WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: y) s9 U. v' }' y! L3 F' @& EBoy Induced by Indirect Topical8 e. Q) M* O; ?+ [8 a& y
Exposure to Testosterone
- h+ R; x9 D) p- E3 z7 wSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 h. I2 |: m8 ]1 M1 Hand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
' Y, Z5 e% k( J2 t; xClinical Pediatrics- \  V+ Q3 A0 U  Q+ x1 [1 X% P
Volume 46 Number 6
! F; o0 f8 y" ?- k( WJuly 2007 540-543; H/ O, ]. T, `- h( f0 h
© 2007 Sage Publications8 k6 ~# [9 {& A& @) `& b4 E
10.1177/0009922806296651
0 \# S2 f5 K; d8 Shttp://clp.sagepub.com& t" {0 [! V6 q* K9 b
hosted at. @! T. A. ~& {
http://online.sagepub.com
0 ~! x# |% x* e3 _5 }Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
( @/ Q, _8 M8 M: Lis a significant concern for physicians. Central  ~8 b4 K8 R/ m0 Z" z1 ^4 J
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 m9 R# L$ R  M. B1 V6 Pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 C2 k0 o, I$ u- Ya higher incidence of organic central nervous system
' s2 @( [6 G2 Z$ `6 Blesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; Y3 K) P2 E+ N+ ^' Bby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 o- o  O3 C) N" @4 ]2 Ghair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 H) ^) L7 I5 `8 ?cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# e; T% V) B: u2 ?% vreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 n- Q8 w& m& h! \) h- X7 l0 {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-; D, X; g- V/ L" I
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" I& s* H! ^' Z3 [to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 G; D3 }# L* A/ g4 othe father. The family initially concealed this infor-  D5 r/ I' v: u! {
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this- a9 |4 D" o3 V
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
/ v! q# G* c; B. q' G; h0 htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
9 M% d  Y/ l8 h/ C. L& p0 t; ]  Gbly more common than the rare case report in the
9 F" Z0 @8 Y# X- wliterature.4
2 \+ W% c/ c" _$ S% qPatient Report4 @" Z! b% i5 v
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
+ u5 O; ~8 T* T6 lendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern, c. X; g' r/ v& _: R6 ~- e
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% j: [3 Z# S# _, C: ylight colored pubic hair development when he was
9 C: H$ V  B/ p; y9 k# rFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; Y( S* K* j& k- u  P0 X, }7 G* ?South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% ~% h( ]0 y- C; P+ H: K
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,: @$ V, I; Z1 S: Q+ c/ ^! q
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of6 v" P1 a! d" r7 ~
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; [# T" p6 C& H3 |8 `e-mail: [email protected].) C# y" O4 k+ t! o
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* ?, j0 L2 r7 V7 s3 U7 Sdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ q6 v: {  ^- |4 y( I! F7 S
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child3 s+ p, X7 h0 R  K! i1 g1 D/ r; D
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
2 C3 v/ R5 Y- K* _a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& I9 E3 i( W3 X5 X20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
' B0 R* Y, ?' S! G4 y  q; i* Q  pof life and was still receiving breast milk along with; I& n5 S6 ?. _& V
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,$ A# A' y  N# ?: Z4 \
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development* t5 X$ n* k  L' K/ S% z6 W; y
was age appropriate.% _) M' b" E% E
The family history was remarkable for the father," Y3 r" t/ }- i  U) ]- g1 H" ~
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
9 E3 I, ]  ?- {3 H+ _which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s' t- y3 e# O, i7 a9 h( h
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( J+ D7 `9 s! p) w7 E
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 v( L$ ^# s6 j: G; C
The father denied taking any other medication. The
; x1 R3 w! Z2 R% N. A) v6 H; J" rchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
  {/ }  Y' f; h, ~was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
6 |5 b( L3 V5 _! y+ c5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" _. l# U& F' b* O6 d1 K
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& y2 d$ D, D. M  Rtives. There were no siblings.
