WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old, H4 @- h! _4 {* ?1 Y3 O: ^
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical+ G$ B3 r$ W/ s: R$ u
Exposure to Testosterone
  M) C! g# [) X- N3 Q0 Z9 NSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
  a; F% o! A5 Fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
- G9 M; Q" V, P. I: KClinical Pediatrics5 J$ R* J, ^: P* Q& m
Volume 46 Number 6$ |$ ?6 u. E: {1 @
July 2007 540-543
% w! |3 C2 j; s8 o+ \( k2 B© 2007 Sage Publications! W4 k9 i  W! X7 Z
10.1177/0009922806296651! w/ F4 s7 U+ _( c! N" k) L
http://clp.sagepub.com5 l( q" \) F& s6 Q8 y8 h
hosted at
1 N' u; Y- b6 J5 e1 n+ x8 _http://online.sagepub.com6 u( ^, k; f3 R6 j3 [! e
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 R3 G* D# [6 f& n; e  {
is a significant concern for physicians. Central1 ~/ [8 R9 A8 k9 U2 ]2 w7 k! {
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
9 j. z$ X  C6 g& M/ L, N/ \6 }1 b3 zthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! {8 W( e7 l3 s7 B7 l( A8 Q1 ja higher incidence of organic central nervous system
$ J2 ?. Y- z! I7 J" M( k  Ylesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested! d0 R  _; E9 `' j; z
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic* H0 C$ _% `, z
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 M* Z; L7 M9 a5 i. k7 Jcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ P" A0 q9 R2 N" K8 I' e& e6 ]% L
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ L6 H% I% ^+ d# U) x8 r& Z' Tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-4 C1 l, P5 l( J! T0 V9 c4 A
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
( F  |3 ?+ n) R- K* B. Jto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, z) c$ F# p- i8 r
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ k6 s- U2 G  x7 C6 |  k: K8 P  q7 Y) X
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% k( s6 X8 A% N& i& m1 nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. ]: M) Y( u( a3 ?testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! j" M4 G0 Y$ `' I7 t' E' n% cbly more common than the rare case report in the
( E# ~3 h0 M- g4 E- b* K* N3 qliterature.4
8 i% y8 O4 i9 i4 zPatient Report
* p. k$ h' g" J/ H& w5 T- t4 c$ IA 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 ^; x; U4 a, \5 v6 G& e9 k  u
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" ]( N( Y$ s: g7 L. b3 {$ f# Eof early sexual development. His mother noticed
) _. L& @/ e/ _/ \( Klight colored pubic hair development when he was- }( R+ o+ E# i2 c
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. O( y! }. H! I- {/ g+ H6 B
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
$ j% \- ^; N1 H& ~! {& KAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,) d7 F' d  h! E  |
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
: ?, x1 i$ E) B0 t# D- YMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- A+ B' M$ v& U9 }1 p* I; Be-mail: [email protected].6 l# j' p3 ~! L9 b8 u5 ?! z3 {
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) D7 B" ]+ D! G6 \" i
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
5 C! p& {$ `# b9 k: ement of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& E% g' ^) U) t# Z2 u# u$ f3 mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with% v* K9 a8 M5 z$ g
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 u& _$ g- b" I( T  h20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year# t8 @9 p0 e! q1 v- G
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) y  r# R: l' j4 I$ tsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
' [8 m2 I6 A! S9 q# b1 g# Pand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
, N* \6 C  c4 {7 p& gwas age appropriate.
