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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old; q# o8 C. {1 z) a' R) y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
( ?7 H: w  {2 E+ S. LExposure to Testosterone
0 _/ {8 o; `# @- SSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 u' q) f7 B& `* q& xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD12 A2 ^. a1 b# o" q6 d4 c% c
Clinical Pediatrics
% `& d9 m4 |. W1 d. PVolume 46 Number 66 b% W' I, G6 r0 t% F
July 2007 540-543
) {% C+ V2 ?0 b  ]© 2007 Sage Publications( x: L+ N8 `0 S3 X: n, J
10.1177/0009922806296651
  D; J' g1 F2 J: lhttp://clp.sagepub.com1 m+ @* E+ S2 M/ F
hosted at; M* C, s& {+ d# i7 @
http://online.sagepub.com' Q0 q3 N9 h: Q/ t9 l0 [" h. o/ M
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 @  R) t. U+ A! U& _1 F3 D$ Cis a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 T4 w3 o" Q! _$ o" Vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) b" E( S* |0 ]; u0 n& `) Lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ m) [6 a# L4 D* r" \; U# ta higher incidence of organic central nervous system
7 k; H1 `" i. llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 a) G5 N0 _2 |! S1 qby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic. }( x) c' ]# t, O, D
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
# C: M2 F8 I) @cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We+ \  K$ m$ C" y% o4 P% Z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
3 U+ b/ B+ T' G" S% ~enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ z7 T2 v; L# \" ~8 A' Yment without testicular enlargement, which was due7 @" J8 \+ A3 k  u
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% b2 a( A1 T& y' t6 tthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-2 ]5 o2 r" d) k5 ^9 H
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
" A+ B3 c" }, Achild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
- a1 Y: }! w& Mtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-( L) b6 v5 B) U
bly more common than the rare case report in the6 r" f3 {1 {  ^  a' b4 j
literature.4
+ u' U# J+ s  r. o9 o) z- {* M! r$ bPatient Report
) h, x* A- Q% R+ ~" q6 W3 NA 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 I& q* n8 i( ~0 D8 l) ~
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
: [( W7 I( _$ O4 Kof early sexual development. His mother noticed
) d7 H6 I* o1 dlight colored pubic hair development when he was- S! ~6 |. y( {/ p: a- V* m; i2 P; L
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; r; C* R, W4 d' Z& t( h% tSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." U: z# Y8 V# K" t
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
" I/ X$ H$ w5 g+ n2 k$ w. BProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# b8 B2 t9 _, I' b: G* m$ `
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;  f) i) b. I* m* t- Y/ k
e-mail: [email protected].8 S; ?" \1 T) W. ]  o
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became$ X. V! O" p7 l0 i, v  b
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
2 ?( U4 a( ~6 v  w2 B* Hment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ h/ O5 x! K7 x2 W
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* Z1 \6 Q# f; Y( s8 M4 t1 T  f6 S8 z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 K& R; D/ q4 _& }20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ R0 M0 r8 m' Z6 S6 `- kof life and was still receiving breast milk along with# n$ E' m2 Z7 \1 |& S5 B- q9 p9 f
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 s% A" f9 m  g! C8 F/ C4 a
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
7 Q/ U$ F: q5 L& C. Vwas age appropriate.
. n* H. q& n! [: w! @  Y' X) s6 N- C2 gThe family history was remarkable for the father,
; e$ J6 x: J5 u: t8 ]& V" J1 f+ cwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% o2 ^" W9 y4 q: ewhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 C; ^2 B# }4 ^+ Y- uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% c) ^2 b. F9 T7 j) Jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.( Q9 q7 u* {6 e- B6 J, X
The father denied taking any other medication. The
, `! h- z( ], w8 _1 E" tchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" e8 w( Z; }$ o& D" t
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet6 b7 s( L4 g7 F) K' Q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
& w! ?# Z# V7 ~' Dcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' v+ v/ V* v# o. f: W- B% k
tives. There were no siblings.