! q$ y0 o' j: O0 u1 f: |6 hPhysical Examination4 O  d- i  a. |5 x9 {* b) Z6 N
The physical examination revealed a very active,
" q# i8 d3 M3 u% Aplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. W' M0 [7 A) b4 T, K
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
0 p% m: y# b% ^: f1 J* R90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 a: ~6 T" d. r! x
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 f+ j0 \, r4 r0 D3 m$ M3 Lvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# M- [" z+ a9 k& F$ Xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% I& j9 @" U2 R9 c- L5 g8 U1 m  UThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for1 ~0 L$ E" x7 ?/ o+ r
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
2 _/ \& {( k. V; i8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 j" P3 i6 d8 O( ~
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around  M! C' p& M% G6 e+ n* \1 |5 ^  o( U, P
540
* h2 r( @( l/ K8 eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ Y) P# z/ m; x. y. d* ?' Othe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. b5 }, r! x3 l- w0 `7 w+ k
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
  W! P1 P3 U1 z$ |) vThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, ^( Y0 k# D. J% Moily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
  v# G$ ^( |/ j- n# m# M$ labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.  @7 B- O5 v: P6 d, _! R
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 J$ D$ @4 J! ]' R$ _bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) S6 \" a8 R1 l. Y! y/ @of papilledema.
. o6 Q- ]) h) J+ P5 c- l7 pLaboratory Evaluation) I/ r+ `; N# g* J, l3 |  r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 Q7 I- }, v* y. T8 k$ E
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' X! m4 g" N% f0 h  o1 Zlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: o5 o5 |. Y/ {% skaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: z) y! x' j# c) \3 @
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) Q0 M+ x! f* l4 H* m% z
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ _* y5 k5 P5 a6 ]0 t$ _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 X; C. p& ?, S9 |$ N2 z( @
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 i5 f! A* c5 y* d5 R5 C8 c
within normal range for his age. The concentration/ F! e: r; Z( ]3 J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 J$ I- D' T) Z* Y$ d
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( @1 Y/ e5 j+ g( u, d6 [9 Eng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
+ c: b9 ]  R3 f. a" @7 Jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- U* U' u* ~, O
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
: p5 ~$ |4 u* m1 b5 K9 Z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)! g2 z5 N" C: X& n
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 b4 V( W: c7 U- k+ b/ }
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
. N7 p5 \9 R# N# T' I! v6 Mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 W' c* s7 W2 ~+ |  E5 H
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
0 S8 v, I& B) }. c, U2 P5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( b/ i! B  C2 g  a" H) ^+ `3 c' ?stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: s+ ]) f& Y; C6 Z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% n  _: m( U8 [: v9 Q! n# D) E
(prepubertal).
, Y! H, R+ U; S3 pThe parents were notified about the laboratory; q: V( o: X+ v0 d/ H
results and were informed that all of the tests were- E7 G+ P- o+ t1 j4 R. e0 v
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 l9 ~3 W, X: W& dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 D/ v3 j% b" j3 V
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; G  }. l& q' X1 J' w
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, @4 L( b& O5 d3 f: E; p6 {Physical examination at this time revealed that the
/ x5 A8 [* x/ u7 \: u& \  J' Ichild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
, f$ C! O, j2 E4 q, b. Z* S- c2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ `: d: w9 P; ]4 p4 Bunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
2 q- e: E7 e5 |3 }pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' Q! B3 y" [$ q0 }* |" V% lthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
, c' X3 n  H" y) e# T" TmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 ~0 W/ K5 g5 v3 D8 ~0 M
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 w8 B/ r( k, q" f6 H6 m( @! h
ing frequent erections.& X% u1 M; e  ]8 p! u9 v. O
Both parents were again questioned about use of3 ~5 Y% z0 G* l& j6 R% x
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to; }+ N9 F+ C% J
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' [0 v( z5 K8 g! V2 ?, RTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ [" ?! {* L9 M( N: u+ Z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
1 b) ?$ N; L2 e% E) Q- |ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( K. h+ w) b9 v% ^4 ?! ?2 o
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
- [1 F( b( E3 k" f6 s/ [to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 p# p, q4 H& Jscribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 s. H1 ]4 `) p! ]& [6 @
secondary to depression.8 v2 q5 t/ U. \8 k
The child slept in the same bed with parents." v) a$ U+ J. {/ D& f
