& {/ E
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
1 k1 E$ ^0 B8 B/ ^4 n7 e! Z0 {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* t8 N3 P- L( n+ t) s
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
4 r$ ]' O  \- k5 L6 Lresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ }+ c7 b3 k; I0 g
investigation. The primary care physician should be
- X. w$ ]& z. L, g! P9 }aware of this fact, because most of these children5 H5 M8 d/ c$ k# D1 J
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
! d/ h9 \2 Q( @3 m4 G* Z; tDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
" A" D6 J3 g+ G! f, X8 [warning about the virilizing effect on a male or) x6 ?8 b4 g+ V9 O: S, |
female child who might come in contact with some-* Z! G7 ~: _' S( |, L
one using any of these products.  I8 f) W3 l) K& I  U1 E( K
References2 f) h1 f0 P! i5 |8 ~
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation5 t5 K8 T. [# h; [# k* p
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. o" V0 R/ R# |% v3 q, SEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
/ t: I+ ?9 J+ m6 v# y2002: 565-628.
9 R- c8 b- {% g7 h4 f: @  y$ I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious+ V6 O" f0 j/ }/ e) P: v/ O
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 `0 J, {7 e. l6 E/ e( H  T/ m
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical+ ]6 u: c( ~# o* ?/ ~5 g# W
Exposure to Testosterone
* R% ?6 R; Z- G. k$ h7 YSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
0 q: C& |5 a3 p/ Wand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
* W6 t8 U% j& d* h9 q$ s6 x2 a7 DClinical Pediatrics
# b- C5 @  }2 ^$ K; q& T2 RVolume 46 Number 65 U; _+ s5 ?( }6 j: [
July 2007 540-5433 d& |' `4 j( U
© 2007 Sage Publications0 E& U' R  Q$ }: Q. H% ~
10.1177/0009922806296651$ I4 m8 J: Q! o+ H) f: F
http://clp.sagepub.com7 C7 X2 z; d1 P2 A' i
hosted at
. P/ _# A3 _* ^! ~/ u5 a; y7 \& U6 ~http://online.sagepub.com
, t4 J0 b. u/ R# MPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,& P4 l4 O, q& ~: _: p
is a significant concern for physicians. Central- G- V! L" z+ P: J3 a# z0 i/ U: I
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated$ O9 T6 e" J7 x  F  }" s
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; t  j/ Z9 J( k- Q+ n' d9 ~2 la higher incidence of organic central nervous system
5 Z) }; x9 B, |lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* Z% I1 f" H2 z9 ~$ Vby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 i. p- X, e$ `5 _* s. fhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' Q, C; w, l( D/ @cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 l& ~' P6 Q" s& V9 n0 Z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 |& Z9 x$ ]" P+ v8 b$ R2 p
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-% B$ A. E6 F2 s" x  t8 z5 U4 U$ m
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
4 ^, O, J7 O0 h: H$ dto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, j/ }$ `2 m2 `! n8 B
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; o2 X5 I+ Y; p  W- c0 ?mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ k# ~! F+ a; n8 m* L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
# i* ?2 E) ^, w; F8 f# J& \: {testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
* z! M; b" v, B" j$ l, z$ G& ?bly more common than the rare case report in the
! |* H# B& F+ S& hliterature.4
% x# r$ ?$ O/ [& x# ?! jPatient Report: t$ s- b" \! [8 o5 F7 v, u
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the, z2 F% U  H* a# h0 v+ g. O8 i
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. h2 k# D: A- z  K2 M  E# Rof early sexual development. His mother noticed5 r' W0 _* v$ x) ^6 T" @: g0 g
light colored pubic hair development when he was* D1 p* u+ o9 `
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* `5 D& h; T9 l. L) DSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- F0 s7 T2 b8 P6 B* H. nAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
3 f) ]) r1 o# `Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
/ B  l3 }; {: J, AMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
4 E, y/ q- Z  h/ i1 @, U4 T2 Ue-mail: [email protected].! r2 K* h5 `8 I7 r, l8 Q5 B8 `' i" _
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became: Z$ R1 ?" V1 u1 y
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-8 d2 z2 d" I: X9 X2 _. A
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: [; ^4 z. }( w  Qwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
; O+ ]% r( C. V) x1 v+ C6 ja birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
8 D" o3 g2 P1 p% v20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- B3 P9 j  ]0 i3 Q% u
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
- H8 P1 J6 K9 P0 H8 I; Esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: _  w; a" d% W3 W9 p" o- {
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 B7 L$ A" H9 n) t( [
was age appropriate.) ~" c5 a) l4 C3 b" b" ?, W8 |
The family history was remarkable for the father,+ Y- L& `$ h1 e' {( N
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! O' e# B, l7 R& l/ Awhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& K* ~3 L! e. ]4 [) s
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" p9 B' X& {% s' X$ t7 z' uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.1 ~! D& K6 z! }' w7 u2 p( }" \8 I, k
The father denied taking any other medication. The
; p) P; Z  E0 U% p$ B& bchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 O$ e) h& a+ _# O" _
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet* X8 i5 g- i/ j" Q, X6 I
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
1 `3 l! u9 F/ H  x+ n( y4 d2 B( Ccocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& p% M5 o+ ~; Y9 Ttives. There were no siblings.
