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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old0 }+ o% v: a% E/ k" {, @' Y6 p! Z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical9 P8 \0 j/ a9 l; ]+ ^
Exposure to Testosterone& B$ z2 w, M4 v6 v4 O4 P
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,29 b! G% `: z4 A9 F
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 d0 u* d' ~4 y6 R3 PClinical Pediatrics, F9 P8 M, J7 o! z
Volume 46 Number 6
7 K) P/ h: W& TJuly 2007 540-5430 e0 l B' L/ J# t
© 2007 Sage Publications6 b" R. x! L H2 m# F" `6 {+ D
10.1177/0009922806296651
. c$ s, e2 b, l! H* Ohttp://clp.sagepub.com, ^$ C" |6 h& Z9 a$ D
hosted at
1 Y( g; p# D2 O6 r& b! Phttp://online.sagepub.com
2 q, d ^! ~5 T* ]: c: IPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 @7 q: K3 D3 T& f9 z" T( d% ois a significant concern for physicians. Central) h& x: X) ?1 |. G7 W
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated" H O6 O: B2 }4 r1 j/ {7 v+ X
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: c3 ^5 _& @2 @ G) O1 }
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system0 S* `" P7 u5 d1 o6 S4 x( }
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ q( J) `7 ]) `2 {* X" M
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& ]1 T- C9 i5 g& ~/ ?' w4 Mhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, Z. s" S$ r# ~3 H1 v
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We- S2 ]/ O/ K( w" P% s
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! n/ y1 z8 X3 O- eenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-4 J- c1 G. T' C: M
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- `) g0 _# Q, U% ]+ Z" o& {
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ K U+ A/ t' S0 h. |8 S- Z, i
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 |2 P2 m% d8 b Qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this" ?$ J7 C: V& H2 |
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of& }# A( C! F8 i& k
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; M" j2 c8 I# H: ^: [9 f1 L7 mbly more common than the rare case report in the% o0 S7 w% `9 w! n, n' ~, G
literature.4
, L% s7 m- T. l3 UPatient Report
8 n1 a5 j I" ^. v7 u1 U; k; B p( BA 16-month-old white child was referred to the" h4 H4 N8 o0 T9 T, N W( A
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% o6 l& O/ U+ E w: D; j3 Z4 ]
of early sexual development. His mother noticed/ z4 D2 a2 {1 W/ u
light colored pubic hair development when he was# f& ?" e8 V* W6 w+ h- N
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of6 O7 N, h. r- T
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 G& ?! A8 T. s- e. @9 @+ P2 h
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% V4 Q& J5 J2 E! v0 l/ x* D, W% _4 v
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of9 S: A+ c+ p4 A, B# i7 n( T
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
! t+ c& V% y6 z- C8 c% X8 _5 ke-mail: [email protected].8 d- @% b* ~9 r$ A7 c
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 [1 J3 b5 B- k7 {( c" x! `' v
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 t J( Z6 M+ F5 sment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
5 }- D) ?! w6 k8 @' p! Ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" d1 Z0 ^9 p2 x' E5 @% n. Pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ f$ n+ g' r1 R* ^; ?: h, w20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year# {" X5 ~. Y8 a2 k
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with# w2 x/ |2 u3 `% M
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
9 x, X2 z4 u8 U3 o- o$ q& }6 \and his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 W0 r4 i( x% m7 U
was age appropriate.7 Y; [6 e2 J% `: ~6 F9 Q& c' ]
The family history was remarkable for the father,2 Q3 q. h8 Q5 ^3 M4 v# t) Y* |
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
3 e0 u4 H. ]9 j4 e6 ` Swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 o, H- \ q D oheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
' N1 V( u3 H# u4 m- E; J7 K% Dearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14. o8 g2 o; i- @5 I. v
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- v2 r) e2 ~' kchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 d- E2 `# X7 I8 Z- J' zwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet7 c7 d' a/ c2 Q4 [, N
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-! \8 N3 {' ]* u# C9 R0 w1 z
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
0 r; O" [- t: Etives. There were no siblings.0 T; \2 k' `# t$ I
Physical Examination) f7 f1 q/ E! q5 K: w& p! Z# F
The physical examination revealed a very active,5 G `; u% X7 X! t; K8 [
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" H+ u9 j2 ^- L; X
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. U5 I0 S, |- G1 p90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