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his- }4 L& w$ k) ?7 q) A' q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
/ g6 h  M) e% ?& D  v1 |' |nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.7 p6 c+ g: L) m+ q) k
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
1 i' }. U8 u7 b. e2 ^6 K! hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby0 S! A  @& r- i4 u( {2 j6 J
was high, he then read the product information
0 t# @) m* [1 _" s+ Upacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! O9 r  ]7 ~3 W" W/ |# s9 A
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: p0 J( ^: N- K
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the, v! b' I6 F( ^6 _- I4 u
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ s4 S8 ~& b) n' o! t+ C$ s) ~9 d
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 x) q" C9 m* Z7 d( t+ ~
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
# R) t* Y5 }% F3 ~laboratory to obtain the test.' f" e; G3 x6 n/ Z+ Q
Discussion. v; i  x# S2 i3 Q; Z
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
9 ~% t" v0 o3 g8 Fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 B  {* q4 b' r5 S
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
6 @+ O0 p1 M7 G- v$ c2 `5 Xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ P1 B% D+ v* x( cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
1 `6 k' ^, O5 G: K" z# z0 |mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
- G9 ]1 Y* N; j  p7 Ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 Q5 i. }6 H& b# M0 l( ~2 t3 Eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* y5 O! k- e! P+ R4 i, I+ r# z
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
0 H, R  ~; _7 t+ m8 Q& [+ ^' Zsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in0 ~& e. x+ |! B; E# H6 Z" E) g
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" Z0 i" \8 w; N- T6 cization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- w5 |: F+ i- O  N4 \rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! m3 l+ W  O7 y' A5 C6 Z, ^0 Sgonadotropins.1,34 j) B4 P$ d6 b# x( b* }
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" ?1 L; F6 d7 [: X
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate3 k4 w5 n$ Y3 ~) A2 r8 s
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or! |6 i/ A8 W6 R7 a, k; p6 s; K; F
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 R( n! V* @* k$ w+ b  l$ Pulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* z6 H% r7 {7 r! m6 C4 u! D: ~congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive' c1 p$ q1 T! p3 J+ s; U# b+ `
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* A) ]$ J, E: Y6 |# P
puberty in boys.3,4
# s# E* ^" W6 z! ?7 H+ j/ sThe most common form of congenital adrenal
6 o# i9 o/ u4 `' w& b6 Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 r( c7 O9 k- h7 B: qThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ `% B! N: y+ \" h& e1 {excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
; X. y) r* n( C+ B( `6 E9 w. z; Lan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( s0 E( g( }% d( n& `) Eexcess.1,3  ~2 s$ N) E# D: m" h6 Q/ \& e
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 V7 x; P' D, f/ k) G" i
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' x# j6 C; }# {& s
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 r6 o+ J/ Y. \1 a. T- q6 e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known+ N4 |4 p9 I- F: \) G) v
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a9 Y4 \8 X3 n0 ~5 l' w! n
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# M; y/ U# \% U8 r) B) Wwith this disorder are full pubertal development,: w8 X, r* t" M. r1 c
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys0 j7 K  Q, B4 [* y: O- l9 [; o
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
! D" V, x  w5 |; g" L$ mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ W8 n$ N, i( Q! c8 P1 ?  _3 ^pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
2 x- f) m& T% ~( {1 X& xreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked6 D; l. Z! z5 p! l* P
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only& W. z" q. y. S# S5 X! T* R
males; therefore, other male members of the family7 V8 T- X4 G, I5 t! e
may have similar precocious puberty.3
1 U( `% y: ^% j  y5 _In our patient, physical examination was incon-* ?4 I4 |. O8 |+ q% I- q. A
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-, _* s7 U1 t9 g3 F. N& D/ a
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ u/ ?5 b5 L% x, b2 }" C0 s0 T
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ u7 X& u% y  S& _% Istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, ]/ ]- ~7 p0 C$ v" q
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the& M. G: z, S7 E) O1 h0 i: |) H1 m* ^2 V* a
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* I4 d7 e8 R) @: ~/ M& t# pative initial history of androgen exposure, our% q7 J( h+ v: S, k5 I- Q" E: y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,: Q- [4 ^. U! R# F7 Z% L
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
# U' U" `& w; k( J3 k0 P( Xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% N: `/ X& s3 c& \
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.* y5 k" }+ T  p7 r- q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% `8 y, m5 ?( r6 q# C' Asuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" e2 Q9 W! A) j8 [' d; c8 C
