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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 C# m, e6 f8 U4 WBoy Induced by Indirect Topical: t! w4 ?  I; d8 ^* z6 ?# h
Exposure to Testosterone
9 N3 e$ y/ t- V+ y' Y/ TSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,27 F& G# w* S7 _+ q3 |+ D5 I# z3 Y
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ K& T% H3 ^3 L% {% D  |! y$ E2 }Clinical Pediatrics
# q, L2 I) x% E+ o4 fVolume 46 Number 6
: W/ ?0 D# r1 ?- u# U+ f5 bJuly 2007 540-543
: B- l! X5 ]2 }9 T3 o© 2007 Sage Publications
8 Y$ w4 F1 k0 I7 |6 E( B  S* q% H10.1177/0009922806296651* a, {) G  B; z  I( ~
http://clp.sagepub.com
' f0 V2 F* U- A, a1 e$ F" H% ohosted at
9 V. Q3 M, a6 r6 Y& O5 P( \http://online.sagepub.com5 _/ b# V& \5 f$ V/ h6 Q
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
0 K; v# M! z% s5 K( s1 l$ \is a significant concern for physicians. Central2 V2 p/ m$ t$ G* I& u8 l/ c' Z
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
3 i2 l  ]8 h, X/ f/ A9 q  mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has8 m" m" ^3 A! J% ^0 ^
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system& i7 Q1 u5 l  b" m2 g
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ C  k; `8 P/ d4 }7 D* Z
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic; e' l: c( P# ~
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
: I' _( |' {9 t: l0 E1 ucles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: E; L; {8 }( oreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ m% d. G9 R1 x/ \' h8 ?
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
$ K2 t8 g- t! q8 d# tment without testicular enlargement, which was due: R# Z! P- K9 e! p$ u
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
. e6 f2 t5 c1 l6 c$ [1 R: Z$ d2 a( Othe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 Y9 R8 C9 B; B8 A* S/ ~mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this% `/ l; |/ L& v  T, c: {) @
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of8 b: ?3 D: a( P3 }! O# ?. H7 Y
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' M" o$ z) f" M" ]9 ?9 ?bly more common than the rare case report in the$ ^+ }. `+ \9 x# ^0 M& b! N5 F
literature.4
5 W) x! t* j0 jPatient Report
* F' T% @. z8 F4 i4 i: |/ gA 16-month-old white child was referred to the# J7 _1 b/ ^) l- |
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern3 ^* d2 U% G* R' Q
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ l* X. {( [4 x, u3 elight colored pubic hair development when he was
: s$ ~5 b) Z) e3 p: o; NFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of$ O, x7 s3 h% y
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% |3 O/ C. k/ g8 b
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
7 m/ F$ J9 M) L. \, F7 W2 oProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of, h& i5 W3 }/ W3 v4 A4 l8 |
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ p4 y; \6 t( ?1 w' [, T% Z- u% ve-mail: [email protected].8 Y/ i$ K6 G" p- m( ^. }; ?! O
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* k+ W8 M6 w- f& y- S, e7 idarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-$ H7 @, q; T+ D. n
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child) ^. `+ v* o/ d; V
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with7 d9 H& J+ |' M- i- [9 E+ n
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) ~6 j9 ]. n8 {2 h5 O
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 I* h$ |# N4 v
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with- j2 D. J1 h: w) h/ U
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,+ f+ u' l! [4 b) }! t+ L0 K5 }  ]
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
. T: M' [( t2 Kwas age appropriate.
% s2 F+ x; |( L! j2 RThe family history was remarkable for the father,
9 I, P1 b& {, O& l+ ~2 A! |/ O9 v; }who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
' L8 b- A2 T8 s* b/ Hwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s8 p) l' a# a0 P9 b$ {% n( {
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat. r% r/ |5 K) q
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.- S$ a- A* ~' l, A" K
The father denied taking any other medication. The
( @7 b4 W) c! y+ u/ ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  a1 c6 b/ e2 D# D# l
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! g2 c$ H; e7 K; k
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
. Z" V# r7 d6 }: ^; i, Y. Ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
( G6 J/ Y) C' H# itives. There were no siblings.
