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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
# l8 q% d H# }; _! b: A6 KBoy Induced by Indirect Topical! Q7 a& j4 Z2 s9 i! B1 i# h8 J0 q3 B& F
Exposure to Testosterone
1 i: S$ c6 s0 r7 YSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, Y+ P7 i$ f$ a. v$ X% o& f6 G% {and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1& ]. {% `+ A4 d( K* a
Clinical Pediatrics
4 }( |. U7 {+ v! T! w9 U1 ]Volume 46 Number 6
3 ~$ Y2 E5 m$ E! A4 GJuly 2007 540-5438 c6 L2 A6 ^, R9 O# E
© 2007 Sage Publications
9 B) L; Z8 g0 K( H: c10.1177/00099228062966515 I9 C z. j# M9 D6 V1 M8 p4 i. d
http://clp.sagepub.com
3 m7 A4 |; K- q' t8 [( E( j9 `hosted at
7 S- \) R8 k# b- I: Bhttp://online.sagepub.com W. S9 M, J' M5 ?: I
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,6 v) @6 Y# Y& N; e' z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central( v4 ^: S3 Q, F8 y* M9 t
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
9 @, C$ a% s4 V- f2 G: `through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
- _/ |1 Q- J4 V5 X' c+ |& [# S9 ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system
' T. E! [& X! P0 Blesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 f$ t. u' C9 C# xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% I! |9 D) b. c# d7 n9 E5 ^
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 P0 |! u( [5 A' l& f' F$ [1 ^$ [
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) V/ H3 j2 ]9 u
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! `* U2 h. V2 t6 u8 D2 oenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
. n/ r9 @8 x. k) M& mment without testicular enlargement, which was due# X8 k& X8 z+ F9 f3 n5 _, k5 E
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 s& X( m( X# w" ~# t) Y5 `: q
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ N/ l0 q p0 @- T* g* Y! l- l
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) ^7 m( z& ?2 y5 X1 s/ Z' l! {child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
/ c4 S; v1 |7 c+ w) }testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 Q$ i0 I5 ^' q/ u5 @0 q7 Gbly more common than the rare case report in the" C5 n% j5 D+ u' O3 z* g! Y
literature.4& ?. I( }) L. y8 j! y" Q
Patient Report7 p! m0 |7 U4 I! q& K
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 U4 t, U, a( \: f' w( f
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" n: v2 d: z# n# Aof early sexual development. His mother noticed
5 B3 L1 L: q6 F% n/ H5 R6 Llight colored pubic hair development when he was
/ ~ J) w) ?! ?From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ s; K% I$ \2 E. t0 s
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( X) J" d( [6 Y( B0 Q3 y2 l
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' ] ?( u7 {6 O- l1 Y) x
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of/ k6 F5 E0 l* X5 d
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;3 @- p/ K' w2 n. f) s
e-mail: [email protected].
& M. B5 d, s- \$ L) r% [& m1 uabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became, M0 l5 a, ]( h. L8 n3 o1 G
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-; g3 E' Q6 ?) Q3 J3 c/ _
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
1 W a7 Q, ~" Qwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
3 U5 a0 b% z# E0 u4 N5 Ja birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of7 s) A) j! o ?: B7 M, t
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; i+ Q4 Y( q" l7 X, A
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with) K: a& j* f0 b% W* j" H5 t
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,) _7 b7 E+ y( d: [2 g" b E' X
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development% a& d2 l1 u8 J+ J' E5 R: T
was age appropriate.' i7 ~6 E6 x. ^- ]( Q3 ~# K+ ^5 Q
The family history was remarkable for the father,( }8 w: \. D/ L2 B( T9 G, N5 t5 }
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* `$ ^0 X- K3 x5 V' o
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 Z& z D2 e3 r! T( L
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 l, R; k+ K3 a" }early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.) i; s1 K0 b: l. a3 e
The father denied taking any other medication. The
8 Z) h3 W' P$ X! D Bchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche5 K* ?. Z f) a: j6 _# n$ x1 A
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
4 m9 N0 A! u/ ?8 T: p3 \, }5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* H0 O) W. R0 q a1 i P
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, K$ r: l6 H& ]3 J z b+ p6 etives. There were no siblings.5 ~3 Z$ K3 H- x2 B, R: c
Physical Examination
% C& m* [. z: {0 A6 d7 cThe physical examination revealed a very active,
1 ?5 U7 s- \" M2 j7 i; t. j+ ?playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented0 M" B, X" W& `- ?6 K% {; R
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
! q+ ?, V& R/ J0 U8 [90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 l7 @3 T4 y6 D/ |, E(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ A- T& n; f% e' G
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of/ S) ?/ b0 P5 ]; z: t
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
- C% h! O% M" J0 _( Z' g( [The genitourinary examination was remarkable for5 Q( q+ q% Q; u4 _: _. {
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
( r+ L3 Z: f0 s! ~0 @8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well/ m5 n0 S# K! B0 l/ r5 ^/ n3 s
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around" l2 {% Y2 {4 e/ R1 h4 Y* x% J. t
5401 x/ w& o6 G- `1 J
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 Z, d; @$ b3 h$ jthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The6 ?0 K* F& i% q5 Y R2 Q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( _+ M1 R' E" {3 K( |+ I, n
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat k! b9 |7 n! A& f' `- `
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: A' J A" r- b0 _" C9 W
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
5 M- v+ Z; N1 K; d: u; Z$ _0 d1 mNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
7 G% ]# f9 K7 M% M( tbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, u8 ?. v i, u" l3 R6 i
of papilledema.