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. T, |5 i* F+ B* Upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
; H1 x/ m, \8 u) H% sdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
) I- W& z- u3 y/ eterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 `4 r, E" `9 R8 u, \% i1 a# p# H
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 n# d5 w( d' v& k. FDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ G! O3 }% S, rcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: K! u  ^5 A: D4 ~. Vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' N7 i: p* r- ^; u$ v5 KSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' X4 Y5 b* A: |- x9 C# Ibaseline value in those females who were exposed to+ g0 D0 z3 k3 o2 y: i) l5 ~6 f- `
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; [2 Y( t+ [+ I  V& i: dpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 U- e; H8 U. Q2 ~* vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
% S+ K9 B7 }7 @" E6 @6 x3 M( \Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,7 K& ~( l6 r7 S6 k4 D0 _1 ?  t
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- x+ s/ @; G$ B  b0 u& z3 l( {% V
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-% G2 j  e* j% f! y4 @* F  o( q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more  Q4 t* h! [; a& o% I9 Q+ W
active in young children exposed to testosterone
, _5 y! N0 Y! `/ ]5 r! I3 Iexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-5 ?0 Q1 |- `9 B2 j. J! E( E* C
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  \; I) n% W, T1 w
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; h7 ]  h/ j) O8 _! uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and3 z# Q% \9 w2 i9 M6 Z- {
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 w) y$ r& \( C, \" ^4 Z2 KThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ q. z* v* r  J$ j5 _/ B! iearly childhood on pubertal development and final' U6 z: i" r2 @% y# E! u6 z
adult height are not fully known and always remain. u) T$ w& x, v
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 G! y  w3 ~7 O
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 Z0 V7 q9 q6 F/ y. Y
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 P- l$ ~' g1 _0 Xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation" Z5 q- ~+ b) `) G& h  D5 T, K) v
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
$ c0 x: O) J0 c( wThere are conflicting reports and controversy7 Y/ ?: `* t" X9 T0 Q9 v3 U
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( i2 w1 \8 y' Q5 j
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
$ P1 X- X, U/ ^' w9 Z) badult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
6 [; @( O* ]/ Z7 x5 |+ s3 wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,& |( H" O4 X, b
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
% [& ?. F& l1 y! O7 f# bchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
' w- D2 }6 i  g- m; y5 f) Npenile length in clinical studies.
2 o$ S1 x6 `( ]0 R( ?# M9 oNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 N* j8 ?+ _1 Z: A4 R
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- w1 a6 S3 J& A
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! |, X% |, b6 \
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
, F  o7 h& H" r; T: ?( ?) k1 VAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ L4 \5 R! T5 idiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# f& {  J, \9 \* wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 _" q2 ^) `, Y1 H) e
height will not be affected.
( X$ o5 q, E8 V+ cAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' [4 G- y# @- b4 z& g7 Gability of androgen products in our society may  v8 w8 _: F# r- a$ i4 x
indeed cause more virilization in male or female- t* j' }/ ~8 ~- H& q6 R  M! X
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
( O& Q9 e" D4 z+ `gen products must be considered and specific ques-  O* m' R, C/ g8 W! y
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! Y* c* G/ ?% S* V: Mgel should be asked of the family members during
. h" U/ `6 t' E! h# x/ Zthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 o% r6 ]0 E9 r# D& nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
9 O, Y$ _3 Q0 y% M$ fnosis can be established by just a few tests and by& e: t, F& s4 K0 B0 I  e) s
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ z) U3 z' ^0 C) p, ]0 ]+ K: Zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 Y8 U1 o. o, Z/ v1 J& ]result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ B( _: M( C, M6 J9 y6 p2 @# n, @8 {investigation. The primary care physician should be9 |0 E8 p* L1 {3 Y/ T! I& E7 g3 x& E* G
aware of this fact, because most of these children
% M1 u, o0 o3 H' b7 L5 [: z  y/ z/ fmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
5 _7 Z- T( ?1 J* G' h8 r5 gDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
0 N; N$ I7 S! f! T2 y1 D  C0 K* Vwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
, I5 L& M( M9 `- \1 F# g* Y, \' v7 Zfemale child who might come in contact with some-
8 i$ H/ R9 \! S" |. wone using any of these products.; A8 C* e4 ~8 y6 S
References# p  K1 L2 O6 X
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' c1 e% c% P5 ^9 p  W1 [+ N- Q; kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( A$ V7 v+ N0 s/ B9 h
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, s2 l/ [0 q& d2 o$ t2002: 565-628.