; R* ]9 H3 T/ ~) gPhysical Examination
" Z# b( }9 g2 Q9 {The physical examination revealed a very active,
0 G9 N& ~9 a1 K  }+ wplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented0 C2 e% {% c6 O. p0 F" x+ y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was8 v8 Z$ P7 R3 p0 i/ g+ ~' J" R3 k
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg2 r4 x: J, v  c4 S' K
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 }. h1 ~2 @: r( D& `. Bvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' Q0 y. b* s' @3 `( nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement./ o2 _, x, g! J
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for) H6 g/ B5 l7 u* |+ V/ i3 e. B
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, V9 u. f, I+ t/ o9 b8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 A) F; l0 R8 D; O/ K
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 u5 I4 C! S+ e  A, D4 z
5404 W$ J- y( G/ [: X
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# b( M& M* u# uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- r$ m6 u$ t8 e  s$ b
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
/ ^+ [; h# v& X3 R7 M' eThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat8 D0 N, x; e; {+ n9 [; T/ I
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# C+ C" r# _4 a+ G( m
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; ^8 R9 `# t" M
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, C5 u: A4 S0 T  [$ I* v8 S- vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion9 o2 E9 R: W9 F+ O
of papilledema./ _3 J% A& Y8 z+ i; o5 Q) s
Laboratory Evaluation
9 L9 s7 u$ Q3 u" HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
: Z, k. a+ [% U! M# J3 W* Eusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" i4 \* u7 H" X. n
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 Z- ?' j$ L- G+ S7 c! ^' z8 Ukaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test1 x+ d" Q1 Q) u* C& N
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 ]- u) ?4 M7 N/ O- t1 dlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
6 j  M' W- Y( O2 r8 o4 UThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
( {+ }3 I2 R9 i, Q2 {urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
/ \+ V' d* Z, `1 r/ W4 t( y* F7 _within normal range for his age. The concentration# g$ f' g) s' r$ _
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: s8 o$ y1 W) C7 E( k) Z
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20# H- C8 ]) o3 D' [! d. j
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- v1 W3 Y- y. d8 |
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),' i, @" J1 k6 d
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ E. P: n( b6 O: E9 t49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) F) P2 k! z* Q* R% S; W  w& E' \
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-) D/ R' f- O2 @( B) m' |8 I4 x
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( {( b- L( v: N8 Ztestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
' W, c' n  u% n6 o7 Dand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than( d0 M+ u: ~5 G+ ?- `! b# X
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 \- |9 Z6 Q' |: |! v# O& S' X
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 D( Q9 @: Z- e% K' J! M: X0 s% x. nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' U. h( i2 V  J- o* j( R7 }+ p(prepubertal).) {8 J" f' L7 F1 E" X& h
The parents were notified about the laboratory
- ^$ e% u( w$ E; q) `5 S/ [results and were informed that all of the tests were! L- [8 v2 c# ?0 }
normal except the testosterone level was high. The/ ^0 e3 r1 ~: G
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 p/ j0 Y" V& O& ~. {3 A
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( }- E( y" ^1 T  _2 {
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
* `5 M" D+ j* t7 Q# }+ O2 C, PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the3 h& U( R5 r( E( J$ p
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
& V  a: g7 o, |; b2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 c0 e* P0 Z5 n3 Z8 ?( `6 z& @# @4 punchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* j( |3 r, u6 g8 a& b) Y' {
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
. w  I  l: G6 W: H/ R+ M' ithe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2# d! b) Y9 f% T5 D1 }& t6 o
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 T' H: J( w' V# s: }; OThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, D' s& P8 p3 l+ U! |* a( D- @4 y: L; V
ing frequent erections.6 ^, ^- p* R' M; X. C8 h, X. [: W
Both parents were again questioned about use of2 M4 A" n; V) v9 K6 Y( [0 L; @
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
' L; w5 Z$ ^3 R) M: S8 C) Ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the0 s% c  ^- t, Y+ `7 c5 D
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ D, e" L8 h2 N0 ?6 i) x1 xuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 B  v1 f1 f0 c: N7 ]# k, J) r
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for. `1 o2 g( g  O
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 V+ c) ]* R' ?" a  Vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
& S' m2 T: K/ g# n0 xscribed by his family physician for decreased libido% u  O4 R/ ]& R0 D3 R
secondary to depression.