" q7 k3 v# c5 MThe family history was remarkable for the father,' N) u! l  ]& f- O7 z# o8 _1 [3 ]
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
" n& T  E3 Q* X# mwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
: [  [# z- n$ U+ V: D: O$ U7 lheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat0 \. G) t$ @2 L8 f5 H' r" e
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 q4 h, L# `2 ~+ z8 q( V# @+ v8 y1 [The father denied taking any other medication. The( s6 b, e- `! H: {5 J
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
  ]' p+ L6 Z# ?, B7 O/ R) {was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
2 k0 U$ W8 v9 v) a8 g) E5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-$ A2 J* k; N  M2 S# s
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-6 ]0 k! F* J' b9 K0 N8 J7 _# O* t2 W
tives. There were no siblings.1 U1 Z4 w% E3 w+ W% ~
Physical Examination" M2 V6 ^5 u- B, T$ |$ @
The physical examination revealed a very active,
9 v- Y5 [2 ?2 {) q6 a. n$ oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 \( a- @) e/ A+ ja blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
7 R2 Z( V" n' S/ g7 P. M90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg% {" Q  `0 n$ N  [% E
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth6 A+ f- i7 F7 t. e% {
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 ?( v2 C" M9 v* f2 E4 sthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.& A5 x* V/ b7 E/ L# l2 L
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ x2 A, X8 I( V; U% L' M3 s( M- Menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 q4 r7 l& w0 k5 r6 |: N# o
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ M9 F; X: A- [4 F5 E' z) c9 {. m- ydeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
2 @4 p2 E: P- b540
1 V; z9 ]  }9 Q$ _at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' {& U" z$ h( s$ z+ N/ B
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# J% f  S& Z5 z
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
- ]' L3 X2 c* [0 Z, \9 p/ j. OThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ s3 \% a( I3 x( w, K, }
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no( h& p0 L; `4 Y) o5 b0 y
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ }3 P; P8 H/ d
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+0 N2 @; L2 S7 Z2 c  o# L
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion0 M( W4 S* Y- J5 A; U9 _/ s
of papilledema.: v$ z/ S: l1 Q1 t
Laboratory Evaluation
7 Q" U6 ]# V# r, i' RThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! ~% f# E/ f3 kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-& j9 H; D" d5 s! V
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 B$ ^( a  f# o5 e9 |5 [karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; a. C6 v# h. q. A
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
) i) @# s& q9 b6 f( E7 glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).% [" ]7 P; Z1 z) \) c; q2 `! R
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood8 x0 i# d6 P0 G
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) \" }% X$ u# P& x
within normal range for his age. The concentration/ @/ ]8 ~* F" \! \9 r- _1 ?
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL+ e- ]2 q/ ?7 N1 w8 y' x' Q
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
6 H+ R. Y7 D7 k, N, v6 l& Eng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& w$ s  ~" Z" `2 W  t1 g; gterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 S+ R# g6 a  X% m
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to# {0 {1 ^) z) e* ]  u4 C) |
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" ?. ?- g# h% q. }6 ]$ mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
. @4 m7 O5 p& n. Y2 {$ ktisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ H) g- y$ q: v- O  f: C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 e4 B- v! B: cand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, t8 j6 \# L* P4 h$ s6 V4 u% d4 y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
$ n4 A# A5 k/ A; V& pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' h" j& a/ f* O$ f0 i5 j+ k
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& e& f6 z; I7 x3 Q* y+ @& H6 ?(prepubertal).
, J# T# T0 o4 R7 GThe parents were notified about the laboratory# Q* p* y4 j  D2 K
results and were informed that all of the tests were
* b6 P7 g8 N( F9 V' `+ |normal except the testosterone level was high. The  V- P# u. T" o8 e! z
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to! u) Y* t* ~& ^% \  c
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
* ?/ P6 k, O+ Y: R6 ~/ a# B  _" Dever, the family did not return for 4 months.
+ i- a6 H, q; f+ E- r; B& uPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
1 X! m. ~! @/ m/ E& ~* K# ?child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
, ?5 ~% [" B( c0 s) U+ T2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ P8 H  Y+ v( S* L4 t  m; Ounchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
/ d7 H6 v, ^8 c( w' Dpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, V% g0 V0 ~4 u% v2 Othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, w! _8 x5 k7 C
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 L0 s$ Z2 Q* o5 |+ U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
8 N$ T& r: ?! j1 Q& W2 Sing frequent erections.& ]4 H, n, W/ U" u
Both parents were again questioned about use of
9 \2 a& D% i3 {any ointment/creams that they may have applied to; @, d) w; I' _) N7 a5 c' n; A
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 S" d# a, \+ m0 V0 P
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541: _4 _4 N5 d5 m
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- e! n# \  A% x/ A6 A/ }8 h
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
& i; Y1 d. ?7 s6 W5 ~$ ?2 ha year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 ]9 }8 n, K' K( U
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
( @: f! O9 ~( O* I- nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ B' s% W$ B& M& asecondary to depression.