2 x, S* H! x: _) ?0 G$ L. _2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 \5 C% Z" r4 y; z6 S$ R' H6 o" ^
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old" h& c; Z- C+ D9 w" D
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
" Y* p& g3 @" o) Z' d" M% {Exposure to Testosterone
4 n! o  b  ]; {9 ^6 R; p% LSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 f" q1 I% O6 Nand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1& N- l$ A  n7 b; `0 }/ {5 i1 x
Clinical Pediatrics8 X% x* }$ N$ K1 u2 Y( o
Volume 46 Number 6( ~  W5 D  ~0 L5 ^) u, d" E8 P% d0 m
July 2007 540-543
! K/ F9 |& b' I3 B© 2007 Sage Publications
. X& s5 R5 T! h! N! b* b7 K# k6 ~10.1177/00099228062966511 e# `3 c- f' p# V9 @) B7 i1 ?2 y! X9 {
http://clp.sagepub.com
4 R& b, \$ G  K# [hosted at
- T9 T& ^4 C0 \1 ^; `3 q; qhttp://online.sagepub.com
  z& X7 Y) B  ?Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 `2 R" b) M' O; iis a significant concern for physicians. Central: L6 [/ w* ^' i. P* n+ R
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated) h% c1 s+ l0 W2 j
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has; Q4 G; `% D. _- \: g- g' o
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 P9 n+ [4 }/ m1 O
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
' I9 J0 O3 c3 b1 K2 A! c3 R! ]by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
1 d- |4 `7 X' B! d4 X" e$ {hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) r, ]& s8 V. m& q3 e* a
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) u. m8 t8 V6 A; U" Dreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ [8 Y  V; r8 ~! t
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  r8 {4 [7 d9 v6 X: X" g) I
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due0 g# U( _# `0 c1 `( l
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by  F4 r; B+ H# s: A4 s  {% s
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-9 m- W! i8 d  p3 [
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this" {* O8 y' c; C4 G' b
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, u8 M; G7 I: W5 m1 ntestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-! v" S& D4 F: r6 x- }
bly more common than the rare case report in the
( n+ w/ u$ s5 z6 N9 B  _2 `# jliterature.45 I3 w. d" S% ]$ Q6 }
Patient Report
. a# u, U: Q5 o6 S7 ^' t# ]A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
! ^2 e% s8 w  u/ J6 _endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern. K- B) Y: t, T7 \" L/ o5 q
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 o- @  U9 Q1 Ylight colored pubic hair development when he was
4 P! d' K# z8 U2 X# q/ rFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" I4 b- S! F# M2 Y! n; _South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.7 q% U+ W9 V* }, @! Y9 j
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,( P: G4 W! B7 P
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# _/ }0 ~9 D/ K2 G4 W9 [2 c; cMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;# S# q  W. T- |: E/ N
e-mail: [email protected].
; `$ S: h; S* v, c, u; {about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 P  F7 v9 V; V0 L2 b7 hdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 \) g0 j$ a3 h8 i; H
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; y5 q% x) b( y% a4 b  D9 X0 Pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
0 o% A# W& T9 I! a  M+ D$ ^& X" ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' b; b. |" _* B! c, q
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 w1 Z: E5 _0 l2 |
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with6 p: i) ]% m  R1 ~; B( V6 O
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 `: i( l& M3 |+ z. o' H+ o
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 d! T: c% A! J
was age appropriate.- ~) c( S5 e) o' l8 T6 u% Z
The family history was remarkable for the father,& K+ Q; C/ K; e$ O
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
* ?+ h- A& p, p: O' J* W( R0 H9 `which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s, i+ w: _( U" C- q" c
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat% z8 D5 I: r$ O5 G
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  w& @+ ]* w- Q- X4 p3 F9 ?The father denied taking any other medication. The
( l, t* K# T% d9 @* D2 |! Cchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
+ c( v8 I+ D1 D: y! Y0 d3 vwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 Y& q; z5 I4 @
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 t" i8 k! M: v- k' }cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
4 d; z2 v. l+ X) D8 X+ z+ O% vtives. There were no siblings.2 b& F( i- o& _4 a( k
Physical Examination
) o& F+ s6 D( z; b) Y& X+ ?The physical examination revealed a very active,  f, [  T  V' G$ j* r! k6 w3 i$ i
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
  b; h% N# t5 m  Qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