8 r7 g8 F6 J/ C1 I; LPhysical Examination0 A9 Y% b; N6 |) H
The physical examination revealed a very active,
, w* t* i6 `9 f* F  Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 Z6 f, d  L6 d2 H
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 e9 s3 |4 |7 Q) w8 |
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
) \6 G3 f0 m/ _  P; G+ w2 p, y(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 ]# w/ `% q0 a2 o- Q* A/ {) G
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 D( }/ Y" K$ A$ F$ y2 D$ sthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
9 Y( w* t% R' w3 ~, q  H5 gThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 D6 `7 w4 @# u3 X) [enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, I8 f0 P# ?3 V; s3 ^1 }8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 ?! B- C* e; F5 mdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, N: }( |" K5 M9 f- U+ C- X# {- @" o540" S3 Y+ h& T9 r, R: [) l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 A. F7 ~8 ^, _the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
! a3 @; g% P8 c6 O) ~testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ P& G2 v; b: d& A$ T! V9 Q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat; `0 ^9 @$ d8 P9 [3 D. s  o
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; z; S! p' n/ D4 ^2 \1 b" `: C
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
& [- E9 R8 E9 uNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
/ _% C4 b: x1 W* Q+ ybilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
7 a  Q5 d! q4 J; v( s9 qof papilledema.! |4 {2 p* ^# h* N2 N
Laboratory Evaluation
/ u" }+ M/ R( W' s' r$ ?2 cThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 g9 O# `& A( |, a/ X1 H
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
9 d2 P+ e  R' C# D$ ~! h1 Rlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ K) c" Q0 y" @
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test8 w' _8 ]/ e( y. `8 a& v6 R
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-1 X, X" D0 F5 E7 w
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)." A+ \5 H2 ?; `: ~
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ ?( H( o8 t1 {
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
5 z4 a8 l5 U+ T3 {, ]$ K, Q# {within normal range for his age. The concentration
, }. o  F$ W, d0 }of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL' t$ z3 S3 u6 b- v; \- ]( F* S, H
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% o- I% L2 z# x7 X# q, P; n0 x8 |* Eng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) L4 t; H% |" i  ]
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
% O# P/ D( u& hdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to. F# q) c1 {( U6 M( Q
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
! B; g4 Q( G3 @& G) W9 ?# dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( J- A; }+ x* X+ W" Ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
: s3 ?( s8 L# g4 N' Xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
% Q+ R+ w) r2 ]' ]) Rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. f# \, \1 o4 w! V" V$ ?) g
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular1 {0 e0 ~, e8 X  |4 h" O+ {
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- [9 V0 {1 Z; E* ~1 G
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL2 B$ Y% Q% q) V
(prepubertal).; {9 V! m' f# A: n: V
The parents were notified about the laboratory
$ X4 H- M+ e+ ~: k- @results and were informed that all of the tests were
  y0 t! D- N9 F) m+ `& `normal except the testosterone level was high. The6 g- A" C( _( C  j9 h
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
) F. F& @7 s$ Z& ]* a% kobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" G  o# W: ]0 [# ]2 t5 i. d+ v
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
3 p. F5 L: b) P8 T, {# o8 L# rPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
0 v# y6 w8 r. P) s4 i- ?child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
7 o( T6 V% o9 M5 Z, h! b2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained8 O; M: \! {! L6 g- L1 B
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-8 _+ l1 i: K$ \. m
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
7 [+ P5 [4 j# c" Jthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 24 t2 l5 ]8 y. h+ m" i8 P
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- @" ^+ ?: p% O8 @; j, h0 e
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
! O! N' O- U6 }ing frequent erections.
2 {8 J0 U6 s( W  m! t+ v  l' ]7 z9 P: SBoth parents were again questioned about use of
- K" C" w0 h- E5 T2 y) }: J3 Lany ointment/creams that they may have applied to. e$ W+ e7 X  O" |1 c
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. L% K% N! |1 z9 k7 r) ~4 f  jTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( B; q. G  b4 b/ Nuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 s6 ?4 i! U( i$ {5 q0 m
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 @: Y0 n+ {; D! w) u
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. b' m4 |. C3 d, y/ p- wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; n/ x0 k3 ]* h' T, Z6 c
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
: ~  H. }) n) Q3 \9 `  qsecondary to depression.