% U' g; \+ N4 W/ ^/ ~! IThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 r2 _& g: Z3 e7 y2 m" a0 [
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 V3 Y* }; m9 i  @& R
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- a# {3 h" }0 p" q, S6 `
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. Y/ H3 G1 v: a- p, J, H6 I% M1 J
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ u3 l8 t& L; P% ~9 V. I2 pwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
. l. a  e* O" r- J: G# Kwas high, he then read the product information' t) C& `. Q$ [2 y2 y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 h; d; h- c  n% a* Cson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they' V& E" U1 |; c' V( A% z4 F
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the" F! ?; r# q7 E1 [( h
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 x% F  p/ y" F- V# R4 Z* [1 kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! Y6 V; q. K& x1 w! C# i" @
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the% Z; |0 }, V2 B: e' v5 P+ X$ J
laboratory to obtain the test.* v2 C" P  a, H9 {* L/ H
Discussion
$ D8 J2 f" t6 a% U9 tPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; s! H$ P) O( D/ Hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( S0 J4 |$ Z$ V2 m
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) g% K% u2 u# t3 `" N
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 ?7 A& O1 L) ]# b4 R7 e
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, Y- r1 L9 @% N# l5 x7 h( L, G. omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP/ }3 Q7 Q; }* T3 ^4 X# v
may have a central nervous system lesion that is. w# P+ U7 @0 {# c
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ b8 j8 [* N% `) xamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
: o& |& Q; t3 ~+ |& zsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 u5 ]4 h. T: O4 f
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
( F/ {. {$ E, L0 U4 iization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
: x5 N9 ~" s' ?6 E" f/ J6 @rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
8 \, g$ o# @$ M; Bgonadotropins.1,3
' E* O. I* K. K0 dGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-4 ]' l$ G" ]) R) N
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
% W/ _6 \/ V$ n8 W4 tandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
9 I6 I4 m* e7 \( \3 {exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-6 I0 `, i% S. r' f. S7 ^7 F, C0 }
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing  T' [3 R' t8 s* [+ f$ Z, ]! `3 T
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
) T& \! [+ L, m7 `0 P$ h, c5 Cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious  C" \6 d& O- y$ u' p$ N' A
puberty in boys.3,4
; x/ y9 j6 t! q, [3 A# O8 hThe most common form of congenital adrenal5 Q8 c7 L, t  p# B0 W7 L0 }  h
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
& p5 h$ j$ n+ ?% F4 e) vThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) v, t8 K9 X( h. }  T6 ?: uexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# v5 p7 ^& W' c7 u6 j0 q& Q
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
! Z6 N+ k( ~. H4 Nexcess.1,3' h( N) e; ^& ]5 ~; o# D
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 \8 n# t4 }8 Q5 Q1 w* Z542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
! _" s$ [7 b7 N6 xA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
! K# B6 j" e9 Z6 |* Z/ findependent precocious puberty, which is also known* L+ u; U1 r0 ]
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a, w8 g* Z' j; L6 ?3 y7 S
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
0 A4 s9 v6 C; U+ G6 f; g2 O+ }with this disorder are full pubertal development,, X9 U; W4 {- K8 Q. I9 P
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys4 p, T# D+ @1 j: R( z. H/ s
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: ~0 Q. N& A7 W
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' Q9 o9 W: `6 M6 U+ \pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-1 s# H6 ?  w( V2 |* g  Z
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked; ]% W) ~! ~2 Z5 ]' Z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
1 X3 w; w8 q1 c% cmales; therefore, other male members of the family
& I& {% h8 }. Z9 q0 o) _4 Q9 xmay have similar precocious puberty.3
+ y% c% x2 C/ U5 o- r$ c$ |3 T) g. AIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
% f. x+ p9 {' ?: u* E# E2 Csistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
7 P1 `4 [. \* z2 J$ `  s/ b- ?cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
7 p  P6 s2 U, A+ C( |( K0 \was in the differential diagnosis because his father- [! U# z( h# i, Y
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' f' }' _8 i! G) R% h8 y  c
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the6 S+ w% \1 @1 i3 U" I; N! |% B- b1 w
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
8 I9 C* D/ B. m" Y. {ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
5 i2 b0 X! O" _0 m& A. kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 J: Q; D( ^) O+ [! x/ V' W
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 l8 X- ~0 d. v4 A7 k$ k) N3 bdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% O* q  N2 W& t7 Y# f9 E! ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 U$ @3 Y) f! {) c1 TThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
; T0 o1 l2 ~' V8 v8 S. v; ssuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because! Q& v: i, h3 u. q0 ?$ K
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-* i0 o" I( m2 }: ?) F: {
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 I# I1 N4 M$ ~8 zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 R5 |- `: M4 N
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
" f# l- j+ Q7 [0 Tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) i4 Q5 s: u+ [* A$ r) l$ H4 f, LDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or* Q& `5 x) }( f& }! ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to- P  H3 @: E$ R' A0 k5 b
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.; D+ j) ^" K! B& Q, g
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" m. W: M+ b+ G" A, obaseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 H  o! f7 o" R0 e5 Z* Y+ ?# Geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
- m% }6 f6 ]1 o0 u4 X' Zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. ^2 n: r: d" {, e
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.) P2 W2 N) Z! c
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
' V6 H0 `' d% |# p; L; g4 \which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
6 U- v* y# M. ?5 T+ s# Kdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 \7 e% b! j6 z* y! ]& ?terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
0 \7 W' Q/ p6 ~2 mactive in young children exposed to testosterone, K! L: k9 M, U) d; L
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-- w1 [  h' T: H$ a' M: @
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
# I" X+ W9 E6 q. avirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in  h% T' a3 |* ~. r3 v- X
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
" W! M; a, O: @6 a& }advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.$ m) W5 S( g! t2 P# K; Q$ V) s7 ?