$ G+ Z: o: d% [2 VPhysical Examination4 Q# p1 B! [( b( |* x) n8 D+ m3 m
The physical examination revealed a very active,  D9 r. y2 W. Y3 l9 W& K
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; d  F. O; F1 a
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 n/ }& ]/ F; F' Q' u
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg+ t6 V# e- {% H; H9 X$ M, v
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 d  G7 b3 s0 ^* z# M4 N1 ]4 Fvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% g  c( V2 _1 P$ i0 |: u' O+ }7 b
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 h( m2 H/ o- n8 _; n. G& ?1 m7 p
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ a% [  K9 D) Z( s% J
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 U$ x1 [/ \/ w, P" r. y2 v+ b
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
6 x6 C- B+ c" j2 Z1 f8 P# bdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
2 x7 X5 M% _3 m4 c540
& G, k  k; W% i" Gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' i, c4 P( H/ k, [the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The! P6 u0 M- Z+ z2 t8 l
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; Y" \6 Y2 C0 }1 d! _3 B7 T1 PThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" z2 K' G% {  j4 @. ]5 |6 Doily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no- p9 X5 \' o  x
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 k+ d; p( p1 ~3 R& e6 r
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+8 @; V. a$ w. y( [# @
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
# O: K, }9 d6 s0 `! s* iof papilledema.
( u/ F: i% Z% O5 k* d, JLaboratory Evaluation
4 d/ L! A' H5 y3 ^+ L7 @The bone age was consistent with 28 months by' V/ M1 K5 u* {6 ?- s
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ S- @! i1 v4 d# K* x" S
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 |8 O! w% m- u3 x4 o/ u! Ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
. I8 ^7 ~- i4 O7 rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. L  \) M; [1 i$ L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( D) R& s" t$ @5 }9 Y
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
2 L- T) f8 n0 I1 ]* qurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
+ V# ^$ p9 z, I- [6 Twithin normal range for his age. The concentration& J% o) Q6 u. v# E$ u
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL+ v5 |/ n" C9 h: F* D
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 206 C' k7 O3 E3 T# c! C# |
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-% K& c% V/ A1 ^& ~
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 r8 @3 z9 n, U/ B# H, N( M/ L7 W# Bdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( V: q; Q9 D4 k3 {" p3 l
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)/ ^" s! G9 s* ~9 g. E$ s# o2 y8 j
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
5 S/ }+ E7 v0 H; R9 _tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total' W8 U+ z7 W  f1 x7 }
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
9 t2 s2 C* c1 g0 A& eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than1 q- o# ], ]% \: V8 ^
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular/ P1 x  P- W& ?1 K" g) J& A" b
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
0 i9 k; R1 }. q& p3 V$ Oconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 v' T3 X4 C, l5 X5 @$ f8 U
(prepubertal).: b$ A/ j5 e% @
The parents were notified about the laboratory
7 G+ ]" {$ O0 p* {* F7 T2 presults and were informed that all of the tests were
+ i' ]: Z; S+ X: wnormal except the testosterone level was high. The8 j0 U0 F, ^. Z+ C
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
; R& g9 i5 @  m$ V4 y' r- E. _obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ ]# u! n- `6 bever, the family did not return for 4 months.' M0 x* M' \/ c9 o# X
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
8 y  |* R' k' u$ J- B$ f$ lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 i+ z6 V$ _+ O5 y2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained8 [' E9 h' ?1 W+ {- _: u% S( H
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-& R9 R$ t8 U5 E4 s. ~6 i
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
8 x/ @" v- l0 e" n1 Y1 {the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 P2 t$ W5 k9 b- l- W5 |: X7 lmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 C  L  X, g+ K, u
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 b, a7 {: N( v
ing frequent erections.
' v% d5 ?/ D# Q% Y: [Both parents were again questioned about use of
( e3 h+ ?! u/ u$ hany ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ o3 a! Y  [; g6 L6 o1 H* A
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ R% G/ l# ^, K7 n0 ]1 STopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! r) [' ^) T# G# B, H, ~( K1 duse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& V" y9 `' L4 d& A" y
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 d6 Y8 h3 F0 J) I# o+ E
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' W' J0 v5 s' {
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-- E5 q) G, R. v
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido4 N/ I+ s" \. o/ r( }* _
secondary to depression.( X( _6 h! ^7 T# j: D6 D7 a
The child slept in the same bed with parents.5 L& a) D3 k. e5 d$ ~
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- c6 u9 O" T+ Ychest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
6 Z9 k$ X/ @, rnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
1 R# `3 P9 k2 W2 y. x7 NThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
. u+ ^0 m: c5 Z: {. N, Kwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby# N7 L) D) P. N3 u9 ?4 h- C
was high, he then read the product information3 h! B9 X  F3 Z; I/ r
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 B, x& l3 d1 X) a% [! Bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. d2 C4 V$ m! T/ C. \
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; a; A; ?) t& `- u3 g6 `/ d
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had) [: W7 h8 h: E7 W% v% d% X) x
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone$ S1 ^: x: |& P9 w9 s  j4 G; h
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the9 M. D% C' U  K3 h* Y% a5 ?
