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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
+ V2 {$ c% X+ A# ^2 @/ H0 C" W, l4 `Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
. {/ d% S/ Q' O/ b# oExposure to Testosterone
W8 o$ }' U2 R. YSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, `! I2 @4 [2 X9 B+ ] cand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ S. q4 g6 y/ MClinical Pediatrics
8 X' M0 s; _5 I* AVolume 46 Number 6, ^7 w# J: { B) R3 T8 m* [2 O2 F
July 2007 540-543
4 U# _/ \/ n. r8 {2 L# c$ n© 2007 Sage Publications
5 u5 y2 {) C" @* ]5 u( ~10.1177/0009922806296651/ ^3 _& z4 h; o
http://clp.sagepub.com( Y3 P/ u) g0 J& ^
hosted at+ R% z# E, Z" T/ |; D) V
http://online.sagepub.com
* M& h' S; _& ?Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,+ |' e5 {4 K6 j5 J) w" | y
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" Y2 S' D' G/ u' J1 E; @precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
( R- ?1 f [/ q xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
& ], x; e5 \- y; y/ ^a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: h6 B) X' l5 _8 B) Q6 l, ulesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested1 n7 [% n0 Z% h: o& F. @" t
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: w& z, Y! j# h" ~% S4 d
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
+ r. V/ z% B: m0 r: s5 `; wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& r$ F5 J% G) F$ s% P" E2 W
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: f- U0 E( o7 W9 w) e V! U0 g& \
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! E* g: W8 o/ A8 `( L) d
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
9 t( ~" _8 k% ]to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by( `2 A4 }% E6 m+ c
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 T! f2 v0 E0 M# i) I; G5 t' y
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( ]. c( c$ M* Z2 ~: n: E
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of0 d" J. O) k1 D2 B3 k9 C
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
( z( M' B( w; ~( H E1 Sbly more common than the rare case report in the$ x4 Q+ u& b) E n0 K: f y# V) z
literature.4 P5 Y4 ?, x+ @) v+ k8 i/ }
Patient Report8 ~" i. e! Q9 q* x9 {
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the( D# c% f' O* M, s' L5 ?
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 j& L g) p4 m" b" s) F3 h# Gof early sexual development. His mother noticed
" }- z. S. S- f# k4 Rlight colored pubic hair development when he was
8 f1 o: ]$ X) q8 pFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
1 \- w' } b" W. OSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 V0 W5 ]% L' iAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,8 O7 ?$ Y9 @! ^: U4 F" y4 j0 E, T
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of1 y+ y }( Y; b3 L
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
% r3 N6 a: ]: m7 F. te-mail: [email protected].
D/ r) c- u0 W/ m% c( U" x& Yabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
- q& [" L4 P( x/ mdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
3 x$ G* p. J" ]9 u( }ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child: I+ Q, n$ _0 f0 Z0 v5 K' v/ d! J: a
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. \0 q( z" V0 x9 K8 N5 |+ S
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
9 }9 U1 h6 V G; G& y: X/ X! }1 U1 }" I20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 Q$ P* L# A, Z5 ]) Y* j
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with. {) ?9 }/ o( _9 }* \
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
. X% X, Q) d8 J3 K8 f; Dand his psychosocial and psychomotor development: O; u+ O/ x. }8 [
was age appropriate.* X _9 c! }7 q* `1 |5 t
The family history was remarkable for the father,
6 N* y* s' B8 @& R6 Z2 Gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ F- M% |/ A3 G2 j; a5 i$ o
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; U! o; [0 t/ |" H, {# }) i
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: P$ y+ o' f3 P
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
" |) W0 X: G6 H/ ZThe father denied taking any other medication. The6 G: p7 y9 D. v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche/ p a0 Q! X1 O5 X* x0 y0 l1 G
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
+ t" h2 ~5 o3 `* H5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-. Z: `# j2 h. r' }
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 |. I, c( ~7 \1 d& b
tives. There were no siblings.5 D4 K4 {* m2 H# Y5 }" s
Physical Examination
6 u" e# t' X9 {8 `& NThe physical examination revealed a very active,) E6 m& m8 A$ c. V5 S
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented+ [: Z1 v9 [. R0 I; A
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# M2 X& s; h# E( D9 }! X90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg, @- M F: Z, w+ a" ^' |& e% n* n
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 s3 N9 {$ K2 m4 g! |' ]9 ^velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of& {3 @- U; Z5 B2 M; d" i1 |
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.' B0 s' ]9 }7 M
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for+ z( J: h J7 b
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 u/ y p7 p" C9 h3 c8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well1 {) _" t8 Z, D2 r. P# M
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, q3 q1 C' _, d3 H r+ Z1 G
5408 E5 M) a: L# z& O5 T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from A; |' p' S2 X
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The1 t$ G4 S& e, k }& ^- p
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.* p9 Q1 u; P/ H2 h1 k
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
8 a% e2 ?4 _+ c$ N: f7 yoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ W: d @3 C" ^ b. ]abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 Y' x# K# ?8 r- V1 i) g4 ~
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. N5 z. R6 s* Z# ^( ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) K9 K+ g7 x) ^: Bof papilledema.