  w9 k) ?! H8 D' I90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  y$ X+ W3 z0 K% b(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth- I, O) x- l% o
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of3 Q7 C$ S; @; f4 F' c
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.0 I* V/ b. z1 \% C1 [! s
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 i" r0 t! Y; z/ j: H+ l4 Menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. x, U, Y4 T1 H+ ~2 Q$ b
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well. _$ M' F! P1 Z6 i$ J/ X. A  J2 x
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) `6 R, O2 r; g2 L7 G) q( _
540; ]2 E, g/ ~2 x# N* g2 T$ y1 o/ P2 U
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' a. R1 y; H) S, s& v  F1 g( j# Ethe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The/ ]" f( F; v2 l
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.* C( O. e1 }9 O! J/ C1 e+ i5 c. v: J
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" M* R* }2 F" ~# |. J% Y. loily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
7 i% m2 x9 S. Wabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
# ]! P/ W6 e6 T% YNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ T/ I, _* G! k. E, e5 _# U  x9 Xbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
6 _/ J5 K1 s0 a& a% K' mof papilledema.; G; B, O  W" H9 `
Laboratory Evaluation; w% K* Y3 e- K* ^& C
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 q! u( B- Q2 s  Z0 O6 |" ^
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 f& ?( ~- N: E+ C8 q
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 i- D/ O' b9 C6 w+ f
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 v( l. n. z2 s
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-8 b! [; U8 |2 q
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# X% x7 f0 p, o' o5 e1 Q4 ^The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood# f  G5 {( u  Q5 g
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
1 l. D9 w, Y  r- I1 kwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 I# d, ]! d% x9 Rof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
0 \/ V* D/ l6 m4 ^0 b6 \(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ L& K& x) P. \+ j# e
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 c! Y  G" Z5 N5 n9 Y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),4 B- `& M" e& P& E5 H5 s8 ]( _
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
7 M+ U0 q+ c) L" r, n9 ^* x49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)9 h/ [2 J1 V, Z7 X4 h2 |
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-/ @" s3 }$ ~4 F7 l- A% n  G* w
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
, l' B" w, m2 u! `9 x; ftestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
. ]+ y: z6 l  `+ j2 Nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than1 l( E$ y; z1 b6 u  V% I
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular2 ^! P1 y/ W' f4 y9 ?
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone+ ~4 L+ Z" {! a% X' j( }
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL+ h- C1 w/ t0 A" S# |2 g% n
(prepubertal).
8 M/ a( a& A. d" Q' k& cThe parents were notified about the laboratory6 {7 Y- G- W' I" R6 ]8 U! _
results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ t  U1 ]. j6 O. o' @4 W0 pnormal except the testosterone level was high. The0 |+ f+ n+ {: k& F7 L# V
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
: J; f3 n; `) C. Q: yobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( G, ]4 F, q! E  h$ z4 _
ever, the family did not return for 4 months." J# F2 g2 B5 o- g
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
  i9 l" _$ H- E7 bchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
4 i( q# Q: [( x# n" v2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained9 H8 w6 {% n  Z) L0 E3 _
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-4 J2 q* i& ]$ d6 u! Z
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
+ h9 X1 m( c$ Nthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2; `4 `. ~0 U: g7 L# @- [: b
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. o* u+ z+ q" [# T
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
& V+ R" a$ Z# `4 H8 U2 p  v0 u( Oing frequent erections.
. M. ?* _9 v. o* M% G8 OBoth parents were again questioned about use of. y0 s2 ?2 |% ~( e& p  d1 T1 q
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to4 e# ?0 v% K5 L
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
0 R5 t' K  A8 \# L! l. e! STopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 {8 L- `6 z- a
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 s/ g2 m; }2 a- f0 x- W0 x5 r7 S
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 p9 U& S6 Y2 T6 l5 r# W, ]
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! ^3 a# Q( c- T4 x7 r! Zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-& T) Z( v9 }* T5 d) C4 w
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 F  C8 v5 p; q: J! S) k6 S3 s
secondary to depression.
