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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old. v" }, E% ^! {9 G* l% ]
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% E0 [9 n2 v; W8 h7 B: P
Exposure to Testosterone
$ _+ s# I0 q  z+ A2 y/ X) vSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 p' v* i- V9 `0 {2 x0 H
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
" q+ g& c# S) Y! m6 d; u+ }+ VClinical Pediatrics- R4 R; v& O! O* z6 h! q) ~2 D
Volume 46 Number 6* }& G. w# |( S: A  z$ c( a
July 2007 540-543
3 s* @- x+ v( B© 2007 Sage Publications# y8 b3 n6 x& z4 ?1 K
10.1177/0009922806296651% i0 T4 |7 j6 e( M
http://clp.sagepub.com
' }8 E5 a/ z$ Bhosted at
- N0 L: k' h/ N/ h$ Fhttp://online.sagepub.com
0 O2 i8 H7 W7 a0 @Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,, t8 t/ d6 `5 }$ \, y, X
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
; C  O) @; H, O5 H4 C( A9 eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 ~( r# q! h  cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
& Y/ i# _& L' ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 h0 ^6 H8 x0 M4 L; T
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
5 T5 y* ?& t/ tby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
$ @# _7 {0 b/ ahair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-4 G  ~. E: O: J6 a; A# j6 i; O
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We5 ~: U# G% e# K1 m* r
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; v/ w* ^8 u0 |2 |3 P, T) X
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-7 V" I3 m( m. }1 f' g; O! |. x5 a
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due& g, X! ?; C7 w# M2 e7 k$ D* |
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
0 r& Q7 J& s3 f' X. g& Y/ Q  y$ Lthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
1 t3 C  S! M$ X" ?* P7 nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 X( J  }! q; |0 Q0 K( F
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 n0 ]3 M% ^1 }0 e2 u6 [+ m) ]testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
) _, d9 X5 Z4 @bly more common than the rare case report in the
4 [  p+ m4 J9 e  ~( \8 sliterature.4
$ L  H& e# X6 t' hPatient Report& {' \3 _% L+ G, }
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ _0 c: p8 W* S  Y: R, i
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% V9 w' |9 v1 {* ]6 |% Y
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
' q7 o  S! Q9 K& G4 B! qlight colored pubic hair development when he was
& S( w3 p, @$ Y) mFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of# k2 A9 X6 g" F1 v5 D
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
  x$ ?0 {, v9 m+ c1 l4 [Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,) E1 X! O8 Y* Z5 w" z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
5 r- _% W* f0 V' V9 p5 ^9 ~Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;! s3 P0 E9 l. b2 H
e-mail: [email protected].! z) F2 R7 f3 R4 y0 B& m
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' A  j  `5 ^, Y; I# r1 M/ y7 Mdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" T" W8 ~+ ?4 D/ N" o1 h6 Oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 L( @6 |. X  y$ A$ Rwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: T+ V, V- r# |* t
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: g% ^1 w; M& s$ ?* o
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year' H/ k( m2 D. r9 P7 K4 o  v9 X" I
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with' S# V) W$ x3 _5 ?