laboratory to obtain the test.1 v! T$ B" `0 l( x; x; n3 B) o  j
Discussion/ t. `0 P9 G) W& j
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
$ D5 \# ~' p1 W, g% Q. |sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, b( n$ \/ ]3 K0 ~8 `+ IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when9 D; @, Q9 v* F7 t$ E
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-5 w6 _2 J1 l6 i3 [! C
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; e7 p' O1 i9 c- e
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
4 r0 ^5 w5 y4 n7 g) r: e8 i8 v% T& Amay have a central nervous system lesion that is5 R) H- V' @1 {7 [3 X$ F, }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-# T- g% q- r6 P; o! R9 X
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- ^% \: w+ i0 D* }4 U' Y$ Zsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' @( K4 q+ Z* s+ _* E' H# l& y) I
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
& z, ^  B$ r  A& v- pization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( _+ S' ?) i) ?3 _. u/ x0 ~0 }0 Yrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by1 l+ |2 D7 ^. ~8 ~( F  u7 u5 z
gonadotropins.1,3
6 ^9 u- i. R0 a4 B- D6 PGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-  T& e$ \3 q9 P, t" d
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: s  q. s2 b1 a  I- Z" m$ @+ s
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 O# V; k7 s, {& W; }: Kexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-! I9 Q) N6 q& @) B9 i+ l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* w) t; n) B8 X  X0 }2 {2 O9 b% }congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- n' b' E3 H* m5 ~" H; aadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious6 L7 A9 L- E4 ^% e
puberty in boys.3,4$ O$ H" K& @& A5 C/ X: ^( w8 m
The most common form of congenital adrenal
1 X! Q6 x- w6 ehyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
% ?9 h" k! {& l( m% wThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in' y' ^( C" [$ M: m) P# [" ~
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) ~- B: R  e) m, \: v- Man adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! T" T4 q0 w5 w) D! p# s
excess.1,3
5 U6 F+ r/ W5 Q7 Wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
  @: ^) p0 x9 j, C# l542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
1 c" Q* U* l- g8 c* oA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-% @& W) K: Z+ W1 u" m
independent precocious puberty, which is also known% T- t& v4 X8 u9 _6 o) m5 w+ l
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 ?1 {1 R4 i! O5 O
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
  z1 d: y+ ?# x, D* i* p9 J; Zwith this disorder are full pubertal development,% f! [4 d! s0 e- Q$ ^. U
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
! T% l1 ^  H# I3 a1 P7 pwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
4 l! Q, O/ {: E; ~+ ~6 |$ U3 Iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show& o1 |! b$ |8 {) i6 l  {. Y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 x2 d6 I' W" C: [5 Ureleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
( G; a  S+ a9 }+ rautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
. a* E3 E- i0 p. G* c- `males; therefore, other male members of the family
, [7 E4 d9 k: b3 \1 }may have similar precocious puberty.3* c  i( u4 O' K5 M, s+ Y4 f4 M  S% [# s
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
- ^" G$ M- v  _; [- Psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-  @, {% }$ H! N1 h
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ l8 M( ]7 i9 Y& E
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
9 @" _: ~4 F! Q9 F+ D$ s7 s1 Tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( Q/ K0 u: W' I9 R+ q
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the; ~, u/ P' I/ u/ s* S
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
" J  u. n$ J2 S" E0 {# uative initial history of androgen exposure, our6 A) Z' [- T5 R" K5 n: z
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
4 D* }0 w. H* \  b: yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
% ]- U3 _: N6 j3 [  Ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
1 z4 H( f. H& _2 f% Ving the normal level of adrenal steroids.* y8 I! k9 m! q, c6 D0 x9 f
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
. a% F1 D( p  a( S, D# Osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
# J1 W' o$ L7 k5 [& sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ Y& M  C' F0 l! [- Jpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
/ @" O. G% @6 _) @. T  wdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 u; P$ j0 d0 G" z5 Gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
8 q$ b9 d3 J* f& B" ^7 r0 q) Wusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
. ?4 G3 N3 U" y- j6 b) qDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
) Y3 o! d+ r5 _# T8 \# Acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to: p' W* r" i9 }% V
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.! m8 v  {: Y: |! O! [7 m+ k
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
  m$ V5 C% x# m% C; O  gbaseline value in those females who were exposed to; Y6 `4 J  o1 V
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ O- H1 Q9 I# Y+ w; J
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 A1 h2 f) o; @* @3 q! Ition site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 z5 n/ d$ R6 ]Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,  F. @7 ?1 v/ I  Z2 U9 j/ A
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; W" e$ `- R  m* v: R2 K
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
9 V- [. O2 w) n- ^: Uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 K  i" [$ F& ~* ^( d5 lactive in young children exposed to testosterone  I. \+ {4 K, |! |
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 z# Z4 b* L; j; T& ?