. [- ^' {1 F2 y3 x/ P nLaboratory Evaluation
8 S# w6 {# f9 y# p' ^! z% {The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% } B* a# j; k6 R+ _/ a; a% Musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-+ m' E) ^1 l+ R/ z' W+ y( Y3 W. F
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 z. B# Q: D! O8 I% ]karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* z- ]8 J6 w7 Q" c
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-5 O, _& J# i; D% p. o- X$ O+ p
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
: D+ w! }" b0 f0 u# H4 `- hThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood8 i" D# t, L6 S1 B) Q+ i7 u' P
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% g$ g5 Y- q5 K0 O" y( B( j: R2 Ewithin normal range for his age. The concentration
, ~) r# _8 V0 ]7 I( v3 L7 ]( xof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ d, _7 A/ `0 J* e(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
* M, f* s. |# u" Qng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-. v, E) x# |6 H/ ~
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 G% i B; f# W. p3 z/ b) I/ edesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' k# f- L5 N4 F3 W2 s7 I
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ F+ H- M% L9 D2 Z. wwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
& J, l+ y7 i0 y' Z$ ~8 y A* U1 dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( F' m5 T; o k0 t/ }
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
! r ~1 t$ w2 x: X6 Xand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than( d- Z7 V, U' C' Q- ~
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 @7 n$ N8 K9 ]
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone6 M2 S, u7 x" A; F* C
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 w7 f" E: K$ P- @: }6 G! V9 [
(prepubertal).: w3 ]5 ~5 |& U/ @! M
The parents were notified about the laboratory8 d0 F5 T5 q5 |/ e9 E
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ j0 Y3 R: D& J1 j$ enormal except the testosterone level was high. The/ {/ H" F! T, P! v$ c
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to$ t1 Z0 s% l4 D
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
% O$ n$ Y8 M+ A/ U6 x. b9 G1 i2 @8 Iever, the family did not return for 4 months.
' }$ f; r+ k6 @Physical examination at this time revealed that the7 { H8 U$ u( E! D `8 y" U s
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained J, }( X Q( j/ ?1 H7 R) e4 K! ?9 M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, w! M- n+ k/ G S( K( V' {' x7 U( Tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 k7 t" _2 [( q: e
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
8 \, n: [) C& l: `8 _the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 q* A/ K/ p% H" \mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.4 x+ \! T5 h8 \- p! w
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-1 J) i5 V6 [+ P
ing frequent erections.