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
% `& `2 U; Q* W2 _& }3 w4 L& rand his psychosocial and psychomotor development+ u% o: q' Z) _0 M2 Z
was age appropriate.3 J: }! A7 ?# b
The family history was remarkable for the father,
- R- f4 ^# }3 s/ u; ~% Bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% S: o: o5 X9 b0 B! Z* }+ t( y% v, hwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( p' {/ S0 Z) h6 m+ d* Gheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ U8 F* i( |* ~$ searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- [+ O* o, Q' m3 L6 kThe father denied taking any other medication. The
6 {0 Q# h' Z1 h3 i3 }9 x& Hchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
7 u6 V( @! z4 x4 u; swas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
$ V9 ]8 t8 P$ l# D% E2 s. Z0 g5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-  E* ^# D& n7 R; Z# y2 x$ {" {
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 W& V8 ]0 ~9 X5 h# a
tives. There were no siblings.6 n2 A) H& j: _- W, f0 ?6 J
Physical Examination& N! s+ G/ k4 _* Z! I
The physical examination revealed a very active,) Z4 T8 G! u& h* |; Q+ d; J
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 y0 ~  K3 p, t6 l
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
9 c$ D0 K+ S6 M. ]$ r9 L90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
# N7 u2 C7 ^1 }- [! s6 j  c(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
* k9 [( t/ N7 zvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of9 J. g( Y/ m- E9 V5 q# W
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
5 U/ A; \7 K* h7 PThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
, G1 b4 O; {  `6 tenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
$ C( r7 o8 E0 o  G: H# W2 l8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well. m- k4 v. @* P2 Y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
; W9 @+ B8 ^4 y0 h: _$ x0 [' ]540( D+ e) e- O( T: K' q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: `5 y; O3 C# [  o' A
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
- @" N2 H. r/ s0 ltesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.  @9 n2 t0 s& x( W( t+ y
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
1 ?! S* `$ l7 f0 N) ?oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no) i- T9 U# i9 f
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ K8 ~& i, Q) w2 P; s( b5 r
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* ~2 k" @9 `* Q- b: h3 obilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ L. l, w6 X9 w$ Vof papilledema.6 W4 }- A. j+ _0 d# z0 z
Laboratory Evaluation
. V- u  y* b3 U# {: }% xThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
9 ?5 s1 U. e) @. \3 Wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-# M  G) U% {+ _
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal. J7 Z1 Q5 ]$ R( W" j9 ^+ @
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 z! m' Q' [4 n# e, \. Lshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
& }) A5 O: Y# }; ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)." e0 e' ~( t6 N) D% K0 D
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" A& W& G# W& \: G* y. d
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 v/ l' o/ a4 y6 @) c8 l4 S' \
within normal range for his age. The concentration
( c5 [$ V" n0 |of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL9 z3 W* S  [% v& f
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 I9 d1 q9 S3 p5 [2 v5 f& L
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
9 @4 F; T4 S. O) P- S0 V: a7 ^# lterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),# q; u/ c8 O6 k. G
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to; B. O6 S  g; C1 R3 c3 [0 Y$ `# s
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)2 G* Z4 R- @6 _5 A$ ]
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
2 T4 k3 I0 k; U& r0 A& D. Etisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ D7 {& l4 Z; u" ?
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),% G1 G- Z# T9 f) V/ u; {
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than( E, f! k* _% S0 N5 T" x( M. I
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular4 n" c3 u" Z1 D
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone; T9 a, v. \6 x; G) r$ p+ d8 W
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
0 v3 P$ S* K+ X; L  D(prepubertal).
) S! q" z1 d6 g7 \1 m7 ZThe parents were notified about the laboratory
/ j( z& {- a. v+ Wresults and were informed that all of the tests were+ k5 Z" ?. M/ E
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
4 N- ^  u1 M( @) L4 Y$ Wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- m/ l  a/ @+ `7 l% ~- cobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
4 @4 F) W6 e) C  k1 i" Hever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. |7 C; }: ]( @; O$ s* @! kPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
6 k/ o8 q; h. G! C. A: r, Rchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained' s9 ~5 o& m5 f6 `& k& b
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 u& f7 `; X% T+ bunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" b5 E4 P8 m2 K# k4 M( X/ `% G1 mpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 v0 Q/ m! s, Othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 d% X# ~0 y0 i; w
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 B4 T3 r! e2 D. Y3 t$ A2 Q
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 R. j$ u) A. v; Ting frequent erections.
" R$ {7 J. h! }) p# I/ zBoth parents were again questioned about use of
" s+ P) B. ]1 u! g. A" Bany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 w' f) l# R7 Cthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) U/ K5 B' v; t
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
. m) s* w. d4 f/ G& R6 W9 huse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: X; R, A2 d1 X: A! bing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for/ K$ r* f) l' r+ g' Z" q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed: V+ {$ n% `+ W& ^% }
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-& Z" Q  s8 A& E& h* w% H
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido% `% H$ K& }2 W! B
secondary to depression.