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" U/ T- `/ i( m- t, Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in0 w; l5 w5 B% }* A9 Y) E6 n: e
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
' d' z' n* P4 i) H/ sadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ i$ G# ~- k/ ~+ U) A5 V5 K. i' l
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during' O" {1 i! g" a# l% X
early childhood on pubertal development and final
7 a" z, Z1 O1 a( Radult height are not fully known and always remain
$ [0 a1 }% ]1 P5 w. A7 Ca concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
* f8 A: L) Z+ {: n1 i: u" _; {. Yterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some7 R$ A' ]* L9 A# x5 ]+ b( b
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 R! T1 t+ N9 ?. Vcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 K- j' _. {8 z0 `; a& x
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 T( M, N, P$ a* E7 k4 W
There are conflicting reports and controversy3 |1 o: q$ X8 F# w" J
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; g% O' ^* B% xpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ J% r" v3 e3 W! H  ~adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-6 A( N  a# N% p0 s7 g
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. g, C/ ?& p) R7 S% Q0 y) j2 i! ^2 QSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, P( ~$ S/ Q/ X1 O5 A/ i: s( N. A
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ B- C2 ]7 Q; c+ H
penile length in clinical studies.- p. V6 Z# }) b$ ]0 C7 U0 h
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
2 D/ s8 Q, M( v! D# Y/ X% Wgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from7 F! @$ w$ Q- b9 s" |8 b* \' M- a
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
, E' j. A5 `& {2 A6 f, r  Wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
# W/ \' ~8 \2 r7 d9 D# _$ QAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of: Y- t, {6 r8 ~. C4 k: _0 f
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at# P' O, ]: U# {
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" q) [5 k3 i: b9 k; eheight will not be affected.$ {9 D; t* j/ \: L
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 ^* i5 W& U4 n. I" Z1 }! |% kability of androgen products in our society may
" r9 c0 B: v) Kindeed cause more virilization in male or female
9 m2 a; v5 z6 e# r) @. L. uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. b/ S! `) ~, s) X$ tgen products must be considered and specific ques-
! q) }2 O" t/ I3 n9 I# G; G* stioning about the use of a testosterone product or
  g2 Q& H9 S: k' ~- Vgel should be asked of the family members during9 Y! a. ?- W8 t) {
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-3 p( F# x, p# p* G# \& R# `' v% s
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
+ {. [* a  ^1 v+ |  T/ rnosis can be established by just a few tests and by- {) x+ a0 i9 u" H( p, D
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 M1 ~& g: q# B% y5 N' Xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# Y% u/ V: h: x6 y1 Z3 b4 ]! vresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
2 w# z" K* E/ Z$ uinvestigation. The primary care physician should be1 J% e7 G- K4 r/ M
aware of this fact, because most of these children, ^/ W; q  e+ e6 `
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
& `$ Q" a' S8 d2 T; v* |8 nDesk Reference and package insert should also put a$ Y1 A) A- ?9 i- B$ `
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: F' S2 E) N; r; e) u" Xfemale child who might come in contact with some-* f4 {; j( G6 ?' G' h* R( g  k
one using any of these products.