) z9 z  v, d  d8 [! c; G2 G$ k4 bThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
5 F3 h+ u& y1 U9 x) \The father would hug the baby and hold him on his3 p; i" N) H# D- G# A2 C# i" ~$ _
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- V  h$ v+ C0 A9 }  `8 ?! F
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father., f/ o" k, `3 O7 h' x: G
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
) S7 c" d9 {$ W1 g2 Iwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby) p* b* Q# `3 |6 \$ C5 D/ }. Q5 }  H
was high, he then read the product information
: v; }6 n6 `' F8 {7 w! wpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 j- `( S/ n* o: x$ V2 mson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 @( B  \; i! `5 j# Z0 j
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
" T. Y, O, r  P1 \9 J' M- q# i* N$ qfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' T1 \! l' u! k7 f$ ?* lbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone/ [5 V5 n- K6 s* ?) S
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
6 A9 ]& l, K: N, e3 F1 ^. C& Ulaboratory to obtain the test.
# x, x. O( e; ^; |4 F0 p& g# eDiscussion1 {7 ]0 D& r- o- v% c. W" M* n1 Y# ]$ a
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
9 V2 U6 Y- R3 z/ ksexual development before 9 years of age.1,4/ B8 i% l' R3 ?7 y- M4 i' J
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; z9 G' m' p: b+ T1 Git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* ~8 s! v+ q" z2 L- [) N4 \; ]
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ @( ]0 j' ?; F% Q' r
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 W4 k/ n' ?0 n3 g# L5 Q! Qmay have a central nervous system lesion that is) O+ ?% C0 c0 N; C, v8 `
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ D& _3 f* {8 a: |6 O$ U) Y; J4 o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-8 }( |: \" k, w/ F6 j
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 E( s2 _6 A8 V9 W) ]8 e/ u& c
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-2 ^7 t$ ^# }  L& s
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( i6 y  G# J& m8 l2 h( `, Vrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 Q. R1 J3 C# A
gonadotropins.1,3+ e! d, k3 P9 I/ I$ P
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-$ a6 n' \6 r* l5 t
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate6 s" A$ P  o# ]
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or2 o/ a8 ^# S5 L  d
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: c% R& k  r! Z; Z# E
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
3 M( W( i& L: K; a. Z9 [congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive3 `4 ~# j% w  H4 ~
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious  X$ D2 Z- P- l% O8 _7 t
puberty in boys.3,45 e6 z% s0 E# o* Q0 X8 ^$ Z! i: g! D
The most common form of congenital adrenal
1 N' i+ j4 n1 Z$ T7 Hhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.  d& H$ t& r4 \) ^7 n
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 A& z+ r  v- `! }- u% x# Q  G
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ i. P6 }! w' u" x7 \1 G
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' K7 L, C0 B* `. P& ^4 \# _4 h5 |excess.1,3
; [& B1 o; L& eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) y! t: z4 L$ A% h) l- L: a1 g
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 c6 g& J3 l& A& dA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) q- }+ v. ^. Q1 @! @5 `4 [, h% Nindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
  ]. Z! @! [4 Das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a: G  P8 b0 |3 _3 w8 F
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
' E% m5 T- Q! t2 Awith this disorder are full pubertal development,) C% K& N5 D0 f4 [
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 \! L- f! K" u# E% swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder4 F8 J- G0 _6 W, v
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# e6 a6 o3 \' u3 upubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-0 H5 [% o2 r7 \1 @/ f
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
( x0 ^# i4 ]9 _! y; Hautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 S  w8 w8 Y8 o! B* cmales; therefore, other male members of the family
- Z3 n9 w+ |+ f+ a3 l" p9 hmay have similar precocious puberty.3
7 {$ ]. t- T3 Z/ c% TIn our patient, physical examination was incon-+ r) ~4 O5 b$ F0 g6 t
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-& C( u4 Y7 J$ T( k/ p; U. g3 J
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis+ F% o9 Q) U3 l6 ?9 f9 @& [9 H0 Z3 }
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ \+ @, @* K9 ]9 R8 Y9 |started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
( J) A2 j* y4 t, q1 w* S* Xtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the& z* Y( m# F" L- g9 Z# d
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
1 u+ |7 k, j3 l/ O: Xative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- P/ Y8 q" B0 P. Gbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,5 ?! M" M! F/ p; V. R
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ c) G) E& ]7 y
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" r+ X: ~1 S  Q: L* p8 o/ Y* ~1 f4 w
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 [* _8 I+ g/ V3 L( t; f