3 v6 N$ `! Y1 Q0 ]- h/ C- OThe child slept in the same bed with parents.; X" l& q* p8 k' ^% i7 \* ]  x
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his! M+ O& V3 F# g) l3 @% a" |
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
+ w( H) K$ s( W7 V* ^: P& Lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
% H% J& V1 o' rThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
) D, @0 m8 g6 l+ y( ewhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby5 h4 V9 S1 V* `& w/ J! D/ U) u
was high, he then read the product information2 i6 N2 F- Z0 |) E. o
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-; m$ u4 g6 I. l8 C1 i
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they8 ?# z9 {, b7 q+ B, ~7 N
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! i4 A: c0 Z+ |4 R) c& e9 gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 E' p! u" @& u' U: |3 q& W# y5 ]been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) f; M# T% w; V! ]5 [( C  ytest was ordered, but the family did not go to the' {9 K8 X, U0 k0 U0 i5 C; j' c
laboratory to obtain the test./ d. @3 C; h7 U# D" u, }( f3 K& U8 S
Discussion6 N8 o& F2 {& I: M$ x0 o/ l
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary; X- T+ a2 v- y* I  n
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,42 [4 @! K6 t% E& b2 n9 V5 N, i
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when! |' a, ?% A1 e( f. N3 ]
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-" @6 A( s* ^4 @# Y
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-# |$ X9 c: l3 a7 u! p$ z( K
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. c3 d3 A: e/ {may have a central nervous system lesion that is9 b# q+ I) K) L$ j: V% n  b
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
( k8 ]' m3 @2 ^$ S; Namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. [9 ]6 K$ o; G. T* P9 @1 rsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
) J' m2 ]6 H% ^7 yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ C* n4 i: I" i7 H! f
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-1 l* q( O/ C* f/ ?6 X
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: ?' A$ ?" a/ ]6 T
gonadotropins.1,3
, R) V" |% e2 u5 [  `Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( U8 s2 u) T  e, Ycious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate' n+ Z3 I+ l: Q2 l( E9 `
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 b8 f; J& P) i8 h" mexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-8 w! L/ B$ O( I/ i2 `8 ~  {( _  l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing2 y* z1 E3 f8 J" A+ Q/ M
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ `) i' P# |5 \' Nadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 E* B# \  q8 R1 I( d7 m% Xpuberty in boys.3,4
# x# |4 D4 ~2 h* EThe most common form of congenital adrenal
! S; ]. Z7 Q: Phyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
' ]2 Q4 c* Z  j: PThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ k- ^" }% J) ]3 s# g" g  t8 \5 Hexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,5 R% D# G* u/ U; Z/ H
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 E2 ~+ d6 m# n0 kexcess.1,3
4 O+ f" z/ [9 ^at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# d! u( x. I3 _: F! @, Q0 W- ^* y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20078 D7 e: q: ]! s! C
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( @7 x$ r4 e; @9 w# C
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
) G5 E( U# W& z7 B: |$ eas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ p6 s( y+ D" @& F/ ?* rvery young age. The physical findings in these boys0 J! X$ A5 U) e: {# |6 a
with this disorder are full pubertal development,+ n% s9 V5 x; \2 I
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  h+ @( A* x  e& M, z0 owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ A" Q3 F& m" {: q8 ^are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 _$ y+ B- y0 x% u
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-# B. K% q. ]2 k) g; r. B
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 \, q/ D: N6 x4 j( T& B4 ^( d
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only0 o6 U' a9 F* F0 T; M4 K
males; therefore, other male members of the family
6 Y& [7 P4 s  d+ G! U1 r3 [. ]8 mmay have similar precocious puberty.3
# \% Z; V  h' V2 r7 f* rIn our patient, physical examination was incon-2 E/ ]/ `8 g% q; ^0 @, u
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
6 k$ o9 ], D8 A  {/ v3 @& Ocles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis+ ^1 E4 ^0 T8 |' _6 H. C
was in the differential diagnosis because his father; Z3 |$ J( c& v# _' u* H* T1 u
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,) Z" ~  \& s/ ^& g
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
/ ^. u- n- z  `beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-5 \% P( Q7 \0 q. R* L2 k8 Q
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our, w$ q% G$ L9 Q! s  ^+ K
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& ^5 W& }# R: u) o& N& R* c  v- deither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase! P9 k8 S4 {2 j% n/ A9 N3 l2 t; A
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" Z4 j, j4 g5 O# @& y0 e9 `
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.  D9 U! l: c/ F& ~3 m' B
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* }/ r# ?. b# I- ?' Z5 Jsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% x, }$ J' i+ ~$ K# p