- z% D4 u% _3 z! B/ x( uReferences
' N) \' ]6 Y' m1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation5 g; Z! e% X9 f- y/ j4 `
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) r: ]0 h$ Y* D0 Q, w2 I+ y
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
2 Q9 Z( P2 ?/ A' m' S1 o$ H2002: 565-628.4 `# `3 b( r6 `3 b( g
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious. x+ {; @1 R7 M: v* e" \+ J
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 Z# y1 O4 f9 o0 R, X' O' }Boy Induced by Indirect Topical8 Y2 z, P! x/ Y1 c& E4 a, m
Exposure to Testosterone  g# _, ]9 T1 S6 c) S
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 [/ E1 g2 ^9 Hand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 p, G# j+ K7 [/ |  \  I. c
Clinical Pediatrics
7 |% y  K+ n) S1 b% rVolume 46 Number 6+ j* Q# |- H/ h+ \8 \) e
July 2007 540-543
: u8 K, `6 i' J' j© 2007 Sage Publications& ]- T! ]. ]2 z. Z8 c( T* w
10.1177/0009922806296651
2 j1 [1 d3 G2 U# Phttp://clp.sagepub.com
0 K: d- W# V! O$ L3 T( j( n* f" hhosted at
0 I& \1 f/ m* y/ k/ whttp://online.sagepub.com
/ Y# T1 Y1 c' S7 p0 O* u- GPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,- p9 {' b/ Y: ^/ c
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
- U( v2 |: ?5 E/ T, Kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated/ a: O4 v* ?4 p
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
3 ^8 o4 h( D- Q$ Q% n* Pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 f! _) W' |9 X) g, ?) klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& L# M, V* Z8 c. A$ T$ K' pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic( v/ W, ^$ `* d7 {# z& s& ?
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
3 A* V. }2 t- N' T, j5 H/ Z- Ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& f5 `- ^2 Z* i, S  ^6 hreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the3 Q" w  p2 E* {. ]& ]( ?. j; O
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 W. L6 F$ P0 Y3 B; R; r
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
3 S, Y# }% B0 _% ~to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, p* G$ N3 h0 U( ~, f
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-  _/ o; y7 Q1 {/ i3 L
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this, @3 G8 Y5 i7 m2 E& y  A/ Z3 L4 r
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of' v/ L( n. u, K" C
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
% Z6 R& y! B! `5 I0 O7 Y4 Cbly more common than the rare case report in the
; E, O. B' K( W+ U" A) ^* jliterature.4
/ p6 B! C# P0 y# F" Q2 g5 T* MPatient Report4 L) o+ v+ @3 j
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) N' @7 x- Y" g* u( ?7 _endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' Z7 ]0 S% F2 }* K8 ?# w+ @+ Q' ?
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
  |# f$ Q7 f" N& qlight colored pubic hair development when he was1 A' W& q, m' x
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of; k& H0 f# B, H6 w1 \
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% j( o" o8 m- f$ n, F/ `1 QAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 B( d+ b( E7 r/ f( N- ]# q" }" a. }Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
1 o3 Y0 ^' x  M4 @6 U% E. \$ k1 Z& jMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ [5 X) r+ }& p- x, m  O; n- me-mail: [email protected]." H+ ^8 N& s  b3 @
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
9 K! ^& X8 O9 T( r: j( idarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-# ^$ J/ F' `& l3 D, M. G
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
- |% q/ x1 K1 K4 }" `! mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 i1 r: m. y' d! B! }4 Ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
3 s7 |2 @; b$ m: b4 Z, P/ G; M20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 B5 m0 M, b2 D* g
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ z0 H5 I5 @* z8 n; m) w- i
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ d" P& d/ d4 \( e. @, |and his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 p+ i& C/ o* G1 l, S
was age appropriate.
: o% @7 H( C, M. kThe family history was remarkable for the father,' U1 T6 j9 ?6 _/ z& G
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ \; D8 d1 f. E" a" p* ?
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% x- B1 ~  f1 y( a& [
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ g3 P4 W3 J! v! I6 f. z5 e* n' b& t
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.$ R7 r3 S, U% F7 k; B2 |  _9 K& p
The father denied taking any other medication. The
5 u; c/ v/ D) O) Q  }( f2 fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 g; H; C( g, n0 i- J2 K
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) ]0 w; `6 V5 _+ u
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" T- w; e. }5 c% lcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, f  [9 V) X2 [0 g( F( R( A" [0 w2 Itives. There were no siblings.