, [- G8 A. [; lBoth parents were again questioned about use of
/ Q: t2 \2 n r6 j$ d: y7 P, P% ^any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! M6 t6 R9 Z l N
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the5 S; I3 G) j3 ^4 B
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
& @9 j7 x- {7 s4 Yuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; P8 S+ t" A0 y4 c
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
+ e8 g$ f. I1 N: V( L1 k* L( ca year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) w6 }7 w8 y+ f9 v# [/ a
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-2 H, c5 @7 w- o" Z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
" r/ Y6 Z5 h6 j# w% t( U% vsecondary to depression.8 C- O& u8 O; J, W
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
7 A% E$ G- p- y2 K SThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
2 j1 d/ C: e# U$ X; _4 }chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
4 e; _& D) j; c2 w# Z; G9 x/ o1 knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
0 O' G7 i% a# PThe father also admitted that after the phone call,) ^* W3 d9 @; X# c9 d
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby% Y$ [6 `- x& J" U( A) _" [
was high, he then read the product information1 h7 ^4 ]; P* G+ B* t
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-% a4 q9 S0 m8 ~1 n
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ ?; L I5 u, f6 E; t2 udecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the: j: ?1 Y" ?1 @6 H
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had0 ]0 Z# }9 N3 z! K/ A& r3 r
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ P2 g1 x2 D6 n/ L% L7 ttest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
5 [/ G& k- \( H n+ }6 qlaboratory to obtain the test.- v( v f0 z: h& g$ c
Discussion
' V- a8 C2 l7 k+ A% d9 U9 _- J8 I8 ^Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
, J6 m0 A. n7 N6 J& Y7 ^sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% A# Z$ q" W6 G/ B* ~6 p/ k" O" R
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& R: z: Z* m+ W5 x3 z8 Xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 S% u, _. f0 {6 C$ S" m X( X! f& zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; d Y% }0 e3 D5 N( G' J3 E, @- u
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) V5 C; n- p( b3 L7 ]& vmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
4 U/ c) m! _9 W6 O1 x$ @responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 K6 T: h! _( c
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! d5 V4 k; P6 f0 y$ M0 n& R
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- ]* g/ x$ x$ ?( e3 ]0 M" Jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
8 a- x1 r' D. ^: `2 {7 n) Kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-/ i3 x$ G/ m, W; K
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
0 A' g2 H' E5 O9 p: R# D) b) i! `gonadotropins.1,38 Q' d; F: v: k1 F. J$ | r
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# \" ?# k) z, Y, h: J9 I1 ?, K3 ~
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( Y4 U; w+ A- [ Landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or- k1 g8 v( @' K' J+ G3 k' C; g: F
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-8 m8 o+ h. ?: m
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing* }# n1 H1 U# o: B
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; w$ w) Q0 y3 d$ M
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious( g/ |' g: n- U! p7 O
puberty in boys.3,48 u9 J0 ^" Y: b$ G( c% V
The most common form of congenital adrenal
+ L( ?' ]9 d, i# U" Bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.+ y7 b2 S) J# A" Z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- k$ O% g, c' H8 L& f- l
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, _! ~6 c5 c% I: c6 k- g. y4 nan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) R: K7 j& v0 [ p4 @7 H3 }! l
excess.1,3 @2 m, o0 `; C, z' ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ G, \- \3 H+ h4 i
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' c0 `8 ~* }$ c+ }' j# ]A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 G1 u1 v! r4 R8 E# | Rindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
! ^0 e/ q0 a9 Has testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
$ E) Y7 c+ f) y$ \! B, {1 Pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys/ S$ w3 w3 k c* W( x! c8 \( o( F
with this disorder are full pubertal development,+ a% ^7 v$ P7 F" e$ ^8 _
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys) Z( g6 Q3 }: @* U
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ j. P- E" k, A7 [8 ]; ^8 Tare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 N# z/ ^# C9 Fpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-6 q4 D2 Z+ {- b
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 U: ?8 w0 j2 i' d# ]9 B$ Z: L4 |
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only) w# t+ N/ J$ c' p( ^
males; therefore, other male members of the family
. V, R1 O0 B N5 i2 [4 Xmay have similar precocious puberty.3
6 f w+ u4 s, z# a0 y1 ] r$ F3 LIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
) I2 d) E, }, E; S' T1 ^# Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; |, _9 i0 M# m$ \7 c2 W* Hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 e% @9 w3 X& Zwas in the differential diagnosis because his father/ h5 K. U1 w4 V7 d
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, Z h( p I) B6 O9 T3 D B( }' qtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the# s+ N8 o0 D, r$ m* K6 ^6 T3 ~
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-1 z$ y+ k0 h, ?# T" w0 s) ?! @! {
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
/ b% K6 l1 I" W( S$ p% z+ R% \9 sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 h4 d7 E7 c0 Geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase5 i- D, d, H# D- H
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
8 [: v0 i3 s0 ~% H) N; ^8 ]ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" T% |; Y: D3 b _: LThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly/ \+ b7 y9 [1 Z2 W
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
; o4 K+ ]1 o: L* o- jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-5 P' F2 e2 F) F) Q( J$ K
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
" E8 M, Q6 P' P9 Ydecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-. x6 J0 L; w! q* T& E+ d C* Y! P
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 s+ D! u8 N- [; [' Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
P/ b) q; d, p* Z6 B1 bDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or9 z! B1 I/ d" n z" e0 ]
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
, U2 W- `4 z2 I* `0 ]7 yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- X) a) L6 k5 L0 ]8 [1 }Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
/ p$ {0 L6 ]2 |. ~0 `6 |baseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 K1 `& B3 O: ], k8 g: R x& X3 Seven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* I% ^2 _1 u9 F/ A% ?( l
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 S# e; {; h. u: B4 b* k/ |9 _
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
& q4 k6 j$ a2 u1 s4 cOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
: X) o. N4 O9 V" r# {which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' H& F8 j+ ]+ {; F4 T6 z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 Y; p: e/ [( f$ i7 V+ ?