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during- a' n4 _0 ^$ t* x3 }$ ~; y5 F
early childhood on pubertal development and final2 k7 H$ P! m# l$ h% k( r& u
adult height are not fully known and always remain
$ |# ^' w9 e( ^% a4 t4 pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: U/ T4 B  U9 K* X% }terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
$ D5 i+ _% D) Y/ g3 \$ Xacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) u4 Y& Z$ |7 c! S7 Ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
- P7 W7 l' y: f% A+ c1 Qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9' J+ x2 J. E5 ]  M2 P6 ~
There are conflicting reports and controversy
) J% o  Z  m+ ~$ Q+ |3 z' i& Eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
3 T2 v$ P8 a# Qpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
5 N' ?. V" H2 S, m! }* o! Aadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-3 Q6 z  b$ L/ j4 {( }
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
- i" o) k* D& p# S+ BSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, h( I: M- z, M3 h8 G
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. l: q4 C0 k6 z. Spenile length in clinical studies.6 _6 S9 \) A6 ^5 G" G8 v7 Y( }1 [' {
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 |2 \& `, |8 x$ `% y3 @
going to experience any of the untoward effects from. [: D7 d! X& ?! i3 P1 ~  X  F
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 H( Z/ i. R$ }% N. }8 d8 i& o  F
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
5 o2 h# R, L7 f9 U- zAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of/ A3 s5 N) o! D- H5 y
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at6 y# n8 |1 I8 ?- e6 Q
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
7 {8 B7 C# z2 T/ x- uheight will not be affected.0 B( h) v3 A) Y0 t' I# E: `& }
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 O+ J; ~" |. a8 dability of androgen products in our society may+ f' P, D0 G, [: n8 D8 |
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ [8 I2 I& k$ j( |; J- k' `children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-9 C1 H, U9 t* ^1 a. z6 x
gen products must be considered and specific ques-$ h9 o: }6 W0 W5 D, s  Z! L
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or& D3 u" h2 r& Z: N; b) ~  b
gel should be asked of the family members during" B2 u, s  N" c+ j
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-  f) l. r: d) k8 I: ?# W1 B* p* L
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
, s5 M) G% F( z9 \" v1 Jnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: d3 `8 S; W0 z4 p/ x$ i- pappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a- k2 j7 N! d7 W* @; t! f
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 M: q! P& V0 Q4 h! o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; j4 i/ A5 n, e, w% {+ s
investigation. The primary care physician should be
: W0 K7 I* {- n3 S1 uaware of this fact, because most of these children4 b6 U/ W7 R6 Z. [5 l
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
! ?* q8 _  l  j0 G2 @4 PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
( P; U2 s" V) ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
. `+ b3 Q8 z% C, m  a* j# T0 wfemale child who might come in contact with some-
# G. w" u8 }5 }9 T/ p4 H9 N4 n/ u0 Eone using any of these products.7 K5 S4 n1 o& `/ u) c9 e4 L- v8 b
References  E1 H- p+ u& A2 O" h' F; X9 p
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
# ]; h" Y! d; G7 n( {, A7 Oand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
& m6 e5 w: I; G6 A7 N( T" uEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  u! J: S, v" e+ g- b
2002: 565-628.