0 r' }* c2 ]2 w; X4 BThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
. ^" J7 x, {4 P% W, {9 K& ]2 vThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his! y% d( f7 i$ H+ D' ]# L( X
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 \# a$ Z: z" M4 J1 ^
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.! {6 M  F/ ^7 t+ u( [% N
The father also admitted that after the phone call,. W$ O! \" y6 O* k' x
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby( g! K& s* ]9 t9 b) L2 ~
was high, he then read the product information7 z0 N1 y6 W" U# \
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-" O. t# j- _* S7 z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. s. P% g$ }5 S+ P% V+ I7 Y4 W  ]decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( _  p6 P" F& k# K3 }7 K
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had; {3 s' w" K( a
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone  H* e" o+ Y8 a+ j& ~3 B8 L/ a
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- J: X7 L+ _$ U3 H- elaboratory to obtain the test.4 L5 x7 C! M5 S
Discussion
5 s/ q: z$ _: T$ ^Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary. h$ A0 R1 Q* c8 a! E) C. b
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 [% d6 S; T  E! S0 S; b. h0 s& {! OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
( [: }+ x7 n4 D, nit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 s; c  ?, E5 U* [, Athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-% S8 u9 [! s$ R4 ^9 }* k( c2 ^
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP7 r& |, s* E4 N5 N0 `% ]! k3 C* u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
- B& V* J( {0 q1 c8 o/ e. oresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-' O4 {. D9 l- B9 m7 R5 j: q
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 p& G0 E1 Z5 u
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
' E  e" W5 U) Q0 B! D+ ?boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
. Q1 p/ `* l( [' C2 t9 A0 fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-9 F+ q* n! P7 g8 W, v
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, B9 j! [) f# g) v
gonadotropins.1,3
$ C; ^' C7 Y* d" sGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-( F- Q" r3 S1 V0 p9 N
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
& I$ H) o' G$ o' Bandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
, J; v. B- J* i. z# W, rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: Y% S7 \& p8 X0 i8 Q8 i% V1 N
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ F' Z' Q( ~' o2 ?congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# [- B1 B8 g! L- L
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
  l+ f; ^7 a% o6 C- g% h6 @  Kpuberty in boys.3,4' w& [) u. W1 _. V' J
The most common form of congenital adrenal% k& n8 C& S; B0 O) ?+ h( s9 [8 h. h
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. V5 g0 Z/ ?' L+ r+ x. fThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% `: B5 H+ P  ~5 z% J) r/ S2 }& @
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,! B* h9 ]$ e- A
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 C7 E+ H% w9 f6 kexcess.1,3; _  m! b. W6 i, W: D) M
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 }  a" w5 x5 a  E( M. ]5 ]# b542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ Q* q$ ]! X7 v2 l4 N6 r) K! [, z5 \1 {
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( H& t. |2 }3 \) {" nindependent precocious puberty, which is also known0 H; J7 h- t- O  Z2 W( Z! B, N3 P6 D
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ n$ A  W; b4 a
very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 i6 K" V: C4 ]  I' y
with this disorder are full pubertal development,) l1 T4 M8 f. `7 c7 C8 s
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 h6 o7 j4 A3 K6 x& h1 C" _with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
* U7 [; t$ O( g( a  fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- C9 b* ?/ F8 u# Q2 q& v6 Dpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-, j! C% F; f4 d7 ^* F1 b5 v' O( Y
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked2 N) E! s4 p& N2 G3 `
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
) ]& ~( j& e/ Y3 \, g  b5 C' zmales; therefore, other male members of the family
1 p+ O% P* m+ ^5 A% ?8 G" mmay have similar precocious puberty.31 o3 R8 a8 \, c% ]* h
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
* v# K1 ~( N3 D- J  p( i2 |4 Gsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
+ z/ ], @. s+ e( t! ^/ ?& Vcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* b: @* w& E0 b( E2 y1 p7 lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father2 i1 ^) m  O# c! \7 E
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% B! ?- {( K; P
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the' R  p& a$ A( r; n
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
$ c  ]$ m* x+ M( k0 k: Z6 h* bative initial history of androgen exposure, our: \$ R0 V6 u7 z. W. R& b) ~* J
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
# H, j( [7 Q; _0 l% }# [8 Leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase& Y2 R) t' p4 E
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
" i- Y# D3 j( W1 p! E$ King the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& f, E# T1 _# I2 x2 }6 HThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 ^6 J5 S% X0 e' s, _# W+ Z& z
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 M9 T0 ~- R  {1 E3 ^+ B) z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 {# D( {% q8 y1 l1 u3 v5 Wpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. C* S5 m% j5 m7 b7 E6 V