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-0 b/ s6 C. h* u* l$ S$ c
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
* e2 T/ i" g4 V- b/ Fdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-2 U9 D& ?0 e: ^8 \6 ^' j6 ]' [, S
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was9 O' s& @0 m: k& V
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 ]- Y0 K. z8 R! eDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% e# M' z8 }0 A1 z3 A% gcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
0 y- z" {9 |+ T: Dunprotected females through direct skin exposure.# L! q" D" G; ~
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
# K! L+ E) R: q; ?baseline value in those females who were exposed to
# p* C  A7 ^" @; M% I+ n$ xeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. M- M. Y( W# A' npartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 u+ o" ~- W8 ~
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.3 b2 S2 F3 e5 b. @, e
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 Z6 Q$ ]5 O& M- b. n
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ |. Z, P5 _) y- k$ |0 E; J
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- w+ d. L% ?" n* Aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
0 r9 L, a6 y) V4 X3 Jactive in young children exposed to testosterone5 W9 @3 I' q* u) o+ Q7 @& {% t
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; L, O' O4 E, r1 p* v1 M( ]
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to. ^5 {5 Q" I' j# X0 Y4 T, r
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# w0 R& `* S8 e% G( uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
+ N! c5 D+ f( a! I! {9 D: Jadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
  ?+ v) }. Y! kThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during' h. c! e0 c; I. ^! v
early childhood on pubertal development and final3 w! g4 ]( r. ^+ N
adult height are not fully known and always remain
( s( e+ g; L& l/ O4 M' O- A+ ~- u& ca concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
) N& m& N' {& T- O/ rterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
8 V. [6 \! R7 macceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
0 t# s8 [+ A6 kcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
. |9 V8 v6 x1 t- U5 g( C/ [decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. j8 r, }4 K2 t1 m% ~4 i5 BThere are conflicting reports and controversy
) S2 M0 c5 z& q. v2 y  zover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult8 R. a2 u8 z0 G5 t
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
) s1 z* N  q$ N- p- A- \% x4 c! badult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
! i# K4 t' F3 l1 }  o  {, k3 Gulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ R3 q" Q7 \" j1 S5 T! r7 Z% P
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
0 Q5 `" G) c' xchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
8 l: X( }2 Z7 b: ^) x6 x4 Qpenile length in clinical studies.- ?7 ^# ?; I, @# d
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 f- ^  S8 Q5 j. v2 S7 y  pgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
; ?1 y2 i0 b4 u4 v3 ntestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
% V: T% |, i* h: M& ythe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 H5 B+ ?, C* u+ n9 n9 sAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of1 j) [. b# G# ~7 {' {/ `+ C" O
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at4 V+ f: P  b0 k8 X/ Y
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 |, U% _& |$ o1 }/ S% H) |7 n0 Nheight will not be affected.0 t1 q4 @! P9 j7 L
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-4 T6 Q5 P! E) [) V
ability of androgen products in our society may, E0 i1 p. C# Q9 Q6 {
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; L/ P+ M6 j: `6 l0 u% [9 c8 V
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 }+ ?+ F2 ]! L6 M) V+ B$ ogen products must be considered and specific ques-
1 t4 w7 W- {) v: U3 t- g9 otioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( K; t7 k/ S, c, ?0 ?gel should be asked of the family members during
" G! `/ E8 g  t( k$ X2 Jthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
/ M% G3 ?6 D: \5 l2 B- m* Bilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; d2 u! o( a: h3 bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by# i& A5 e& N7 p# O; R+ P. y
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- I! P& U4 V" m9 o+ p0 G: j+ M/ \history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 D; ~& P+ X3 e- ?
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive) p1 k  P  k6 V3 v
investigation. The primary care physician should be" F  A0 n- K$ s" {+ z# o, W$ p
aware of this fact, because most of these children. y* b3 x  C$ H/ T5 K! W( C; W
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’! h- Z2 M! o  a& W
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a. Y1 P# {! J+ T# ~5 d8 Y8 V: i! j
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
7 N( d! j( c6 _3 rfemale child who might come in contact with some-
. [6 ^; S/ ?: c/ V1 L$ V; ?% {4 Bone using any of these products.( N9 r- x' j9 X' f4 s  _
References7 E) \$ |3 p4 L  J
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; D+ H! N5 k2 A* J& a+ q7 jand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 J5 I+ d8 t' C% E- d: J
