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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 Z# y1 O4 f9 o0 R, X' O' }Boy Induced by Indirect Topical8 Y2 z, P! x/ Y1 c& E4 a, m
Exposure to Testosterone g# _, ]9 T1 S6 c) S
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 [/ E1 g2 ^9 Hand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 p, G# j+ K7 [/ | \ I. c
Clinical Pediatrics
7 |% y K+ n) S1 b% rVolume 46 Number 6+ j* Q# |- H/ h+ \8 \) e
July 2007 540-543
: u8 K, `6 i' J' j© 2007 Sage Publications& ]- T! ]. ]2 z. Z8 c( T* w
10.1177/0009922806296651
2 j1 [1 d3 G2 U# Phttp://clp.sagepub.com
0 K: d- W# V! O$ L3 T( j( n* f" hhosted at
0 I& \1 f/ m* y/ k/ whttp://online.sagepub.com
/ Y# T1 Y1 c' S7 p0 O* u- GPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,- p9 {' b/ Y: ^/ c
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
- U( v2 |: ?5 E/ T, Kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated/ a: O4 v* ?4 p
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
3 ^8 o4 h( D- Q$ Q% n* Pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 f! _) W' |9 X) g, ?) klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& L# M, V* Z8 c. A$ T$ K' pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic( v/ W, ^$ `* d7 {# z& s& ?
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
3 A* V. }2 t- N' T, j5 H/ Z- Ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& f5 `- ^2 Z* i, S ^6 hreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the3 Q" w p2 E* {. ]& ]( ?. j; O
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 W. L6 F$ P0 Y3 B; R; r
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
3 S, Y# }% B0 _% ~to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, p* G$ N3 h0 U( ~, f
the father. The family initially concealed this infor- _/ o; y7 Q1 {/ i3 L
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this, @3 G8 Y5 i7 m2 E& y A/ Z3 L4 r
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of' v/ L( n. u, K" C
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
% Z6 R& y! B! `5 I0 O7 Y4 Cbly more common than the rare case report in the
; E, O. B' K( W+ U" A) ^* jliterature.4
/ p6 B! C# P0 y# F" Q2 g5 T* MPatient Report4 L) o+ v+ @3 j
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) N' @7 x- Y" g* u( ?7 _endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' Z7 ]0 S% F2 }* K8 ?# w+ @+ Q' ?
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
|# f$ Q7 f" N& qlight colored pubic hair development when he was1 A' W& q, m' x
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of; k& H0 f# B, H6 w1 \
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% j( o" o8 m- f$ n, F/ `1 QAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 B( d+ b( E7 r/ f( N- ]# q" }" a. }Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
1 o3 Y0 ^' x M4 @6 U% E. \$ k1 Z& jMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ [5 X) r+ }& p- x, m O; n- me-mail: [email protected]." H+ ^8 N& s b3 @
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
9 K! ^& X8 O9 T( r: j( idarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-# ^$ J/ F' `& l3 D, M. G
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
- |% q/ x1 K1 K4 }" `! mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 i1 r: m. y' d! B! }4 Ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
3 s7 |2 @; b$ m: b4 Z, P/ G; M20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 B5 m0 M, b2 D* g
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ z0 H5 I5 @* z8 n; m) w- i
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ d" P& d/ d4 \( e. @, |and his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 p+ i& C/ o* G1 l, S
was age appropriate.
: o% @7 H( C, M. kThe family history was remarkable for the father,' U1 T6 j9 ?6 _/ z& G
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ \; D8 d1 f. E" a" p* ?
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% x- B1 ~ f1 y( a& [
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ g3 P4 W3 J! v! I6 f. z5 e* n' b& t
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.$ R7 r3 S, U% F7 k; B2 | _9 K& p
The father denied taking any other medication. The
5 u; c/ v/ D) O) Q }( f2 fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 g; H; C( g, n0 i- J2 K
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) ]0 w; `6 V5 _+ u
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" T- w; e. }5 c% lcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, f [9 V) X2 [0 g( F( R( A" [0 w2 Itives. There were no siblings.