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: t9 I6 ~) k. c9 J A# h& M
active in young children exposed to testosterone0 y3 h# D. j! N: |- e7 M& c
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-, W2 A$ _3 {- g+ _- F
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
/ c1 n; Z. m) @- u5 u' Tvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 x) {, Z2 v. ?2 O, W+ `& ?
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
d5 J8 ~: m; l8 c9 Q! o5 |- `advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
i- \! Q6 h3 F) S3 o8 E' qThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% U q! E% p4 } j2 |early childhood on pubertal development and final
9 t s' ?: {! T$ k6 Q" ]0 ^adult height are not fully known and always remain
" r3 @- X* K4 Ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-: D, @' R4 o' }& D4 i$ J O
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
* m9 H+ m- ?8 O4 c) @0 Xacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after: k0 b2 c9 y4 H
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' N0 o* c# A$ k, w' ^6 n
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
" q% [/ i G! O) P) h4 |There are conflicting reports and controversy0 V5 V+ R2 _' b# \# x9 H0 e
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult+ i. T$ y! X/ q1 V \; z, u
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
7 j7 N. w" G3 q: R/ ~adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
1 U2 @' l* I' s) a' ? |ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
7 `- N2 H4 Y- y3 T$ o% [Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between: r% g8 p* x9 M+ _; f
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ h( x% e% G0 V) N9 _- ]
penile length in clinical studies.
/ } P* P: h5 v N' H1 R! iNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
* v( b6 \) c( l4 {! t$ n! qgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from- V! O6 ^. J( a2 X" P1 R* M( O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because8 m1 a. i0 i I8 w$ {
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 n# h9 R$ B2 i( ]. J ZAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of- h& @/ J& e6 K. J
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
: u8 j3 @) t! h0 S: \1 {the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 F' p8 U2 F. F2 h g7 e3 iheight will not be affected./ ~5 ^5 e0 a7 k! A; Z; g* _
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-% h6 D; s M+ e& u# c
ability of androgen products in our society may D) \2 _! S0 L! {9 x! D6 ~3 D
indeed cause more virilization in male or female9 A: q" F+ [1 b1 ?; t1 L
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
$ S6 ^* |3 S& U9 o' l. ~# A, A: o1 q/ ^gen products must be considered and specific ques-7 }4 g: g' u+ @% K/ p
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# i& T8 h4 }7 P5 tgel should be asked of the family members during
0 J6 ~# Z+ P# q! d9 e2 {6 Jthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-( ~( l* ]3 U' f/ |" }
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- H2 S6 ^9 ]$ m Y0 t0 V- y: ~nosis can be established by just a few tests and by9 [" ^" a) c( e2 u% J z0 R
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
* I& H, |" C0 m9 n7 u7 z t" Bhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& w8 k9 J& Y# u S0 wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ f) J/ ?8 S) g* z' ~$ hinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' m7 E8 Q$ v$ O0 uaware of this fact, because most of these children4 W& \: T/ s/ m o4 o% d% n- L
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
# d$ _$ B0 N$ g4 T3 r2 J$ bDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
/ Z9 L Q* P0 m: A9 Lwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or7 [. C& \, s. B
female child who might come in contact with some-
6 h$ h9 Y6 c" y" Z* G, _one using any of these products.
- }; d1 a4 D0 j, r! h$ LReferences
0 @2 H A# ^9 t) y* W3 a7 b" G3 r0 {1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation- z3 \7 }. n4 u# b9 ]) v/ `
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 i/ N$ F& ?, p$ c6 m1 N
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
( Y; k) s! W, |$ S2002: 565-628.
$ o0 @8 t0 Y" C' c2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious9 {: t5 B" j) x4 [8 K
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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