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
# l$ c7 F% e. C$ O2002: 565-628.
) z/ {9 p" g# J2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' I$ F2 m" }' ?# |  x
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old! t; @0 D, Z. P0 O  D: C) S/ s
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical# k, c: E& D3 _9 V# Q, `/ ^8 T
Exposure to Testosterone6 r2 h) x2 e" t9 b+ O& |
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, Y9 ~: j5 }4 ?: Y! Wand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ b9 }" M: d4 i' I: `- X3 `
Clinical Pediatrics
3 L5 S1 I1 Z% _5 S: NVolume 46 Number 66 Q& v. N" _2 o; q
July 2007 540-543* p' \- x; E+ J0 {5 C
© 2007 Sage Publications- |" M; v1 B; ~" m! t
10.1177/0009922806296651
& d0 O- A2 D1 r- F+ f' khttp://clp.sagepub.com- a1 n; L* T( L  b* X& Q/ x/ i* z
hosted at- Q8 H1 r& t: k* x5 ~2 K  Y8 |& z- n
http://online.sagepub.com9 Y$ P0 g+ D+ S7 Q$ `  ?
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,& c+ G2 W! p1 n. w, ~; U8 g" _) i
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ a0 T" T& f  a' S- `precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
. q+ J6 I* Q: E1 gthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 N' e$ ^* O7 l& ]9 V* g- Fa higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 F. u( C7 a, }7 U$ o% }) E
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
) F2 R' D  G4 M$ {$ i6 uby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic$ X0 F; i  f, z/ A
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! k/ L3 U: l9 m7 b4 w& n) d; H
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
7 i% h4 t+ j$ z4 \$ ?# @; Jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" |6 m- M2 p) }& ^7 d
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: B) f" ~# h8 @/ S1 q
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 P& V* C  Q7 ]6 Jto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
8 H4 ?( [0 Z% X" Qthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; Q4 O) `6 f7 M7 v" e9 N& P+ }mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
0 F1 q& r2 o& b# U& S9 \child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 {8 I1 o1 D7 ?* q7 g6 @3 Y8 rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
: M* S! e, y8 U6 j( Tbly more common than the rare case report in the
$ x& T$ [/ f$ k0 a5 s$ Eliterature.4
' V) `$ M4 o& L# R4 yPatient Report! ?/ Q0 ^; m& Y$ S
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
& s9 U3 m4 \  m' V0 yendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* d: I1 o. z  qof early sexual development. His mother noticed4 |4 U& ]( J0 [5 O5 E9 H
light colored pubic hair development when he was$ ~9 Y! ]$ [1 V/ R
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* B. |# q* Z& I8 ?% Y9 J- [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 g1 w5 ~5 J. N$ u0 [Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,( U/ {! E$ m7 o2 z, F1 o/ g3 M
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of/ T. O' y% r! _; @, h: a  v6 c7 y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;1 L) g! M0 n3 t4 B: S; H
e-mail: [email protected].8 S3 r/ F, v# U- e2 n" `  E
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became3 L: t2 _+ |) J& F0 y
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) @( n7 j: F- `ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 T! F: Q/ Y& J. A1 ?) twas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( k( z" G) e6 U+ }2 ~& y/ N  @
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of& C0 Y( V4 Y6 ^" j& ^
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
: K# W0 [8 {* s5 e+ tof life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ l6 j5 G* o* S! g, h6 K
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
: j  p0 O: N- B+ e' G, eand his psychosocial and psychomotor development) ^0 Z& O2 F7 G
was age appropriate.- d& L, [/ R# G, Q& ^1 w+ |; S; ?& ?
The family history was remarkable for the father,- N  k& ~& D$ B$ O* {7 K+ d# Q# k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; _" y( V6 J0 Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; |- H0 T+ P( eheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat5 j  R/ t9 C' F- x0 B9 b  S) F& J
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 p" q9 W: D, V3 t5 N4 u
The father denied taking any other medication. The0 M2 I8 R! L' @% L# S' H5 e; S. z  Q8 F
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche; N4 i5 t6 y0 m
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 a, |3 s  l; b( h  w! k5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* o, p' q0 V& h( H: R
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& j' r% F" o+ D/ c# X) q( ]tives. There were no siblings.# h: ~: l: {6 W5 D
Physical Examination8 T( B0 n  n2 @# F: K
The physical examination revealed a very active,
/ t1 a& j- }% yplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented$ z! [( @( ^+ ]+ o% V
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) X3 M$ f" r  h, X& z! l7 D90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" H; F. q8 c6 g. E  s(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, \# Z5 r# d% _4 |$ t: g: Y* _$ zvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' X4 E7 k6 E+ M+ J9 tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.2 t1 T# x: U( u8 k" |- g0 ~
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for) p# q  u* q' W
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ H+ `- W: n4 U7 g. _: K& y& B
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& Z3 H4 d$ c" S& T$ e1 Cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around. x6 k$ E- o/ \
540* K1 W! c/ ~4 ~) m: i6 Q; l
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1 J( E* q1 V3 C  B3 uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The$ f- l" J1 j2 m) y! B
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& Q: T: _7 S* C5 O% _& a5 |9 N3 t% SThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) E/ c5 c0 y) R3 }  ]
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! A; V6 G; f: u5 q8 [. Rabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 G/ ^! r0 u  O/ |: l2 u& T
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 ?/ q# d" W  C
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) T9 W4 b3 e, c: ?  Q$ {& @: C5 sof papilledema.