5 f! [" C+ T5 @8 b7 G& A, vPhysical Examination; c5 p* w: C+ m9 i" L: {
The physical examination revealed a very active,
  s1 r4 K% c$ h+ I7 Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
% [% H: L; D8 P; l3 ua blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
' F, L* J; [9 n3 I- o90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
& B$ y. D8 y0 C(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 K6 }$ n8 P, u0 ^velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
$ L& K. Q6 e0 ?7 I' Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 B! ]& i0 O2 u  ?- E# `6 l- QThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 f; w# k& T2 I
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& k5 h' S* _1 b' O- U0 q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
( O" Z: O* U  I% xdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around2 B* V  j* D5 Y0 l" o* `; z
540. ?0 M, C1 b  c5 A
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: |( {- p: Y* B9 e  C- P: F7 D
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The: C8 ]5 f( @) u/ d- ~* B8 Z& |
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( e) c# h& Y+ N- {/ v
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat; S) F6 [/ x* F* V% u! {7 J
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
, v4 K1 V( G! e8 Z9 Y2 Eabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
+ d) J# N6 y& P/ e& \  G! kNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! ?4 E( a: j5 z+ L, Wbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
  L; ^$ O- g; ~2 G& ~: V0 b) Wof papilledema." D5 q& E5 k$ _) ]9 u+ K
Laboratory Evaluation( m2 B& y. k+ f" B9 [: `
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 K$ x; L7 k  [" ~1 Uusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 G# e9 F3 G/ c6 n: {  wlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
$ \0 i. j0 f0 D/ G* m/ t; Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test% v% }0 H0 z- s$ C8 t8 t, p
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 i& k6 d1 [" y4 n
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).9 T) m2 s) ?. r
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
* o4 l" g) I3 m( Durea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& B3 Z4 h! Z" |) [within normal range for his age. The concentration
% X0 z/ U- q# y" ^  `of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. v1 M; }. ^# g% d. V' S; W
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
  u& o- M0 b1 F. ]2 Hng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 j0 V$ q( {1 @& R1 s& o! Tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. ^/ |6 c4 C6 e* a5 b6 Y: W$ B: m' h
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ t$ F4 d; \# B) p$ Z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- U/ T" D0 k4 P  ?' vwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
7 S% q7 v; s5 i1 |tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 r- d0 [) ?. ]+ @testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 c& ]5 p3 A6 M( dand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& ?8 e2 a, Z7 `) \, I5 j
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' @$ L) q) q* hstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone( B2 F5 L+ g! r# V& m5 S- m
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
: ?( r- I1 i2 d2 v6 u(prepubertal).* p2 ~$ ~: F5 b+ N7 [
The parents were notified about the laboratory
$ i& D$ _6 ?1 E1 V+ g) gresults and were informed that all of the tests were* Q/ T& _6 {1 y6 x/ L
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 e  U( H% W$ U. L" dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to8 l; H+ l  G, M, `9 f
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; L  \) b$ c  r( o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.& [1 r; n2 u9 M8 z0 Y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the; y0 |/ F/ t* ~
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 b% A& E2 @6 p$ e- G
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained7 [0 _7 \) [  q7 E8 l, ]2 ~
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-6 ~; d7 ?5 [* }$ K: }
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
# k+ p6 D, q% L' D1 pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 22 U3 L, j' w) M+ I' p
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
' e$ ~$ V' n+ y* }5 Z& I+ uThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
) ?3 k5 }( w- X; g, I( Xing frequent erections.
" G/ G6 k  H' e5 _8 J. @* K  \Both parents were again questioned about use of% x3 P. y) w! Z. ~4 Y
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to, V1 E' W3 C" a0 r! m% A* ?
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ u$ X$ e0 n% i, c, m
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- ^. L7 m8 c9 Tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
$ h+ y3 F3 L& a( d6 @0 [, sing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' z+ A. }1 q, v% Da year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed- s% Q3 ?% \' g3 H
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" a' }3 |7 ^3 F( F" q# zscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
6 }3 A* m0 ^1 e1 esecondary to depression.