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 P' R5 o3 [6 ]: Z! Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
) N& A: L9 |! x' z( `- `the physical examination revealed the complete disap-( `# X0 w7 l$ T; v5 q! F
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and  p( z# O; y5 B3 z7 g# V
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-, p( m% }4 ?+ v7 `8 r
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was. j4 f, D* F4 d
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
5 H: K0 U4 @7 G4 dDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or; W' `6 V8 h7 V& }
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to' s) y+ U2 `- X  i5 ]
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
9 p3 S: }- {7 f* K, {Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
% ~/ L, C/ J- i  e6 N, Ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to5 q/ y0 V2 x# F& U
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 i  |& r* w. z/ P! w6 p
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-; K7 [  D$ Z2 M/ ~" c1 H$ z. J
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
- t, f4 l  A* s9 p& Q- ^Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" I, g$ d6 H$ P" f$ k1 d* q  C/ Uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 j5 Q2 P" g* C  m7 a+ g
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
! b. z5 R: L7 ^% b+ Fterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( j! O  x; o' Factive in young children exposed to testosterone
6 T6 @4 Q, t' a+ ?( V. oexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; n2 M" v# k2 Z! Z* O8 S
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to5 E( M5 c* c3 s6 ^; Q& D3 ^
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
: Y$ l. c' d$ Xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and2 w6 {, l2 K5 C2 f( [6 H
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.- F8 P0 |! G" E  g7 r6 u/ h9 z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during, w2 |, J% i: d7 f+ i& h4 F6 M3 [
early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 f+ V$ C6 q5 R- y& v3 aadult height are not fully known and always remain) j. E! p+ G  e( r6 x4 f
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# G. m2 V4 g9 O5 C% I
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some6 y# A9 Y6 ]) Q) t2 y& M9 w
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( n8 A7 g/ Y, D4 X, l& fcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, g; `4 s3 M3 L) F0 s7 n( ~. l6 Vdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9% Y0 _- w( B8 w  W6 F- v
There are conflicting reports and controversy; g. ^$ O" K3 A6 k% v) X. ~
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult, ]3 _5 n8 ?( R1 A; F
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- x4 Q! P; E1 {* C) P
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ Q! f7 J: C6 ^. J
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
) a3 z7 P: P. J8 K* gSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between; R5 g+ J' m+ `& _/ p! f
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ ~+ f8 r) i1 }7 N( ?) d1 v
penile length in clinical studies.) M" Z7 D% n& X/ |$ L9 F
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 h" |. f# I; W$ \. c
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 p: o& d0 p' S+ d% Etestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because) }' c) u+ Z5 U% r
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.9 u/ ~! }" e) d1 Y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
, ~- ^& X8 u# f+ Z$ a' G4 V3 cdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, W7 V/ ]! g/ Q, `0 t1 vthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 p. x4 g% `1 x; g) c
height will not be affected.
& Y" v# k( U8 h0 i! `( @: OAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-1 |* X! g0 v9 P) H8 _% a
ability of androgen products in our society may2 F  r. i+ x  d/ ^- Q
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 C' B* Z. M2 D3 s' Y( l: s" Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
1 Y- r! f0 p6 F- cgen products must be considered and specific ques-$ q5 e% f  b- \$ u* k
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 e) B- L% B/ W6 d
gel should be asked of the family members during0 Q( a# d7 i( J0 C5 f" E6 y/ ^
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
4 V0 K9 Z$ c+ [5 Y0 kilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-) W! O9 o- l% L7 M7 r
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 w4 V4 W5 k) W! x& T: |appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a( q  U  i6 T: M2 @$ t
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may; M, j5 ~6 m9 R& I0 v) V
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 @4 U( F5 u$ A. v
investigation. The primary care physician should be/ z  i3 A6 O" v# N7 N6 E8 h1 r  e
aware of this fact, because most of these children& D. G: O, B7 m5 a$ Z+ r% p
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ o( R* J& h& D4 P
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 ]  K! h7 p% H- o+ Y2 n' R( wwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
2 z2 B1 Q0 j; j- n0 c5 ufemale child who might come in contact with some-: ~' z" A  }" d1 O
one using any of these products.