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-& j7 p, _7 z5 W. x; f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ y! }; W& N% zusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ y* Z& z0 D4 K5 E; E4 fDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
0 A' s: \& S' y2 s% Zcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
$ ^+ d5 K& }/ x1 F  F. Aunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) [: L7 ^/ P* J1 }# q- DSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
- V* m6 `# P6 j9 B9 n/ E  Ubaseline value in those females who were exposed to" |' `' I, H, I& E( N5 T3 L
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 B- R9 J9 [$ K7 r2 ppartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 W9 O8 [! p$ N- J7 @- i) z0 H
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. L$ \1 Z6 D' }Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
9 o5 f" R# ]* D3 b3 j4 R2 q. Swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
0 @8 s1 U9 N6 I3 G) J9 h: kdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
  V& ^5 m- A9 s2 k! p; R- aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
, p4 i9 s7 U8 U  T. Yactive in young children exposed to testosterone, }( t# c9 Z2 z' Q. S2 T* w
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-  |( L1 G$ e# X) v+ X: G# M
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 q/ X; h' t2 Z% K% v( |* H& G) J8 E
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ a9 b+ j2 K3 B; q3 a) ^: O) Ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
/ z, M# R, Y9 _1 o2 `advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' r2 _6 @/ _& ^. F
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 g* s! J5 m7 o) ?9 c! C! _early childhood on pubertal development and final! a* A  d1 g4 p+ q( ~' D
adult height are not fully known and always remain
) p- P* @/ F- Z# ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 n4 z/ H; Y+ Y  E& K' @! ?terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* w* j, l# [; W+ p) F
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- O8 z% d: S9 o( G' P- g
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ Y" O6 \  t- _- ~
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. q/ Z$ m& {! b0 g( j! q# u
There are conflicting reports and controversy, q4 R1 H5 y, I8 N1 f3 ]% f9 d
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
1 a2 m* X( T. Y( z" h9 O0 ^7 @penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
: L1 W+ \, Q# m! i+ ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 a  J; }9 ~' _! m6 J
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! E# Y1 z& u0 X: M+ B6 ?
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 j; }2 P9 m6 ]6 B5 rchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 `1 |/ v; o5 S" j! Wpenile length in clinical studies.* O  X9 b( c6 b: P
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& o" n- d7 V/ ugoing to experience any of the untoward effects from7 }6 [, U1 i7 O% X3 E% F9 P7 f( ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
8 R$ f1 q3 p' w) o0 Wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 u& b$ l' ?' F+ U' g3 d1 j( w1 EAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
& A/ Q; ^9 C! s6 Jdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* x' f7 ~8 @3 ~0 I5 b& z, b8 G
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' ]7 l' U* f5 p( v7 Lheight will not be affected.
, |( q7 }% N. t% D) u, k( e$ eAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-0 K( B( u8 P% @- L+ z
ability of androgen products in our society may
( A# e& Z; @0 kindeed cause more virilization in male or female9 h% v3 q! Y- Z1 Q# p9 }% _+ {
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
( g/ C/ _2 s3 `% Zgen products must be considered and specific ques-9 f3 L' ]2 u# K! R' D/ c6 g
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or, @$ w' d/ `( Q$ k# ^& O4 S& X
gel should be asked of the family members during
8 S! p7 [( F& O2 dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-3 v3 V  |$ Z6 i2 b0 I1 m
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-4 M9 K. a$ u; v5 W/ v9 N
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by4 p3 O, U% w  m% W' ?) U3 p
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a% N' n) V5 i  x* ]+ N% W. I# ~' {
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may* \3 m5 N* x4 \  \3 u
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ m) G1 Z$ s" A( T. F7 A
investigation. The primary care physician should be
6 _4 _8 t/ C. maware of this fact, because most of these children0 f4 e$ g( B- p& x" {3 @7 h
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) J: [9 s/ m! V7 W6 m1 J& g7 aDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
" q+ o2 c; u9 _* K: Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
* x" F0 S8 R/ C/ |female child who might come in contact with some-% f; |5 J: i8 S. I; f
one using any of these products.
' J1 o0 `5 E( n: b) _; t2 S! CReferences* C" F* l. w( k; D- Z
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 t3 F+ ~% t4 s* I8 @7 _: l- }and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 k3 [+ R; o( \3 HEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) F1 U5 ^4 p8 i: ~' ?
2002: 565-628.' r7 g. h3 p9 U# Q
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
% s3 V7 r; @  m% R7 E: \puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
累計簽到:11 天
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
9 x# r1 R4 C8 P% n6 Z* O( N
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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