- K- P+ |) ~" b" ], O2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious- x5 g) Y6 o+ c$ z0 D
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! y* t+ L! [6 XBoy Induced by Indirect Topical  L& r1 f2 [1 I- [. v7 s, z5 _( ^
Exposure to Testosterone
5 O+ y9 G/ K5 J3 b$ PSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
! k/ g  p, @+ s, J; Mand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 i8 G/ m5 ?- I) {Clinical Pediatrics
8 P3 v0 z' Y8 f" E* i! ^Volume 46 Number 6
  v5 g! i2 P+ GJuly 2007 540-543) g- M: J! m* f5 ^6 Y$ s% i
© 2007 Sage Publications0 [$ A% I; _8 H8 f! [) E
10.1177/0009922806296651
( T4 Z! @$ i; g2 M9 v- Dhttp://clp.sagepub.com
2 X9 f! \- k+ n- z7 nhosted at  g( |+ G3 Q: z& P+ ~! v
http://online.sagepub.com
0 W( h9 N# K/ m  z  F* m7 gPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,/ m2 N' p: t4 G" ^
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ x0 z6 M+ q; G# U# Q* fprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& T" m8 w; u7 ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
& l9 t, G, U( d2 ra higher incidence of organic central nervous system. Q; X( ]2 s: g  o! p  r, T9 u
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
/ ?- j, P/ h8 H4 S% \/ mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
4 E. G. w* E/ I; xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 `! e' |/ }) o1 A, p8 l. Tcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We: @& ~1 X$ k2 g, F: \
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the5 J% \( C, g6 D! p, b" P; q1 v' M
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ [2 ?* _4 K/ ^4 D& Tment without testicular enlargement, which was due% R8 a1 t' _. S- u, v# K5 }
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by" U7 z: ^( Y2 C6 ]) I- K9 [  H- z8 _. h
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 }+ q; j! ?8 V8 ]. _& N+ n' u2 Smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( I4 D# M! P& U0 g0 ^8 S# O1 }  R
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 E& H( ?! S' D% E0 f/ R$ P+ K! e  Ktestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. M7 S( J5 w  q0 Y( T: A
bly more common than the rare case report in the
: A. g1 L& I# Y) gliterature.4; B8 L8 l3 G* ~; s# j
Patient Report; b+ n3 ~/ I. C  y* i, z9 o$ j
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the- t3 i- c7 K3 z. {
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern/ ~6 p4 i/ ~7 F+ h- [$ |2 w; R
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
' s6 w& Q1 h: a7 v/ h' f/ T( R' f6 llight colored pubic hair development when he was
, q% r3 W: b; m& o. F7 W; p# t; u# yFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 M1 K9 ~. B; d# V* w+ jSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.6 u" N5 X; A& U7 k
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 U+ `9 s6 T5 w$ J2 b' K2 c, i
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
  W0 V- n. J" M% NMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
% _5 ^, |/ C3 ]" M6 s  i4 @+ s5 ue-mail: [email protected].
: `  E$ H) C( C, W" _5 r0 b. rabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' F" R" N! q7 p( d, Cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 t: H" p4 {0 f! @& S% i5 f
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child% N) `# ?6 l5 Z8 g2 X! p  N8 A
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
1 U" l4 L* m' D' p3 ]$ h# Y9 o) Aa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of$ L$ A, o% Y; l' ~+ m, H
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year" C3 E) f# [7 t
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) ]- Q8 e) V! N" A  D$ X& Asolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- b- c8 f4 K6 J$ Dand his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 Q, K; G! z1 D: S
was age appropriate.. k' p7 Z6 _' X- K0 D* {# E
The family history was remarkable for the father,
0 {: y2 b2 e/ e/ `/ Swho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,1 _2 I$ B# J3 z) ^7 z1 [
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s  o% U/ u+ U% G/ C
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat, P, [4 w' r3 s1 E) }. O: |
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.4 D; h7 L7 j, J" a# _/ Q, j
The father denied taking any other medication. The9 s, w+ q2 U5 l/ n
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% }- k2 W8 g( d! u
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) D# e% K: g) ^: ?/ P: o3 o
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
( P* {0 z7 A( Qcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-% n" S/ c9 s4 D+ Z( z
tives. There were no siblings.