3 U) T2 S' f4 b* q/ Q9 P+ fReferences
  U: u- l& ?$ X7 f/ ^1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation8 s9 Y9 H1 [( ^  r0 S* \! U
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 M3 {/ n% I  w7 F+ H! I
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
1 ?! p: I: K8 y6 i& n3 y: D! d2002: 565-628., F' P( f+ x" ~2 x" h( H
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. i5 {; F9 s3 ^# k" m/ dpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 Q0 |# S: L/ [. wBoy Induced by Indirect Topical- F/ P1 y. @9 D: O$ U
Exposure to Testosterone& X# Q2 f$ v( }: f
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,26 v8 w& Z$ P2 q0 ^: a
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 n; ^+ p3 H2 l& {  F
Clinical Pediatrics1 Y4 J% O! c& C) ~  I
Volume 46 Number 6
5 d0 |! [) _  L+ ^July 2007 540-543, B) ~7 ~# _! Z. \$ r; Q
© 2007 Sage Publications- x* v9 J( i! `" @! v; k
10.1177/0009922806296651# m2 I! R2 k+ g2 ^
http://clp.sagepub.com
9 j* ?6 t+ Q4 t$ ^hosted at7 j" B) v! x. b" q
http://online.sagepub.com
3 l) ?8 @! F0 C2 e4 RPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 e0 I2 D4 y) g; k. G
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
$ t* Z( a$ i5 n1 f8 V* ?/ h' @precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ \  ?6 m7 q6 ethrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
. _% ]6 n9 w) x4 y5 W  ta higher incidence of organic central nervous system
" N& n# N7 r4 a. h0 t) Wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
4 |% D5 V, `! q7 l: Mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic8 K/ ]1 m% p/ c& R0 b8 I# C
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' E5 k% T* o" icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ a2 I6 v. m% d+ x
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: F- ~! u6 E6 v8 B( zenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 a% @' B3 Y' A5 ]# g& iment without testicular enlargement, which was due) V& {- L4 I* O# R3 i
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 L$ j1 ?) |. I. H7 ^3 {5 I% Z: Rthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; `( t) a9 A# o4 i# Bmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 L1 g% u$ O' t4 V/ {
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
: m, y( y" d0 w) Z7 p6 m, o! F7 htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-; X8 f  c6 v+ a( G; X' I: i5 F- ?
bly more common than the rare case report in the
% B: l, F* s0 R: `! hliterature.41 G  F: Y: P  E, w" U* _
Patient Report- F- q- Q5 V# O& ?8 o
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the0 @: O- G) N, R) [8 k8 m
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 R4 ]2 P9 e( G3 v. ~of early sexual development. His mother noticed
; x/ l  K: M& Rlight colored pubic hair development when he was
) L* _/ V1 Z3 ~4 z, ?. a7 m: ~From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
9 q$ Q3 ~0 t  ^South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ {. n5 [; d5 s8 v
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,2 U8 U, w6 F* S! m2 S( t2 k
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of0 G) ^  R" V% b. z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;. {5 E& r3 E' h  Y  @
e-mail: [email protected]./ d6 r2 j) t( m( V$ z( i
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
9 J7 w+ z7 [, T( Ldarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
6 P7 i+ S0 t% ^3 b6 Cment of his penis and frequent erections. The child; F# c. V7 r9 [& |1 n) S% F! l
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  l; Y/ a4 B4 V- I% l* l# d; W
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of- c/ ]3 u8 ~; C3 _
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
6 }& M6 {  i3 Q0 s2 [/ d! o9 |6 iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& ]  Y; o- [* Q+ j$ e- ]# zsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,. s# H: \! S8 ?2 O2 ?, E4 F* U- |
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development$ ^+ s. n+ W. e' Z- r: x# k5 U
was age appropriate.
8 z* d& m5 t- o, O) m% aThe family history was remarkable for the father,
9 j1 O0 c5 x  H0 c4 x) vwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: m1 z( C* {2 `9 w
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s/ }) k( t: R( P- E2 y* q7 D
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ u* ~: H, ]- m
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; o: C/ P$ k# x5 ~. V# h1 @, W, d
The father denied taking any other medication. The
, z) p, O: b+ v; E! nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche( m; c5 m- A: z4 `% x2 m$ Q" l
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
$ P7 C/ r3 |" P6 G+ o$ ?5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 p$ E( {3 p- E7 |
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-% q8 t2 r9 n& O1 \0 F% s
tives. There were no siblings.