4 q. O. r* w6 o& ~Laboratory Evaluation: U9 {: p+ O& _9 k' d, {. D* `( q
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
  Z# c8 t& M  t& J$ |using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 y& c; {; h* z  `& S0 \+ x6 U
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
& \$ k0 ]3 ]3 akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" J( H! h. n$ q
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
& Q" P' w( _5 S: x+ X, h4 h8 e/ m" r, Hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
9 n' t( M, R# m8 [, j' ]The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood0 S+ [/ b# _( k/ I- }9 D/ m- V4 e7 I
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were& b. g$ {0 m# U: I/ ?5 i# N0 N) g2 o( S
within normal range for his age. The concentration  X' i: q; i4 j2 i# i3 {6 q  J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
' Q; e. j& y# j3 g& y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( }) `/ P) V2 a& Hng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
9 v3 q! h$ f$ j/ Y  Z+ ]terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),  c& T, F, W/ i0 @* a# L+ d2 J
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
. k3 \& y2 {% p49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 g6 A2 C' g9 Z7 Q6 E2 mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
: D) W9 L7 W1 k' a1 Ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* ]' B: K& C3 Btestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 f5 Q! M6 s6 M8 t2 p" Z9 u
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 Z( Y. E, d2 E; ^8 R
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" A( f2 m4 Y- _1 O: U* A5 Tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
( {7 g' i0 \7 x2 I/ G7 cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. x) U1 V9 R1 U4 s& r* B9 s5 m  l(prepubertal).
! g7 N+ I3 u5 CThe parents were notified about the laboratory
" W3 r9 e  p, a- r( Cresults and were informed that all of the tests were
/ K0 G8 i5 X8 h0 @2 e, c% A8 J0 I8 k0 Gnormal except the testosterone level was high. The: T5 h- A: G$ T1 T+ \0 e: d
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to2 D7 f9 c7 V& m" M& |, X: Z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-8 i* x7 U, i; U! @+ v0 ~
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
0 h" X2 N; \& F3 ?Physical examination at this time revealed that the
+ Q2 f, c' o: t8 O8 ]child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
) M9 S4 V4 h, L4 S1 I0 S! d4 f( H( E2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
  F& R# s9 w+ ~' d) K+ yunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 ]+ N' x: o9 j5 r5 C( Z( E& c4 Epletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
9 n% r$ a8 S" g/ o& ythe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
+ [1 J$ a3 A5 u; W6 N8 MmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 G! B( j5 U. ^+ i
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 ^3 f4 {# `/ \. ^; u2 G% v9 t
ing frequent erections.: V+ t  t7 d$ |, P% q+ x
Both parents were again questioned about use of% l4 r' |0 H$ F5 ?
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
6 W4 [4 L# V& d4 k$ Lthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ V( M0 n! V" bTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( B* u: m' L- Duse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 [9 i6 V- Q9 G# N: e  M& m% e
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' [- v/ r) j! a5 M* r  N# V0 Q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
' ~% p8 q6 w$ ]3 z9 rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ Q4 g: r2 M0 {6 _! s
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
6 Z9 }& l9 j( s' s# O+ m+ p, osecondary to depression.5 ]* ]$ V+ k) {2 T
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
( {$ N. @& U' `' N) b! Q3 SThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his" J2 k$ Q6 G& v7 W6 L9 X
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
5 G+ K' B& ~: X& J0 K0 x7 ?nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
" \' o, I8 k8 S% e9 FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
# M8 `3 b3 `7 W' K5 dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
' w' Q8 X1 N/ nwas high, he then read the product information
0 V1 @$ C6 w0 B4 v) k; }0 y( Opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 K0 z- L# T  S# e1 g# hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
! }4 `+ I9 e% A- O: R9 |- q: |5 Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* e+ g' z' \* D/ c5 {father was not hugging him with bare skin and had& }  o5 j7 U; M, j: D6 n
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone, u; Z7 j& |. X
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
4 m" N1 q! o' m  y! b4 llaboratory to obtain the test.