1 C+ y$ i7 q, j5 wPhysical Examination/ V, T+ U# C0 Q) J( ]( w* d
The physical examination revealed a very active,
) J2 I7 z, T% f6 vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
& O0 Z. ^( Y) ~3 N! }6 v  Q* }" Z' Ja blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 g' c* N" G7 m4 x# J
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 n. t8 `( p: E: C/ L! M(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
  @3 N3 g0 E$ tvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of. s* }& s# l- z3 B
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% ]+ K) h7 z" m0 h' b* ?, ^# n
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for) K. n2 o- F4 b5 _: r0 v, L+ ^1 i7 x& f# [
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ }; @6 D+ H9 v& J6 i4 b8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well+ B8 R. P# m: Q
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around( s  @: y9 d: M$ f& o8 @+ q- L
540" ]. U: A+ @+ d! Q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 N8 r: w7 _3 O2 D; @the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. e* ^1 T/ Y1 W; }* p
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
: R$ N# e, A6 m% Z7 w. c+ WThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. [+ J, K: m1 f2 Y' e
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no( h6 s3 t* ]8 M8 p0 f8 m& V3 K7 ]
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' s8 q% z% X+ c' g( d
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+% s  D% ^7 C' D. C# P8 }) A4 R
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 u) P, Q& W$ M/ s% @0 [of papilledema.2 T) ?" h5 O. N
Laboratory Evaluation1 t7 ?$ N* j/ B) N- t9 R
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by. }" h" M) {0 Q, ?6 b; H+ B
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-, k* h2 a* E  o+ Q* [
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal1 R) a& \2 i; ?. F
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 U' [5 i, d! m6 Jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! A4 Y6 g! X4 m, K0 {8 g# wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).1 M1 C  q* k8 C8 {
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% W  K' Y, n3 l% ^
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were$ F! t4 ?! I) S, T2 w4 l, ]
within normal range for his age. The concentration% u: h0 N* m2 y! V
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, S, n/ A1 `) X. E- P4 m8 ^" ](normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 m& ~' W9 \* f1 B1 c: }$ \; E
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
) [  \5 u% F+ i$ g1 N. Yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
5 p' h$ o" K, m# c2 S; l2 Ndesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- Z0 S  L9 }' a  [, [) F2 f0 P49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
5 }, F. @8 C' Q! Cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
! o+ h- W. X* }4 e: N/ dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" i' c0 x4 F& K1 r, ~
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
" ?4 w. h' T1 E. ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
  }+ h( e$ j6 \1 l8 Q# d5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
  s$ X: j. ?% mstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone% k8 v' C9 V: m& M0 c4 C+ E& h3 `
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
9 f5 P, }4 p" i6 I/ O# ?& l6 {(prepubertal).# N# X" K$ Z  E, ]8 F* f$ @
The parents were notified about the laboratory
) m, D( e- ^3 p8 H7 wresults and were informed that all of the tests were; ?, A2 L5 w3 w) S
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
; |/ H/ `4 ^( X  O, O' \follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
7 p1 B5 d5 \; H' B' u3 lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-3 D2 w% P! r. ^: ]$ J6 [, _, E
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, g! o% ~, y% ~) FPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
6 F! n# g" Y  ]( }# V9 wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
* |+ t1 [, ^# y2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained  Y% |7 \  {4 k" t2 Q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% u; z+ h9 a1 A6 |
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 Z0 {6 D$ ^6 K, O" [# y
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 K0 Z9 n: [! _* f! dmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.) p! {# `" O: B: o3 b' o+ I
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-! m# ^0 u- L2 ]1 m
ing frequent erections." c2 j: _5 ~/ u" S4 S
Both parents were again questioned about use of
. d: n8 h) r. \, N0 h% G" L6 tany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
: p; }4 \% A, S/ v5 ~the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
* f0 b  K. \7 `1 Z; j+ _Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ M0 }& G+ ]8 v/ b( z/ Q0 `1 buse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 h2 U% g. ]( `0 A) C  a( V( A
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ _0 G! P  h9 N% [, la year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
- R; ~/ C  U6 o9 x& fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-2 d: r, ]9 _3 ]# J
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
0 j; Z; N- h$ L2 U! Q/ L2 Esecondary to depression.