$ f+ ?9 T- \7 X' {# I/ \$ gPhysical Examination
* P2 v: T: y8 n) k/ bThe physical examination revealed a very active,
0 _+ _" u6 s7 S6 `( o+ o" cplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
( v: A6 x. S0 ?* V3 Z6 U$ R( pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was" I* k' d% a* C. O
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 E1 X$ d+ [) \# ~# o* R) s(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
  c+ ~7 ]5 n9 c2 `7 \velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of6 B! o5 G2 P; f; x( A2 ~
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 m* T! ^) `3 b7 c; \' OThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for8 |( T1 @5 X- H( F; d! F3 m% p
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ h% _: a, w% `5 L
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ E$ X( u! d7 ?" m
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around( i, I: c8 _0 g) i! b- ]- b3 Q
540- e. u$ k  \& g9 j2 n/ q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% H, A" g; B' F, [4 P, D8 ^the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 }& k) s& X; ?; R
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ H* W0 @, d" ]. N& C$ _
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
% _  t9 l+ u" u" e# V' _- Qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ W& y& H# w7 Nabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.. T! W: G# r5 O  a7 M! z* j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
7 e& D/ u, U. Y/ L! gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
2 b2 ]2 h: b1 E1 s( w* ]of papilledema.8 ~" U% s: i: x- p
Laboratory Evaluation3 x# W( u& t0 F( ]9 l/ P; X' R
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by9 g" W4 B, m7 t3 H5 Y2 {2 C
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-0 F( N  n1 b1 t& P: o2 K
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal7 }' p9 S# i  ~6 U3 J
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test$ a. f4 W6 ?5 H! r, b- Z$ ]
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
$ D) t) c! k7 glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
6 E1 y. ?8 H0 eThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood: {* V+ Z& q) U: Q  d) N" l! D! @
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 p' c! w% x, Q9 G8 u
within normal range for his age. The concentration, n- |9 ?  `" ~2 M- q- M
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( \: S* B* o7 ~# c: \  x6 U: U
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
  E; B! p/ G1 {; Gng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
. K$ m$ x5 m: y, w! Sterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),4 L' S  _) K' Q2 W& |
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' L2 |) P/ T6 G) y% X+ K
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)9 u! o: }* l6 x* o- ~. q# v
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
; ^4 u5 k2 ?! W( vtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( N5 a6 h! B9 L  t% `" v6 J
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 x. ^( Q8 k3 S6 S7 eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
* n' Y! h+ @- k6 j: H/ h5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( M' d- u  w, T; xstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- V5 K) B0 p/ y
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL0 t" f/ Y5 _) S# m' Y/ w0 Z  ^
(prepubertal).- N% S. M7 r$ }' `6 \
The parents were notified about the laboratory& g/ X0 R4 V, C- N! p0 o$ L$ S
results and were informed that all of the tests were
' t8 d4 c2 r* \0 w# c/ n3 enormal except the testosterone level was high. The" _- M, X& F3 P! p
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 r! y; ]( X4 C2 z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; _* f* U5 T! S  C  r
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.  p; U9 p- E6 k; Z: o
Physical examination at this time revealed that the2 W& `( B1 s$ P4 W$ J6 x$ c
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ H  a$ e" \$ n" O' i2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained' `* L  ~; T4 Y4 N8 g6 X% P, q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( |' S1 t5 _* O- ]1 x# spletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ k4 m0 X) n' W$ b: fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 25 i6 e, z/ c: R, X2 q8 S
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( z0 }) V6 z: _6 r
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
0 c# N; q  b2 Y3 W/ k: aing frequent erections.
* j# L7 O; y1 i# q* Q; pBoth parents were again questioned about use of4 \: _9 L8 ~, `7 h0 n. S
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% w( @# |  m/ s9 P2 ]the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the$ y( v) @: a% v7 a' r
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. t* t1 |, z5 {, {0 @1 F' N8 y
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
2 I% C) U& c3 J/ @( e* @8 eing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
( o& b8 |. _2 f! l3 d, _! wa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed, ~# p, v, J% X- e8 g- p
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 F2 i* g6 D, D; N' t$ g) M
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido/ W0 n$ k* H& s. a* ^  {' t9 E
secondary to depression.