5 f! [" C+ T5 @8 b7 G& A, vPhysical Examination; c5 p* w: C+ m9 i" L: {
The physical examination revealed a very active,
s1 r4 K% c$ h+ I7 Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
% [% H: L; D8 P; l3 ua blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
' F, L* J; [9 n3 I- o90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
& B$ y. D8 y0 C(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 K6 }$ n8 P, u0 ^velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
$ L& K. Q6 e0 ?7 I' Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 B! ]& i0 O2 u ?- E# `6 l- QThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 f; w# k& T2 I
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& k5 h' S* _1 b' O- U0 q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
( O" Z: O* U I% xdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around2 B* V j* D5 Y0 l" o* `; z
540. ?0 M, C1 b c5 A
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: |( {- p: Y* B9 e C- P: F7 D
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The: C8 ]5 f( @) u/ d- ~* B8 Z& |
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( e) c# h& Y+ N- {/ v
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat; S) F6 [/ x* F* V% u! {7 J
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
, v4 K1 V( G! e8 Z9 Y2 Eabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
+ d) J# N6 y& P/ e& \ G! kNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! ?4 E( a: j5 z+ L, Wbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
L; ^$ O- g; ~2 G& ~: V0 b) Wof papilledema." D5 q& E5 k$ _) ]9 u+ K
Laboratory Evaluation( m2 B& y. k+ f" B9 [: `
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 K$ x; L7 k [" ~1 Uusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 G# e9 F3 G/ c6 n: { wlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
$ \0 i. j0 f0 D/ G* m/ t; Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test% v% }0 H0 z- s$ C8 t8 t, p
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 i& k6 d1 [" y4 n
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).9 T) m2 s) ?. r
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
* o4 l" g) I3 m( Durea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& B3 Z4 h! Z" |) [within normal range for his age. The concentration
% X0 z/ U- q# y" ^ `of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. v1 M; }. ^# g% d. V' S; W
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
u& o- M0 b1 F. ]2 Hng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 j0 V$ q( {1 @& R1 s& o! Tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. ^/ |6 c4 C6 e* a5 b6 Y: W$ B: m' h
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ t$ F4 d; \# B) p$ Z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- U/ T" D0 k4 P ?' vwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
7 S% q7 v; s5 i1 |tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 r- d0 [) ?. ]+ @testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 c& ]5 p3 A6 M( dand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& ?8 e2 a, Z7 `) \, I5 j
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' @$ L) q) q* hstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone( B2 F5 L+ g! r# V& m5 S- m
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
: ?( r- I1 i2 d2 v6 u(prepubertal).* p2 ~$ ~: F5 b+ N7 [
The parents were notified about the laboratory
$ i& D$ _6 ?1 E1 V+ g) gresults and were informed that all of the tests were* Q/ T& _6 {1 y6 x/ L
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 e U( H% W$ U. L" dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to8 l; H+ l G, M, `9 f
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; L \) b$ c r( o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.& [1 r; n2 u9 M8 z0 Y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the; y0 |/ F/ t* ~
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 b% A& E2 @6 p$ e- G
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained7 [0 _7 \) [ q7 E8 l, ]2 ~
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-6 ~; d7 ?5 [* }$ K: }
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
# k+ p6 D, q% L' D1 pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 22 U3 L, j' w) M+ I' p
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
' e$ ~$ V' n+ y* }5 Z& I+ uThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
) ?3 k5 }( w- X; g, I( Xing frequent erections.
" G/ G6 k H' e5 _8 J. @* K \Both parents were again questioned about use of% x3 P. y) w! Z. ~4 Y
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to, V1 E' W3 C" a0 r! m% A* ?
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ u$ X$ e0 n% i, c, m
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- ^. L7 m8 c9 Tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
$ h+ y3 F3 L& a( d6 @0 [, sing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' z+ A. }1 q, v% Da year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed- s% Q3 ?% \' g3 H
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" a' }3 |7 ^3 F( F" q# zscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
6 }3 A* m0 ^1 e1 esecondary to depression.