7 t5 O9 ^& Z( i/ f' yThe child slept in the same bed with parents.# X( h1 Y! b' B" h* c$ ~4 }
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his% P- ~8 o5 _; S# @
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-! {& O9 q' q9 z1 B7 v
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
4 E! p  G' K  B. O3 Y' T/ T6 K4 sThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
4 r: ~6 P; A9 ^) J9 ?5 z. N" uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 Y* q! z# }7 t  X! T/ X) W0 J/ ^was high, he then read the product information! G5 K; N  c6 ?" Q9 O. ~/ A' N
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
3 @0 O. E. T4 s, Q$ b. json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they" C  [) p( O; N; a
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the$ H' ~6 \  A" K- R
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had: V7 \* a! x- b8 d9 _. c
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
8 S7 {7 J1 y% dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 u: b- h- {" w
laboratory to obtain the test.
8 x9 A7 {, j' U( q; v, b5 RDiscussion1 g9 h; E* X6 c' \5 v
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
, n; ]2 |. ^7 A: |sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, G* O  f0 [. @% a, W; M  N
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
( A$ c0 A! m& C1 m! B: Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ S6 z6 F2 |! |6 Z1 uthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. T* K8 s* P; F: s) n+ ^
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP. j- Q  u$ }$ Y
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
! U' K$ @5 _: K9 L. ~responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-# M: K1 v5 w, C5 b8 {
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-* q$ o5 B: Y4 a4 s
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" C4 k% x9 I: m  ?3 h4 aboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" g- u2 @0 ]1 G- V9 v2 ]4 oization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-; B& P% a5 T* f* O- h" v# x- D
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by( `6 k! r! T0 g3 G5 l/ ]) y9 ]! o
gonadotropins.1,30 F7 |) |! e4 d9 Z" v; _
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-. Q0 a% n9 f, N
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: _/ ^, I# Q; {: }) oandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or$ T3 ~$ R% U7 I. N% J' m$ X# X) f
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: T/ k( O; C: W" p. `1 j: [6 e1 |
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing) k( G; Y6 p( Z+ z' R" X, O
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive/ q. O! x7 Z% X! G/ f3 [1 R
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
0 E# d8 g8 T6 Z' |. ?, o  j/ f; ~puberty in boys.3,4  e' {+ F" N7 d+ H6 {  o
The most common form of congenital adrenal) p) `: f7 w+ m9 n8 a! W9 m# h
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
) w- J9 U: j, W5 EThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
# ^0 t  V" U% }# ]/ _excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,* f/ `6 p- g  I4 C
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% D/ f* C! B, [. Sexcess.1,3& v# y( r$ d. |+ ]" k4 }
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 ?% Q* A* ~- ~542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007/ A" i( b8 l2 ~" s
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
! q' P2 U# G1 ~1 b# t4 |independent precocious puberty, which is also known& j/ \" W' c& P/ O
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
% }( i; t: A! j( v+ W3 r( T, xvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
/ L6 V. T( h; J$ E6 Qwith this disorder are full pubertal development,9 U# z7 _6 b  C9 ~7 `
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- r0 I& s  g+ k1 n) Fwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 W, N# U) D; o+ W. @& Y. Aare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) K+ D" j+ N: K  O
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 w6 W) w9 K* i# R. d) m. Q% wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 ~3 n* f  U+ F9 N1 x. Q( Q2 Gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
8 Z% ~9 P7 R3 K5 M) Imales; therefore, other male members of the family
4 R% `; r+ T& q! vmay have similar precocious puberty.3
; i  [- E- E% \% u% P4 F- RIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ R% K- p, ]8 Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 h$ u. O6 }6 z9 x' Ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
" e. e: _; Z1 a) Bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
% R2 L, u$ n! i+ [( ^started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,7 F! N0 _7 A# ]5 O' S0 L: E
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the- ?  t8 A$ a8 ?