* V4 V- o: f+ K" x- |% N' Y  }3 ^Discussion$ n9 F# H' N8 n4 @8 {4 f
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) T9 ]/ F3 t4 ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, o0 u8 T( b" F1 k4 F) l
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when. W1 k$ ?7 b6 u0 z" D
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' B9 c- B( T; x) x
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
% W4 J( M" @/ E# Q6 R9 Amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
' K3 _7 A, D$ [& X* |may have a central nervous system lesion that is8 C9 h4 |6 U! R2 z& z7 q! J
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% r" S8 p) f$ D# R3 C% o- X2 M" L8 l
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-, k2 F6 W+ e  `, d: P/ ?4 v) z8 R
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in4 E- g% ]: v9 Y( g& B6 U" n, n" j
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
' m" K2 Y9 t8 v4 ]ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-/ z& P, U, d0 X+ ?) y* e1 i
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( D9 ], m) W! W5 G  }; Rgonadotropins.1,3
3 D: |" N$ j$ Q( qGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( T8 g# l# X; g% b4 e7 p0 ^0 i$ t" Scious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ N& D% s8 n0 F
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 j* e5 e4 A  P3 W( _0 Jexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% q/ \0 l9 n7 p+ G+ R) O( @ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& S6 G8 a: f& I+ {7 q9 ~congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive1 m: T) w. Y  q' J4 P2 |  F, M" c+ c: ~
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 y, i) n- y  |
puberty in boys.3,4: C" t' a. B4 c0 y1 G# h: a4 W
The most common form of congenital adrenal1 M; U' ^% t' l8 @
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# H0 x- l8 E- E1 F( |
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in+ `5 @) k: S: Q' |
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 U3 ^5 d2 q, O& r3 J+ }  b
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen9 T; m) K9 l7 M, g" {) _
excess.1,3
9 A6 o7 J! u( R* O/ Y# [; i( _; c' Lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 u0 N2 h9 |8 u5 L6 R- Q542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) F  U& h/ s5 Q- W& {: t7 jA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
1 [& n. f3 u3 l! b3 m- jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
' r1 F6 R  z: s2 p! o4 ^/ G* eas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
& U* Q  j( A* Q: |very young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ }; b3 t* B- W- d* \* Z5 {with this disorder are full pubertal development,
: J# ^: o: |6 Q& R) E6 b( uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys7 r: T8 w& V0 J0 C
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
  m! v+ T) I' e. mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; t/ h& S- w, P* Epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-, k. n1 t4 G, x& B3 K8 z
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked! n6 J! u8 g! g( e
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only' f+ F5 }! @& N+ v
males; therefore, other male members of the family; r: f- L" |% \9 P% P( s
may have similar precocious puberty.3
: `' w4 X# g: [6 X  ~, z  Y3 uIn our patient, physical examination was incon-! k: x, G; c* X+ t, o' }: A
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* ?0 X) n2 |# V
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis7 t  ^4 Z8 q# f" Z& g) s9 }
was in the differential diagnosis because his father1 G% A7 ?' i7 }0 X7 [. f$ i8 O
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- C: N. ~4 V! z  G# gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
8 Y  f+ w: J& P+ B* F4 m! jbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-5 J3 J% }( e' \$ A
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our$ ]9 ~: |  X' Q
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 p; Q0 S. E0 Y' @- H( x7 N2 \
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 h1 B. K0 ~" r4 q( T
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-1 V+ {: T+ s* f( i8 H
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! D$ u4 G  Q9 o% [+ o( lThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
! e1 h& U; b0 q1 N3 T$ L8 w1 f4 Dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because8 t9 G, n2 }) G, ~8 a* D) u
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( u- f- S$ m6 s& I" U% w: x& hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 W+ q" f0 U0 f8 V1 Ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-9 C2 D' i( m& E, b. g5 u0 o
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& F- ~; d: ]3 ~: N1 C
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! ]; B; |2 d- A8 a- eDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* ]! t! N: @6 k. Bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( B: A# r* ^1 H/ ^' \1 D6 ~2 u' q