2 q P3 |* p$ ^% Z+ q: @Laboratory Evaluation6 c) n( V# k; R" @+ j; @9 Q4 i2 c
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by: r+ u6 z) B& h
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-5 w( n2 O8 j( n$ w9 j
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' m+ o0 ` T8 y6 ]( e, }* T7 o: ~# M" Mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
: P: s R, F/ ?showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
t% ?- U' Y' k7 H) ~; u0 t" flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ @/ Q7 p8 `) G# ~The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood, |- {" y0 m1 u& s+ Y$ t P
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 g. H1 H4 D: T. Q2 Z" B1 M4 wwithin normal range for his age. The concentration( g1 z1 t s* z6 ^/ R( d0 o
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( p, K2 l3 f9 w8 f
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- b, h$ M5 t* r% dng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
0 k1 a/ |, i# B! D, m6 Dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; i- S5 R* ~8 Q+ i' a9 E: }1 e: `
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- ?7 _* u1 _& M. v4 `$ {
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 |- @5 t( V, V3 Q% }4 u
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 H7 [$ w0 y4 L% x4 ?* ~# _
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
5 g# i" |+ E, ~$ atestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. A( r1 M( j- ^& G& Z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# g5 C$ ]" J* m& Q8 Q+ n0 W5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, u/ a0 z- u! T" B- astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 h8 z7 D' @ w0 O; Z9 ~( Dconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL- n! I! ~- v7 a2 i# K
(prepubertal).6 k) Z2 [) K5 j1 s4 n- V
The parents were notified about the laboratory
) ~5 @0 g/ l- dresults and were informed that all of the tests were
1 i- `6 ?7 @2 I* ?. n4 G, P+ N! ?) }normal except the testosterone level was high. The+ d! A' E4 x0 M! V7 ?
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 O7 ~; b: s; ?( d9 E6 `0 A
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
L1 O$ ` F. D! N( W. n) `ever, the family did not return for 4 months." k% a, a$ w9 e4 A4 B
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
0 S. u/ z2 k, {2 Vchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
$ ~$ V6 L: T) l3 z) P. w2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained& T( L' v/ F- |8 M# T1 P
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ J5 T U- [4 T
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 U; U% C; R0 p1 a; Y
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 Y [3 v% O, m5 D* _( |/ t- `& `
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 ?* H; P0 \# W2 O6 U9 r
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-% M: D% L, ]" L- L: d
ing frequent erections.7 n/ D0 |2 ?7 F
Both parents were again questioned about use of9 L7 b1 i# I1 s9 U
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to4 F: u' ~* B/ ]- A4 _
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the2 }! Y$ ~. j7 J' y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
i. {) x0 D7 U9 Fuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply- D, U* t0 f+ a9 D( h
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' e1 a% G2 f3 u( h- ^/ Ra year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 m# b. h2 h/ Fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-7 ~2 g6 m8 {: K
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido' n+ N9 J0 \6 u' h3 g/ m# r/ ^
secondary to depression.