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
4 i$ `) R: a7 p( C3 j5 Tative initial history of androgen exposure, our- Q3 H; e4 U0 j3 b4 r# N
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, c9 r2 W& ]' S# y. teither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase8 M* Q! D  {( y5 p4 V3 ~
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-2 B" S: k( _& j, Z
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
9 `: `7 _* j( C: t( q" @- ]4 @The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
: R' R2 B2 s  B7 q! Gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' L: Y; y4 [# T) A2 ]5 Vthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-+ D( L) J& @" v* ^6 g
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and  Y& C8 N) ^. H) J5 V$ `" L/ m
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
7 M" [' X8 F, U$ n$ B% Z3 vterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 n+ K* C0 Y' |$ D3 a( ]  S
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" q  \7 N! J$ h- ?Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
6 n1 s4 Y" m4 A* m8 p0 acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to2 }! M8 u! s3 S3 H3 G; |* |
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ Y' Y# W6 i5 y) oSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the3 ]5 \& u* J! B% |4 J, P
baseline value in those females who were exposed to3 J9 c9 J/ B2 F, B9 x
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
  H/ f/ W! m% q+ Y' l) O/ ]1 q2 Z, wpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
  T% k: W7 I! _4 p' R( W6 Ltion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.9 {' m8 A: p& }) y; A
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,6 S2 s9 T0 E3 g8 X7 y7 `7 k
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ S! C5 x* Y7 k' M6 g, w
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-. O- L( j; |* ~; f: C- J" j: p% c5 n# p: ^
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
. {3 D" {' b9 M0 b' V* Factive in young children exposed to testosterone; o0 h; C( x& j6 `& h
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-$ \; \! P, S' o8 n
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- I2 c+ ~  Q7 h0 m" a: I8 D+ b# Uvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
) w- C: f1 F  U! o/ t0 echildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 l! W1 g9 ?5 r" o+ g) {advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 X, A2 `2 K  E0 i( w) d
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
1 l7 |: E# S$ w# [/ rearly childhood on pubertal development and final
. A( b, H8 O* gadult height are not fully known and always remain
- t  L& e' u: \a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-& k! c! a0 ^, {0 p9 J6 S
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some: q" T) k3 m1 z$ M
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 [( A6 T  d& Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ a- q( r4 }- d) E0 [decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9( |: T6 N8 ?' x% t$ [
There are conflicting reports and controversy2 {/ A: V  J9 f+ p# F% I7 ~+ ~
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* T/ s+ A9 z; G
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% \+ F* S% T4 K; y$ S% L0 |/ g
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
( C, a* ~) |; m4 i3 G4 J2 y6 O3 pulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,1 Q5 F8 V4 i4 v: M  z7 E% m
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between- U5 j" a' E+ w3 p3 c
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult+ B, n) h! j* P% H# G
penile length in clinical studies.; w6 h/ t7 L5 o' O
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 R% ~0 e# ?# l  O( g
going to experience any of the untoward effects from( F: g" F$ f/ M
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
! y. ?* p6 x0 q2 x! w5 \0 ]the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
7 ^3 F7 u0 h9 V# e" DAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of4 Q, P; ~0 b7 g# A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
+ F. ]: t* `. r7 d8 fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
8 c8 H. ]! B4 ^" ?7 wheight will not be affected.
; l* j9 L  s4 u2 ?Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
$ J* O- K2 v: q: m- }4 i% c: g# {9 rability of androgen products in our society may
# P9 Z, M! C7 y0 l9 gindeed cause more virilization in male or female
) ]; @5 l* R8 o( V4 Gchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ x+ u+ K) I/ `+ t- a
gen products must be considered and specific ques-% F7 I# _: j7 k3 z& ]# A
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 r; I5 |, e( e- C. i' kgel should be asked of the family members during6 E* P7 p% p( s
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-* M. ]% }1 N6 }0 {$ ?7 p
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-! E/ B" C% E) s! r$ S& O
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by! K9 j7 A* c: p/ g; k" _) z+ O
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a" k+ q( g! s: C
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may' @/ Z: H0 A! T& P8 Y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ y$ A) k1 O- m3 ^7 o# x3 b, n9 G
investigation. The primary care physician should be) X- w- S; b* Z* ~" ^: R) N
aware of this fact, because most of these children
& M& K; |0 M; K. h7 Q- D0 Amay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
3 q+ N6 [1 y9 B% W5 b% r4 uDesk Reference and package insert should also put a: n) @5 b: s% p* p) E. a
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
, c. p7 ~4 o1 u) L- jfemale child who might come in contact with some-3 [% G' v% ?! W! K. M1 L4 T
one using any of these products.
( q& t' e* a. h1 _# U# NReferences% e$ [7 o: y# L2 o/ F! L! G
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation# k2 b) u% @- s; B
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric5 r& j# t! I5 ]
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
/ q& _% Q5 _" S. K4 ~# p2002: 565-628.
/ o# f6 I) |$ r8 K+ X* \$ I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  g# V2 a3 K+ Kpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

6 D+ ~2 d6 h& t- \精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表