. n- m: L7 u+ \# qThe child slept in the same bed with parents.5 r3 \$ f1 a7 w; I+ G4 _
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his# |6 c9 H" d- A9 R' v' u
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-7 G# E- r6 O2 h/ k, O' f, a3 a1 z
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 E/ y$ k9 [) o
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
# h4 M# }; Z  k4 u; j, l) |5 dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 s7 l2 I  M, i% Z# W
was high, he then read the product information2 o0 s/ F( y2 q
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 J( ?& q) n1 Yson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
1 ^" {  ^2 \6 v; G/ W3 N3 gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 l. @3 G* O6 D" V9 e$ U7 gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' V1 E' |' ?4 {* Qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 S* ^; _' |' j# H* r, T- Y
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the0 s8 u: Y% ]) }+ [: @+ a
laboratory to obtain the test.
2 C3 N3 ?6 F8 }: B: dDiscussion) F4 T( X( {: ?0 l% q  c
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) X5 I2 R5 t' i( E( i* a; g
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
  S, M$ o) w& D9 ^% k! }# j8 j9 tPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
( a/ M9 F* ?0 N6 j: Xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 T" Z8 U/ U' G+ i) |' Y% W$ _
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-3 p8 y; k+ W" T4 M' E/ _
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ J6 B& y4 c& ]# g1 x  {may have a central nervous system lesion that is0 T$ [/ r" K! c4 t+ u
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. K6 U& Q# ^3 B3 v% L1 M
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ z: `0 e) R. i  F$ a- L" f  X
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
  x( o" h$ g0 Z  bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
7 x4 u  d! G2 I8 p5 fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. l3 D1 @; B- a8 b
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 {* R- v7 R: ]5 v2 F5 u. u# A
gonadotropins.1,3) ~7 i# P% o/ t6 p$ K: p( j
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
! x: X" e9 T' K/ m5 T& |4 Ocious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 v. k! _" h9 k9 y4 d& o
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or% x/ a* P; Z' L; l% ^3 v
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 V3 U  {9 G7 n
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
4 A# p/ I* K+ E9 Y8 g" _8 k1 L- ocongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
: Y. U0 W+ E9 W2 I" dadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious2 l+ q/ V& ^, |# a
puberty in boys.3,4
9 ]1 O; z; y9 k0 ^9 [) jThe most common form of congenital adrenal- M- i4 u4 o- u4 A3 u
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.9 @) ^5 w5 O  ]/ L/ F
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, d) N! S+ g2 O  _' ]! E7 q
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! ^% M- K9 d# Yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 [4 N3 \6 n; ?excess.1,3
% i% N! e& N3 eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ ?& X! d, X# h' U+ }+ n- I! a  e542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 f& p2 b+ H; `% P/ [$ G
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-' R7 y5 b7 }% P' k1 |
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
: I) O8 q9 |: O" d4 has testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* S% h. \6 V, O/ R) y' Z% Zvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ b4 N" J" u9 l4 Q% K6 i% Dwith this disorder are full pubertal development,& C# d* L6 _/ `4 r5 G
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 c7 [5 F' T3 b1 @. ~& i' T" P2 M) v: Pwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# F. q6 s7 M1 W  b( o
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- b/ j/ R# l3 L9 Rpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
2 ~$ k& ?: @: l( Zreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ S# u- B( n' K! Aautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
1 Q  `* _. m1 {& e; Y$ X! i" L3 S! r9 tmales; therefore, other male members of the family+ a: ^3 Z# J& g& r; _% z0 }! }
may have similar precocious puberty.3
) L9 X* c' X9 @4 J7 LIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 [% K2 l! ^' G& Qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ S+ w" @" d. a6 c( ?