. ]2 T. R% A( c1 @" p4 WThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
* r6 k3 n& n5 iThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his% Z) ]& h! h; J* H1 {, z
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# H& ~% i, A/ ?+ o" Lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.* k" ~. n8 G& A1 j7 R6 D
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
0 R6 N( N0 a- h% P; ?. H, rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
h5 g' M N! w1 w6 p$ X( Lwas high, he then read the product information
" \% O. H9 Z, k8 \packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
4 B( N. ?$ s8 k! sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
0 M; y( p% D9 M" r7 pdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the8 Y' V& }6 W2 L a8 n( n
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
7 U+ S7 e/ C- K7 V% lbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 R. X7 _; B6 G7 M' Q2 m- xtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) a0 z& G/ m1 }7 V; `laboratory to obtain the test.9 {1 a J' m% h/ ~% O5 U# d C
Discussion4 t, S8 U& `& @7 d$ t
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( S9 |& M( Y2 c) osexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 I3 f( M, W9 N1 ^Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
c: u+ \% P" t6 yit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-) r( z1 E$ Y' }6 J8 _( u5 [
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
4 f& ~+ [, B2 a3 E! L# K, gmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
# l3 |# h/ Z4 S: gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is% W9 \, P" m3 L. R( B
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-- {6 X- y, j/ g& G' | X
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-7 W7 n$ s2 u. r; q0 V! ^( }
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 D; T5 o+ b2 g$ s! xboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 {6 a: ?* q H/ h1 R% t+ ]
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 A: l) Z" l) K2 c( S+ v1 |0 N
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( w: |4 [9 W" h1 r& Q& L0 \( igonadotropins.1,3
. v$ {9 t9 _* fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( h7 A4 m; a2 ] E3 _cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 l2 m. N' ?/ e8 y6 M
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or2 r+ K R! X. s1 f5 [
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
3 M/ R; x& R3 s& mulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: {4 Q4 T7 O# Mcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive' @6 c( z) N% Q
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: K- A4 [- E0 x' Spuberty in boys.3,44 }' s. W& s7 a/ V9 S- o( s" { s
The most common form of congenital adrenal' @% c! y W6 _- c* ~! u R% I
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 y( k( W3 d$ P& }/ ?- K4 }The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! Q" P" c. C/ N2 ~0 k1 D
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& y o2 L+ L( e9 Oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen9 M/ @+ x2 A1 c& E5 A5 {
excess.1,3
# `* C! J, l" d# r; f0 z2 cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 I# D, W9 S3 H, O& S: ]
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 X, `' T6 N2 i! p" Y5 tA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
, {- V3 O7 c) N5 E2 ]7 G( L0 W* @: Oindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
# z1 ~0 g" T3 g: w2 c( I9 X$ @8 b: ?as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 N" u, R- \1 [' z' Z
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
^5 g# u& t% [( j+ M" i3 @with this disorder are full pubertal development,
; H8 y- d4 J0 \ D1 d8 ?% }including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ _+ C* ]& `; @4 Q
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 `0 z# _9 n0 N3 e/ P/ nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# y5 m# ~+ S- G% e- B: U! k+ upubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
0 ~1 v3 N& d% l- J4 w0 k7 xreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 A0 s8 s8 `1 C X1 Q& f
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
$ D: G% L( ?: f8 m% c( zmales; therefore, other male members of the family
( s4 {, g7 S2 X! K+ z+ Q/ B: R( F# ~may have similar precocious puberty.3
, R7 N5 l, ^) W; [8 z) m) I2 qIn our patient, physical examination was incon-- x) Y( Q" |1 Q4 _
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 T# k4 \) z5 w& C7 u9 I
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% ]+ \, U1 X& L4 rwas in the differential diagnosis because his father, K, Y2 L8 L- p* E+ e6 l6 p5 z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& b! ]1 |3 O0 l( ~5 l7 H/ r
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
* u, k$ O- u& p- L3 v$ abeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ h a9 I/ F( B& O# e
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our3 N7 K( e9 r0 P2 Y" |6 i5 I/ x* j( C
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
* N, P" f' Q" f% z+ Ieither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 w4 S2 F$ K: A- d6 E, `
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" V: H2 B6 f ~' J: Z! Y
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
4 ^: g- K9 K% \1 Y! AThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 M! o" S Y4 p+ psuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because* y: h" Y0 g0 ]/ x! {) x2 ?