  P* S% O; a" j$ U/ j) O$ C# oThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
: c) c& {% C# E- O$ S0 Z1 G7 QThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his9 J: k6 f; U# F. P1 }: a
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! |2 d% x, J  cnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% ^, q# c5 E& }$ s8 i$ C9 Q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,5 S% A/ s% B" X. z6 U+ `
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby! g1 u0 u/ R% Z2 [6 U" e
was high, he then read the product information
; y0 E* I; I1 y$ ?7 lpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-( D' V# X& I5 p! }
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; p7 C0 Y( p  u& P6 V7 p7 Ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
1 T' ]- z0 i$ t+ U: R* v) ffather was not hugging him with bare skin and had3 S3 l! Q6 T6 X+ D! O+ U4 l
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 h0 I1 O) R- ~( D+ d
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ l  }. E( M! Y: Slaboratory to obtain the test.
2 P% N6 D1 F6 z: r" K( IDiscussion8 T; T6 o; t; Y1 ~2 G3 Q3 b) L
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- a# ]5 m& v& U2 D7 G+ ]& hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 z1 y$ V$ J& G- T% r
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ V% S& @  ?2 Jit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, s- w5 Q" A+ T- `1 I0 r6 y: K
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-0 D+ n0 A0 r! p2 i( h' Z" ^
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 u) E' R+ Z+ q9 k# {- ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is
( t! P) P/ [# a$ E9 l- Vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 v: |' c2 ~4 C; O# ?amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ X$ `; d2 Y% |" a2 {9 Z5 X  R
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" u- L* ^% g0 E1 j: G  B" Z
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
, T# D5 Q0 x* u7 J4 {. w$ Oization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
. s5 E; P: S' L& jrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
/ J+ d7 @6 A$ Y* d. C7 Dgonadotropins.1,34 {/ I2 P; z7 s: L$ l* N4 w) M- g2 W
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-! o; L7 @" q% K% y0 m- ]" M/ n
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate; }( O) E6 g" u2 r1 U1 b/ C
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
/ k' x( m, ^" ?- _* S; @+ `exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 e) I( O7 q2 Vulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" R/ y, b; U( M& Y8 Vcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive/ b& e4 N  \2 S% f$ \5 ~# T1 T
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
, g& n$ g/ v. b0 ^: spuberty in boys.3,4
0 u  L1 H7 L1 g6 ]3 y4 hThe most common form of congenital adrenal8 b8 p8 r1 E2 U+ Q
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ `2 z7 _& a  P' n, s
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
, e1 W, ?& K8 |% B/ Bexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,  A9 K+ j  P: e+ X& s
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: A% ~( D. E. K" A6 P  Z+ b  Zexcess.1,3+ a0 ]+ R6 r1 [2 h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, q+ E4 P) b( \# J542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& Z' }7 `8 S5 t& {2 S
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-' B# }3 [1 u1 U1 O- x& M
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
. u2 m7 z& n" g8 [' c: R- bas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a6 W' j$ g% i( I  `5 n( Y& ]. R; v- s
very young age. The physical findings in these boys8 y, H7 n" O) g3 B2 o+ W' h( i/ Z
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
5 i1 v9 J0 K7 C2 g! _including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 Q3 f) M# h7 ]+ k  Qwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 N1 O, y: g' r5 S& H  Q; Jare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show3 a+ k  W! O0 F* f# N
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-3 {$ A- a& V7 Z+ C4 H1 G
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 T3 u1 h- [$ j2 f2 f2 V6 B
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 N) I  |' z* g* H7 H7 qmales; therefore, other male members of the family! w' V2 k6 H) f7 F) X0 k8 g
may have similar precocious puberty.3$ h! K8 c5 J7 u% E1 q3 i' K
In our patient, physical examination was incon-& v: u$ a/ s1 Y9 i& p
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% z& K1 U& C5 Q# ?( |! ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
! [! @4 x7 L" q, C2 Bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 d; N7 q, `: Mstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
/ h, V; k" M: k- ^+ V6 `testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
) {3 W. I7 _5 Q% @4 vbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 y; E# q4 F7 @1 _8 ~3 }* p' Z
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our5 \% [5 C! V) d
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,9 Y5 J% j" _" E; \% W
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 G& {2 X$ f& r# wdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" Q! f4 l7 {$ O9 n5 q4 ^
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 \; t; V9 [  Z9 d$ P! m
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
; e) i* _) t: `, o' J* Msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
* O9 {& c+ a3 C; j3 _7 rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-( {& G) s- {% l