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ V. O4 Z, o! I. g' E/ q- V% |Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 y# S! ]' {" w7 n6 Z/ r+ `
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 H5 J* @0 m$ t& M0 z/ Leven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male" Y+ A/ d6 ^* _: b( Z. d/ A
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 P! |5 }6 s( T  V  p6 F: e
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.5 x8 k  i8 r' J9 H0 f8 c8 Y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
9 V) N, K/ E/ \9 s% a& gwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
7 x9 K6 S( b0 L4 Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 S: Y( ^' O% _7 G' O& o
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ b. F; p, P4 B4 Y9 \* d7 z# a0 \active in young children exposed to testosterone1 L" v/ l! I/ Q0 N3 K& t( B+ H
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ V& c1 ~% p" Z; X! x4 P: _! S  l  \drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ {7 [4 p2 G; b
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 w; x* I4 C) L2 O9 kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and) C& |& U7 `, e$ T: `8 M- Y
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient." L: Q3 T' p/ k9 z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 O" i- A7 B* k8 P4 p
early childhood on pubertal development and final( u0 v6 D# {/ m  W, w
adult height are not fully known and always remain
+ c& b, G0 ]4 t2 {2 w2 A7 ca concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
6 s  Z5 o: T" R! f; |" Sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& _8 f& P9 d5 q
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 `" S+ E1 b: _. Z3 f: xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 ^5 L9 w" _1 X. \% zdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
+ _* [4 Q% {9 p' i0 SThere are conflicting reports and controversy5 k- n: q1 z  a& s! T2 V
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
0 ~$ H# n( G! K$ Tpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 i4 t5 f9 {- G9 A. e# x
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& \2 Q9 u- |- g$ L# X; w; _
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 S) W6 a% A6 kSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
% z: O* Q$ d: j; W1 |5 p8 y" fchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult5 D7 |9 \/ U( D, h
penile length in clinical studies.
! o3 V3 [* w" G1 ^( H  s5 MNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; q! [3 b. T) F9 c2 igoing to experience any of the untoward effects from. W4 }/ V6 A! M4 s4 c& z8 O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because8 S6 V; I* g4 ]) S0 z3 P
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ d1 U* `' {) ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of: w3 D* c6 w% A1 w1 C
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# f+ I) k; O5 f/ h& V* jthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
  s& \+ v/ W" `. z1 Kheight will not be affected.' K$ e& s; q$ H5 a
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-* [2 }* D( Y( R& p. n
ability of androgen products in our society may. H7 V1 O8 g3 I: J) {
indeed cause more virilization in male or female/ [9 E9 T  p' U
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 q6 Y! l" a7 Xgen products must be considered and specific ques-
$ Q1 R, {3 q+ y6 `6 j6 P. Y- {% utioning about the use of a testosterone product or) Y, o4 y* G9 B: t" x
gel should be asked of the family members during# L+ b( @/ U7 e% \: h' f
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
9 t0 ]" O9 `6 i2 o4 G" r) yilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
) Z! L$ R# M8 z" Wnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ f# N! ]" h8 U. `5 T6 P$ ~' Fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ g9 J9 g/ p4 phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
% `" N0 r8 Y8 Sresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
0 ~8 E; R6 ]$ r3 qinvestigation. The primary care physician should be+ d& k0 H5 R  I+ Y) V
aware of this fact, because most of these children% C" w6 g9 h# _# f
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
- |4 E" L9 b, V! KDesk Reference and package insert should also put a0 p  d5 R( p/ H* o/ c" t
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( n  X, G4 }( \female child who might come in contact with some-
  j7 L; v) W: hone using any of these products.
" G( D( K# K6 W" L: L# mReferences9 {' V. }0 {& \- y7 R7 U
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ k9 `) n# S2 p; O! R0 \8 `
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric" P$ Y; A8 |$ `7 n7 t
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* v" K# S" c) o) ]) p8 r) l3 W2002: 565-628.9 r% z) U( Z; d/ i
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) N$ c2 w  a9 z9 Q( @puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

0 x1 P4 o  E, y) Y+ ]( Q精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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