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% r1 U9 D% w/ J1 U) D, W1 ~, ?pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 P+ L% N0 e3 E3 _- V
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
; j ?7 ]- u8 I; ~terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
3 b. [( r- @, Wusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’3 I# u. J5 k( w; P7 m3 Z; ^
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
- n* s! a' U# J7 acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* a, e3 v0 E5 ?! h" V. I9 L) k2 y. ?2 a
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.+ m: G9 e, Y- v* I2 X: {
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the( E) y. V* f# p; x+ d3 P
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
( t8 K$ p2 _, }, Z6 Weven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 i& V/ c1 o1 u# T
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
- b7 w( T! p6 J9 k R. O$ ition site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.. P2 i9 E+ |* `: V3 m$ w6 r
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,( }) b; z$ m$ i; ?# q' T, s7 ]
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
. I4 @3 e8 d% ^# x2 V% xdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
" g9 ?: F5 V; X. w( t( w- xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) U. i! x$ ` @2 ]* `active in young children exposed to testosterone0 M3 J$ r) K# j! J
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: Q1 i: k* F3 n3 p% hdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
9 q/ Q& @) s8 r9 qvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
0 s3 N2 \; M! v5 v l9 |# N. G6 n0 {children results in an increase in growth velocity and, L: q/ @8 s3 y! M" K3 i
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
; [8 h% |/ |. kThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during/ x- h* a1 _4 l6 Y! [& E$ o
early childhood on pubertal development and final
5 G5 A& `: T( sadult height are not fully known and always remain
# ^3 _& P1 V6 A7 }+ w0 U; K' ta concern. Children treated with short-term testos-: o1 q4 ~. e. _
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
( X* b7 A5 ~! J7 O, jacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after7 G/ Y1 y7 ]% C1 ?! p! {6 J
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation N# ]6 S: h u# M5 x/ v5 b2 l8 N. s
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ {2 x- O1 w0 ], Q
There are conflicting reports and controversy
$ A0 R' N& h& F6 i" Y4 vover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, [# Z/ P( Z* X0 z& ^) ~: wpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
5 v- }/ k( Z* |7 }2 S8 ?adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
9 g( s9 v: y4 h3 \8 Z8 b' tulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However, v' l: k U. A# W7 D
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* f. J4 ~! g" f2 {- `) Jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. a8 E2 t' U5 A2 `. t* }8 v# dpenile length in clinical studies., c9 B& ~9 i N5 M, `
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is- m+ ?/ O$ o: ^( {
going to experience any of the untoward effects from2 T9 `# P$ S7 E) h; {
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' }/ ^* g2 _2 m/ T: e
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% S4 l& ? ?$ r2 ?5 @
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 P( H4 T& i& o* a7 G, f9 Ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( T# g( K, P8 v9 H: D7 f; k$ O9 O5 Mthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
, | [7 B4 S. V4 s, M. kheight will not be affected.
# }0 `$ n4 P) I; lAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ Q$ u/ t8 x: L8 n# H/ @/ Q
ability of androgen products in our society may
" h' \$ [" i: ]( \. Windeed cause more virilization in male or female
: L) H2 m Z& dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 K$ ?/ i8 P& x. J1 I' x
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
5 k" P# b. m- G; ?9 L' Y" Utioning about the use of a testosterone product or
& A$ G' `! s. ^3 j2 E" ]( ogel should be asked of the family members during3 e8 e% |, H. }- `; I
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 x5 X7 M/ v3 `+ l9 x# r9 nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
, Q: C! n$ }* o( `nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
) J" L. b7 I. ]3 E8 x3 r2 Pappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a2 \8 Y1 h {: [2 @( ^% e! Q
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 Z8 j1 n( }+ H1 N" W k( Kresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" v: ^: b2 H1 l, ]" [0 finvestigation. The primary care physician should be6 K- ]5 ~$ P4 D
aware of this fact, because most of these children/ J3 j( `6 }* g" n( h
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, V& a- {' T! x/ f( v: i
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
- J# v+ Z; F! L; S4 Ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& }3 F( e; k" H, I& X( O6 Y" }- ffemale child who might come in contact with some-, D x% s; U# D1 P
one using any of these products.5 R a0 p/ |, Y! Z
References! Q1 F/ v d5 c$ X" S4 Z9 K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation# Z0 q- L2 ^1 |( c( F
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
: c6 c+ {) T% d# C4 A* wEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;/ U: Y& I o/ q& P4 t5 n
2002: 565-628.
2 v+ _' u0 J% U$ I" q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) r* O% R7 t% w$ k1 R9 d1 p; y! e( v
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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