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and6 _; T+ B& [, [+ F
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( F; `7 O- |1 j( U
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 N0 }. x. C4 Z$ f6 D6 r* S
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’! p' c: x' ~- L
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: r/ m  _$ P  i$ a) Q( A# Q* \cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to$ l" ]  X+ K4 f  V1 b4 e% v
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
/ y* ]7 N& s* W% o: w5 S4 P; QSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ e+ P4 o% V' g
baseline value in those females who were exposed to$ v/ o5 {: ]$ v1 G6 i6 W$ t
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 y( ?6 ~/ r. u2 A+ zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) e/ b5 j( B- T$ G- h. D$ X3 y
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
" Q/ I2 ]' L0 @Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
, c# Z2 G0 f# ]! R" Z$ ?$ Uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- q2 S# a2 H. ?: |) [, b
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-3 r7 A" P- T5 n. B. m3 T+ y) Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more( Z  f  }. K  ]) X% e
active in young children exposed to testosterone. d7 i' _4 `' w
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
1 }8 M9 \4 i+ k+ idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, |7 S& V, u' x) M4 G: s7 ~: Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in  \; f& `, |! @: @
children results in an increase in growth velocity and) S  J; X" x. }& p5 [0 N* o
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 S% [5 Y: d3 e8 B- J  }9 IThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, A7 z, s3 B" B- a1 X) }
early childhood on pubertal development and final
) x! e+ W. l& `  m) u5 b' ~& \2 Sadult height are not fully known and always remain; O8 W2 Z5 X5 }
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 E: t6 L6 `  _' z1 s" f
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# H& z- {8 e3 \6 x
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 }8 ?/ D$ M/ N; |$ v! |cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; p' g# b; w/ G% x) R- y. Sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 w" m. \" b- ]+ J( V# R2 nThere are conflicting reports and controversy  M# F- E( h9 K0 P  S
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
5 V% o2 A) ^  @0 ?' E6 ~0 v9 T1 bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( J' ^9 `0 @. y4 ?& Uadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-5 O5 ]; C7 Q0 B4 M1 l2 E' z0 Q: S
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 u: i8 ~. b  cSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between/ q& `( E4 M6 a& ^+ m
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult6 P% E* K. L$ {) _1 K, ?7 S
penile length in clinical studies.- q" h! a, C' A
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 D# Q8 Z9 S  V" X1 dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from9 _, Y; n) w% I4 Q5 V7 Q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because( C6 a& a( ^6 i, B
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
9 X$ D/ x) e( F2 zAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 c4 V% }' U2 W) ~5 T/ Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at8 D; U, R: p! ^3 B, Y' ~( n( o+ o
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult" }8 q: ]7 K4 Q0 I% i! ~+ V# }; `
height will not be affected.# u0 l9 ?8 Y* J) g" F6 f3 n" b% R
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) z# |: x: t: a: k/ l& Iability of androgen products in our society may
3 z) R' e6 Y% U* ]# Q( Kindeed cause more virilization in male or female( E) r+ B( n! ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 ?) Y9 |& ]; ~0 w( `/ H& Mgen products must be considered and specific ques-
" \1 M4 P8 }7 [tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 n: Z" j$ `6 L9 tgel should be asked of the family members during
) D' G9 O$ S4 Z8 p7 W. z3 f& mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 ?. M+ R9 z9 @/ B* S* n
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-" c7 G% `) l0 j, d( o. i
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- q: i( c; S6 _2 Gappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! z3 G8 J% C* i: V8 ^! Ihistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& j4 {6 s. R- M" D9 o# f; Yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive) m' D0 Q7 a7 ~& ?1 M
investigation. The primary care physician should be( i0 d- ~, I: j+ G* Q$ ~
aware of this fact, because most of these children+ @! U* S( g) h
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ w: ^$ t% m* M+ b* EDesk Reference and package insert should also put a9 s1 X( n& ^7 L) C: @0 j" o
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 W' {6 z# v" g% o: c6 S# nfemale child who might come in contact with some-- f1 `! h& N0 a4 \0 A6 U
one using any of these products.
+ }8 y7 R7 @' c5 f- kReferences
' Q1 _8 `) U5 G7 n& ^1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 m. B8 F0 T& B4 n* S$ q- t  aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# U7 X! _% l" F3 R9 m. y5 I
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;# c# s5 p8 {: c( K/ \# A# a
2002: 565-628." K' A5 m2 V( k8 S
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 C  ^! g4 n( v8 ~
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

% ~6 I5 @- m, n* b0 s8 ^. U精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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