P* S% O; a" j$ U/ j) O$ C# oThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
: c) c& {% C# E- O$ S0 Z1 G7 QThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his9 J: k6 f; U# F. P1 }: a
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! |2 d% x, J cnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% ^, q# c5 E& }$ s8 i$ C9 Q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,5 S% A/ s% B" X. z6 U+ `
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby! g1 u0 u/ R% Z2 [6 U" e
was high, he then read the product information
; y0 E* I; I1 y$ ?7 lpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-( D' V# X& I5 p! }
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; p7 C0 Y( p u& P6 V7 p7 Ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
1 T' ]- z0 i$ t+ U: R* v) ffather was not hugging him with bare skin and had3 S3 l! Q6 T6 X+ D! O+ U4 l
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 h0 I1 O) R- ~( D+ d
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ l }. E( M! Y: Slaboratory to obtain the test.
2 P% N6 D1 F6 z: r" K( IDiscussion8 T; T6 o; t; Y1 ~2 G3 Q3 b) L
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- a# ]5 m& v& U2 D7 G+ ]& hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 z1 y$ V$ J& G- T% r
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ V% S& @ ?2 Jit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, s- w5 Q" A+ T- `1 I0 r6 y: K
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-0 D+ n0 A0 r! p2 i( h' Z" ^
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 u) E' R+ Z+ q9 k# {- ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is
( t! P) P/ [# a$ E9 l- Vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 v: |' c2 ~4 C; O# ?amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ X$ `; d2 Y% |" a2 {9 Z5 X R
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" u- L* ^% g0 E1 j: G B" Z
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
, T# D5 Q0 x* u7 J4 {. w$ Oization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
. s5 E; P: S' L& jrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
/ J+ d7 @6 A$ Y* d. C7 Dgonadotropins.1,34 {/ I2 P; z7 s: L$ l* N4 w) M- g2 W
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-! o; L7 @" q% K% y0 m- ]" M/ n
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate; }( O) E6 g" u2 r1 U1 b/ C
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
/ k' x( m, ^" ?- _* S; @+ `exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 e) I( O7 q2 Vulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" R/ y, b; U( M& Y8 Vcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive/ b& e4 N \2 S% f$ \5 ~# T1 T
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
, g& n$ g/ v. b0 ^: spuberty in boys.3,4
0 u L1 H7 L1 g6 ]3 y4 hThe most common form of congenital adrenal8 b8 p8 r1 E2 U+ Q
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ `2 z7 _& a P' n, s
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
, e1 W, ?& K8 |% B/ Bexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely, A9 K+ j P: e+ X& s
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: A% ~( D. E. K" A6 P Z+ b Zexcess.1,3+ a0 ]+ R6 r1 [2 h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, q+ E4 P) b( \# J542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& Z' }7 `8 S5 t& {2 S
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-' B# }3 [1 u1 U1 O- x& M
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
. u2 m7 z& n" g8 [' c: R- bas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a6 W' j$ g% i( I `5 n( Y& ]. R; v- s
very young age. The physical findings in these boys8 y, H7 n" O) g3 B2 o+ W' h( i/ Z
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
5 i1 v9 J0 K7 C2 g! _including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 Q3 f) M# h7 ]+ k Qwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 N1 O, y: g' r5 S& H Q; Jare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show3 a+ k W! O0 F* f# N
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-3 {$ A- a& V7 Z+ C4 H1 G
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 T3 u1 h- [$ j2 f2 f2 V6 B
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 N) I |' z* g* H7 H7 qmales; therefore, other male members of the family! w' V2 k6 H) f7 F) X0 k8 g
may have similar precocious puberty.3$ h! K8 c5 J7 u% E1 q3 i' K
In our patient, physical examination was incon-& v: u$ a/ s1 Y9 i& p
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% z& K1 U& C5 Q# ?( |! ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
! [! @4 x7 L" q, C2 Bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 d; N7 q, `: Mstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
/ h, V; k" M: k- ^+ V6 `testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
) {3 W. I7 _5 Q% @4 vbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 y; E# q4 F7 @1 _8 ~3 }* p' Z
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our5 \% [5 C! V) d
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,9 Y5 J% j" _" E; \% W
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 G& {2 X$ f& r# wdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" Q! f4 l7 {$ O9 n5 q4 ^
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 \; t; V9 [ Z9 d$ P! m
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
; e) i* _) t: `, o' J* Msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
* O9 {& c+ a3 C; j3 _7 rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-( {& G) s- {% l