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ v5 H" l6 S1 c% h, H- m6 [( O8 A  H
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
7 m) r4 b7 X6 ~1 gstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,4 c) w; s" n% G5 j6 y) J* x
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ u! v7 F# l1 ^3 pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( W# F1 s$ q9 x
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our  X7 X8 }# j+ d6 f
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, H1 W5 s+ _9 O1 |1 D$ _
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 B) }* Q/ d& @5 H
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-6 U$ l; U* |) P- G# }* b
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.6 M" r. R1 d0 B! u6 \
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. I% s. K9 v' s$ s& t/ y5 f; M
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 O+ \4 }$ l$ b9 N# i  Z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; ~" v: h; N! l5 x2 y) U1 Wpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) |. E1 V2 _3 J1 m
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 U3 s5 A0 N/ ]$ ]. r3 o
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was! ]6 R2 I' {& R$ I  _/ E% B
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’1 {( ]2 w) c  Z9 F: k+ R3 y" u
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 }9 @; ^6 \- W7 B- i
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
* Y7 C  M# O# h+ x. l! vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.) F' x: n1 H( _. f+ T7 C! ]; H
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the$ I) M* m1 j8 y0 F5 V9 F
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
9 k( ~7 \, \' x8 L, Yeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ J. C) I% Y; t8 A! S1 c
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-# R4 m) G9 t$ q+ W6 ~7 G" j7 l
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; X" b1 r) s% f# F  h
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
6 S( i, r6 I0 e# \9 [which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
) \5 p, C5 P/ y2 gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! M* r' p2 ?, Y+ p' R
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more5 F& v. F) p$ L
active in young children exposed to testosterone- Y/ Z/ e+ f2 z$ X- s: i
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; |& t. I# E1 u9 e* \5 }( w5 W! i
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
/ _0 t3 |& L. l0 J8 @virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: k$ F! F$ C' \" X  ]$ X
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 [& d* s. ^' |0 E& F- Jadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
& U/ e- s+ {# S7 G# K: |The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
" n$ m$ l7 n( C, f$ Zearly childhood on pubertal development and final
4 }4 S0 J5 b) F- wadult height are not fully known and always remain
: U9 x% W# D7 w! E  v- I; La concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 U7 k& o7 z  {9 n# d
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
. x# d3 ~2 x  ?. Racceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( O3 K" T! t4 Q2 x8 \/ J# ycessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
7 b: h! J( |6 `$ P7 \) g  `% {decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9# ]' Z: l5 f+ k& T
There are conflicting reports and controversy1 L' O6 d5 A. c$ H
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( L! j+ }0 j" E: T$ G, Tpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; w; H2 |9 F* K
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 {9 a1 Y2 s6 o0 n- a
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,8 Z% q. Z2 E5 w
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between; T6 c" u( `1 l9 ~5 X6 E
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
7 W9 e! m0 N0 k' j8 }penile length in clinical studies.
9 H& ?; n( a9 q- ^Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ f' M7 v& C% X
going to experience any of the untoward effects from; C, G* u/ M- c- L( n' E: {2 P9 k3 |
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because  A# t/ K' M3 A3 b
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
, I) U1 n: u/ i) uAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of4 J* }8 o, u6 u$ z$ I
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at( M  x  \5 W1 Y
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 b# t  f7 k2 t. Y) Uheight will not be affected.
  p! a' e' F% }+ x" h0 b" ZAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-  p) V) d9 z" W$ U8 k0 s
ability of androgen products in our society may3 {, P: u1 D6 T) {4 [+ G8 F
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
. {% b7 ]; X7 F" ]children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 \* M2 V! _8 O( v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-5 g6 f  i1 O" w
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or8 [1 Q8 M' j! ~1 _- M
gel should be asked of the family members during
- Q* D* V& L, ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
7 P, ?/ a" J3 [$ s. Filization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& k# _+ f4 |) Z4 |- q" ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by
# h3 N# O5 P$ ]% J8 e' j+ }- ^9 Nappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
. x, G6 v; d5 t& Khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may  J& Q, f7 v3 B' f
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive7 n2 p. q5 Y# {
investigation. The primary care physician should be- A7 i) r+ r- B* R- V
aware of this fact, because most of these children
3 d$ `8 L: E: X' C9 vmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 Q3 n) w; d7 v6 DDesk Reference and package insert should also put a$ o$ I7 O( [; Y- Y/ o3 x; L0 E
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 ]8 p) B6 n* W& s1 H
female child who might come in contact with some-7 q. f" [8 h0 g: N1 v1 Y6 F4 O
one using any of these products.
. w* M4 c, j' I8 ]# BReferences& S. l( }- ~6 h% r3 s+ z
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
: z5 T, U* @/ u& P3 f. B/ o( sand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' G7 j. B; B( ^; Z* X, s
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
+ X( S! |$ y: @  R8 M2002: 565-628.9 t) ?6 h; {. ?6 v& m
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ N0 Q6 U! \" r& C
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

( F  f' o# a; _2 j! c0 n精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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