0 |. K/ a! D$ T$ q' f3 |The child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ O- L" ]  x# ^) b( mThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
2 M9 y4 N' ^" uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-, E0 e: {! F- r6 C0 Z2 N) I
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.& j/ o4 t: H: @3 C4 ~2 {' m1 S
The father also admitted that after the phone call,7 M( O6 C; K6 e  c( F# d, V
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby8 J3 j2 ?$ p: @. u3 N2 ^' J# g
was high, he then read the product information
4 x! Y4 e( o) X. hpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; F( {6 o* ^3 S6 g9 `, vson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they! H; M( v5 N  q* f5 K4 b: M( p
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; ^: M# y; ?6 q' L" @
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
8 l" O- F: R, u5 J$ `3 Ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
7 J% f: C  {0 q& A0 Ntest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
7 j: A1 m$ v& U$ tlaboratory to obtain the test.' w" }2 d6 T+ X! c% Y
Discussion$ ~! Q+ W, C. `7 a
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 ?4 y/ z/ h' ~# T7 D, S+ E$ |sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ M0 ?4 x/ W( ]) I" @! L
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
/ [) a, S, h# A# x3 v. l( Z- v: pit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 s) t3 [7 b& r, D) |! d, ^thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 [: ~) u* g7 d# K* y4 N  Hmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 x0 X4 m$ g5 r. q! Amay have a central nervous system lesion that is/ m+ P/ K2 B7 F/ U* A7 w
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-$ X- n" T- y# O9 l, T9 ^3 |
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-- z# A, D' k( o! ~8 t7 I
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: y& O$ e. M" Y8 d% `, s/ q
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
8 x7 E! ]6 w# I9 B, _1 Q4 A+ R6 i7 Cization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
! D( C* z" g$ g$ [0 q) Xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 K+ ~6 g2 D4 y7 y7 C% ?
gonadotropins.1,3
! e& M, x. W2 D9 jGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# X- d' X$ s/ [5 c: m# s+ H+ q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
; ^( k+ }$ W8 Randrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or/ R! f! H3 `  G& ]: u
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
3 D+ _1 A1 D, I7 s, S0 Q$ Xulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ P& G3 H2 W% O  ?. Wcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- P7 U0 [7 ~  `1 q2 c0 Vadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 a. ?7 r' `8 Q2 q1 f
puberty in boys.3,4
1 t5 b$ t  P0 n& N' yThe most common form of congenital adrenal  N1 @/ F  x+ ]+ g! D
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.1 A1 U6 H  m6 F  A
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
- V& e/ Z" Z; S% p$ P# nexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( x) m$ a4 u9 D- K6 w; R
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; C9 q. J3 o$ ^$ J# I. ~  q
excess.1,3% X2 Q' S2 f) _0 R  v+ d2 u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ \; n6 y) K" Q542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20078 v: E* z% x* A+ H) o
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* x) P4 U8 x! A* F9 k0 Z6 l
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
  c7 [% x  x" }# T, bas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* P+ W) M8 E1 N/ t& Zvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 _, c# v6 O) n: qwith this disorder are full pubertal development,/ p6 U& D/ a( k6 \- l% G+ J
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 O; [- V( E/ ?2 ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
' a9 Z. F, d- ^8 o2 U# i" H) Qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 ]- s" Y8 H, r; T$ o
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: G, z1 p/ L2 r' ^8 nreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked0 D# l5 M8 W9 s/ L. x( ?
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; `5 D2 O: g6 d5 |0 A+ Y+ c
males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ {8 z3 p$ T( ^. k  l1 L# Ymay have similar precocious puberty.3% N  e7 n# q6 _5 ~5 _# j5 l
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 P% o4 ^' @; u5 {" N% Osistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( R7 @- a9 ]& |/ c. N% j( bcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis( Y' V; V9 ?/ Z" B5 r
was in the differential diagnosis because his father  g4 |. A! o" t; g. I/ m- R5 j( j
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% K1 ?  j' B4 k& T9 M7 A/ ]testicular enlargement is not that evident in the( ]4 d5 @, }: c- V! i, Y, a
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
; M+ ~( Y! r3 Z# ?! M8 Vative initial history of androgen exposure, our9 `7 u8 P  r  D  ~4 ?/ F% ]
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
5 `% p: p; N9 t& Peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase2 e* {8 Q7 w$ y9 P/ J
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
3 e: \, v* s  S6 c3 K" ring the normal level of adrenal steroids.