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and6 _; T+ B& [, [+ F
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( F; `7 O- |1 j( U
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 N0 }. x. C4 Z$ f6 D6 r* S
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’! p' c: x' ~- L
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: r/ m _$ P i$ a) Q( A# Q* \cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to$ l" ] X+ K4 f V1 b4 e% v
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
/ y* ]7 N& s* W% o: w5 S4 P; QSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ e+ P4 o% V' g
baseline value in those females who were exposed to$ v/ o5 {: ]$ v1 G6 i6 W$ t
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 y( ?6 ~/ r. u2 A+ zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) e/ b5 j( B- T$ G- h. D$ X3 y
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
" Q/ I2 ]' L0 @Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
, c# Z2 G0 f# ]! R" Z$ ?$ Uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- q2 S# a2 H. ?: |) [, b
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-3 r7 A" P- T5 n. B. m3 T+ y) Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more( Z f }. K ]) X% e
active in young children exposed to testosterone. d7 i' _4 `' w
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
1 }8 M9 \4 i+ k+ idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, |7 S& V, u' x) M4 G: s7 ~: Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in \; f& `, |! @: @
children results in an increase in growth velocity and) S J; X" x. }& p5 [0 N* o
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 S% [5 Y: d3 e8 B- J }9 IThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, A7 z, s3 B" B- a1 X) }
early childhood on pubertal development and final
) x! e+ W. l& ` m) u5 b' ~& \2 Sadult height are not fully known and always remain; O8 W2 Z5 X5 }
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 E: t6 L6 ` _' z1 s" f
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# H& z- {8 e3 \6 x
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 }8 ?/ D$ M/ N; |$ v! |cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; p' g# b; w/ G% x) R- y. Sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 w" m. \" b- ]+ J( V# R2 nThere are conflicting reports and controversy M# F- E( h9 K0 P S
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
5 V% o2 A) ^ @0 ?' E6 ~0 v9 T1 bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( J' ^9 `0 @. y4 ?& Uadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-5 O5 ]; C7 Q0 B4 M1 l2 E' z0 Q: S
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 u: i8 ~. b cSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between/ q& `( E4 M6 a& ^+ m
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult6 P% E* K. L$ {) _1 K, ?7 S
penile length in clinical studies.- q" h! a, C' A
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 D# Q8 Z9 S V" X1 dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from9 _, Y; n) w% I4 Q5 V7 Q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because( C6 a& a( ^6 i, B
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
9 X$ D/ x) e( F2 zAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 c4 V% }' U2 W) ~5 T/ Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at8 D; U, R: p! ^3 B, Y' ~( n( o+ o
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult" }8 q: ]7 K4 Q0 I% i! ~+ V# }; `
height will not be affected.# u0 l9 ?8 Y* J) g" F6 f3 n" b% R
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) z# |: x: t: a: k/ l& Iability of androgen products in our society may
3 z) R' e6 Y% U* ]# Q( Kindeed cause more virilization in male or female( E) r+ B( n! ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 ?) Y9 |& ]; ~0 w( `/ H& Mgen products must be considered and specific ques-
" \1 M4 P8 }7 [tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 n: Z" j$ `6 L9 tgel should be asked of the family members during
) D' G9 O$ S4 Z8 p7 W. z3 f& mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 ?. M+ R9 z9 @/ B* S* n
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-" c7 G% `) l0 j, d( o. i
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- q: i( c; S6 _2 Gappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! z3 G8 J% C* i: V8 ^! Ihistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& j4 {6 s. R- M" D9 o# f; Yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive) m' D0 Q7 a7 ~& ?1 M
investigation. The primary care physician should be( i0 d- ~, I: j+ G* Q$ ~
aware of this fact, because most of these children+ @! U* S( g) h
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ w: ^$ t% m* M+ b* EDesk Reference and package insert should also put a9 s1 X( n& ^7 L) C: @0 j" o
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 W' {6 z# v" g% o: c6 S# nfemale child who might come in contact with some-- f1 `! h& N0 a4 \0 A6 U
one using any of these products.
+ }8 y7 R7 @' c5 f- kReferences
' Q1 _8 `) U5 G7 n& ^1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 m. B8 F0 T& B4 n* S$ q- t aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# U7 X! _% l" F3 R9 m. y5 I
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;# c# s5 p8 {: c( K/ \# A# a
2002: 565-628." K' A5 m2 V( k8 S
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 C ^! g4 n( v8 ~
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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