  D: w; K6 ~5 i1 QThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% y  e3 A$ G8 Dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
% }( n4 v$ v- m- X+ Q, ]. uthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
4 S- P) v+ b4 ]' k' c4 n& Q/ B# xpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) e) t3 x3 J( R3 Q9 a! j
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
- T* u, z  _% L6 g) Eterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" d9 v# w2 M: B3 J% e7 ~! d2 m4 E
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" H! r2 y- O1 E' M/ dDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 A- L) G) b" A
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% k: z2 J( L4 R8 N9 cunprotected females through direct skin exposure., U" f; h% v2 @& H1 X& t! x8 b2 g
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' c8 J- V( M+ t0 kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
9 J/ m+ l; W, q( _even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male2 ?2 Y/ K* d- M) r
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. |8 b! x" ], C2 {9 R: Ytion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.' c, e0 d' W6 s) V5 F2 k
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) M; [; Z; Z) Z' N: I8 z& B
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 u# w7 `5 [5 y) ^! K6 ddermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: E9 O1 l5 S7 @; _* S$ Cterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more2 W3 h* x8 F" P/ `- s" S
active in young children exposed to testosterone
7 w" ]# f  `7 k5 `- f% i8 J( `exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-2 N: Y  |  V- t# ]
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  x8 h7 u& x1 F( Pvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in* ~# Y$ m* r4 c+ v6 k; J
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
( h8 M+ j/ a: Dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' w0 A1 x3 M! n9 YThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* Q, v% n% c) K* {9 {early childhood on pubertal development and final
% o  t7 B$ M7 Tadult height are not fully known and always remain
' k" ]# a& ]! R; x6 La concern. Children treated with short-term testos-$ ]0 f: t1 {# E$ F' u; _
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& K( {* f" R8 Y1 q
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) \) l% _: q0 U9 Z' y. f2 }cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& `6 g& I. n& A3 b6 `decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 }& ~: p/ k0 \2 |4 KThere are conflicting reports and controversy
  y6 W5 L" _) f' A: w0 w6 {% ^% nover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult7 ~. K4 ~/ H& M8 j) r; z
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; _" Q5 t' B( wadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
" z( N! i/ @  u: u- \1 Zulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, m1 }) B( {! @6 E
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
/ R8 d8 j9 A2 c; F9 hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
* w( n" l& H8 I1 w, X9 y3 t5 hpenile length in clinical studies.
) K# V; ?0 g2 t" ^/ y: E! ^Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; y5 p- A+ ]6 t1 R0 [going to experience any of the untoward effects from
1 v  P# A$ e! Q! Ntestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 w8 G" Y2 W3 u9 d2 l- y0 X
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time., V8 W% b9 `" t/ s3 e6 p2 M9 E9 {& _
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of& g% o; G& P( `
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; R% i8 ?  T1 T5 R  t: y( w( d" U
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
/ }( r  D. }! g5 G( Z2 [height will not be affected.2 ?' P! L5 }8 F7 d9 P. ~, S& J% U7 ~
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
: q" ]& R; W+ J8 A5 B# n5 r; Cability of androgen products in our society may
4 v- s$ o* r5 f. o7 r" Tindeed cause more virilization in male or female) r5 v' c, o. h' V: T
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 Y8 Q3 Y' p$ A! y
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
1 s  z/ O3 O7 m( F: g6 ~: u3 ntioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 q- _2 r4 ~( ^. I& n3 Q
gel should be asked of the family members during: y2 u( \2 y' W6 r. p
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
7 x; D, d" J, y( d0 |9 P0 k2 w+ ]ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ O; [0 k3 p" `4 I0 _/ E6 g, C
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
. C! {1 B7 `. E0 G  Qappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a2 s0 `. p  B3 n" H( a+ O
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may: I  ^1 e$ ^% ^. t! g# A, [3 Q9 ?# G
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
; _8 Y2 N3 v7 M! pinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
1 K1 u0 s( q4 h4 gaware of this fact, because most of these children/ {7 g2 q/ R( X1 l0 e; \, u3 [
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
4 K9 U/ R8 Y  y3 K7 rDesk Reference and package insert should also put a; e) N. q5 Z9 q% P8 B1 M# o0 I8 ^
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or& ?- C0 C/ |! l  D. h& p3 ]2 X9 d. a* f
female child who might come in contact with some-
4 x1 j4 Z7 S1 t$ d- n$ ]one using any of these products.9 A+ z7 X5 }/ d* b1 L! L( E6 _3 j
References* H% B( l$ F6 {" U" w! M
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 `! t  F9 d0 {1 W  @7 i6 pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 G% x/ ^- O. I9 x  ?
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
: t4 V1 x. Z% L2002: 565-628.
+ ^/ f* G" `0 t: r' z; E2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* w4 W# q+ S7 ?puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
* ~3 \- I! n0 a& }9 Y; \( @
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表