/ i2 K' F9 `* K, N* s+ Z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth: y* n4 p% ~7 j G
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 [: s- j0 s" ?1 P$ H7 a4 R7 P9 Mthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ ?6 D7 [" a6 G( t2 E; l! Q8 H IThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 p) w, D7 h/ Y. A% j$ Jenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# s0 p( ]: c" i7 [
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# D. _. t: _; B4 pdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 G7 p; ?+ }6 i, o4 z" ]540
' P" l8 A/ V6 n7 mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 C* u) [% Z' R1 k: L6 X0 cthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 H9 j, `8 x6 X/ g2 [$ }+ q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." \: p( N. t& G9 ]
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat, y$ a& N2 o3 T- }
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
, k3 A- ^: ?- c% [; \& _abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' f4 ~7 o- z( Z' h+ W3 N+ s9 H
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 R' ]( n# k, p4 L6 R% E
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
9 a- D! [% ?4 X% vof papilledema.
5 i1 N. C, d4 u& N% t( VLaboratory Evaluation6 V6 K4 [) `" K8 N
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by w: m+ _4 M/ F, D/ m) Z* O
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% E# o( w0 H* z) s1 L6 ?1 E
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal- D. C) n/ O2 Q( {& U. e# T# I
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 S) n2 E1 f5 n6 dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
: n! f% b) @0 }1 R& q1 Q, E A2 M ulating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)." d9 s$ }/ A# Y H5 z9 B- ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ b* S: y* I Y. y& Q
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
D) b* {, \* O% d3 u+ e( }3 A! bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration0 [2 R& F% W0 ?8 u7 D3 b5 p: l
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: m; `: M5 ^! m, X
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
0 F4 A* u' ?2 V1 {* ~7 png/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, l1 }- S5 f% ]3 w5 G" Q1 yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) Z% t/ K! A( }$ i; ^! idesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 D f# x- O+ K6 ]6 v' x6 d
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
% @5 U) n' R6 bwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-/ k9 [5 j" P& Q5 B
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ U1 e0 a S% f* R3 p/ qtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. f8 |2 ^/ v% r& O. j6 ^; l
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than q- z, H! a7 R) q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
6 O3 n: W) g* h9 L* r% Sstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone6 B/ \$ Q1 T; r- W
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 Y! e7 k3 q0 K- i3 @$ A(prepubertal)., X" H/ }. ` Q8 S3 u! @
The parents were notified about the laboratory- n, {0 N3 R& Z
results and were informed that all of the tests were
9 B+ @& i$ n8 D q+ U+ a* ]- ynormal except the testosterone level was high. The# `% c3 a7 }4 p3 U% }, P8 b
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' s- z% Q1 r+ s5 w: z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" f2 h3 g2 S2 B% [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) E/ h9 B* [8 g/ U4 M6 d2 a" {+ `1 P
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& o8 y, T0 R% n% z; Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
8 V7 v. W, h' j0 C% n% e# h% h- {2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) l! E* L) s0 R( s
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. y- T% R: H% d' S
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( p/ j' F7 |' ]& k: z/ ]
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 22 _5 Z) c6 C# U0 H% s
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.9 }3 G# B* A6 p' \- H! u- [
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" M/ w$ d7 n3 E( _ A$ [2 N; z) |ing frequent erections.
4 m- E+ ~* h1 B3 k9 [Both parents were again questioned about use of; Z6 ]/ q0 I* h
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& k% P" V7 A& f, _- J9 H! Ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
6 s. x9 {/ O! F" q! ]& iTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ o4 f* h3 d! iuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
1 t p4 ^5 s: ~1 s- Ning over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for- {- _7 n: k, l( B; x
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) L5 X+ |* I$ D! | q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' t7 b: N% j }" }# [# c! ]6 {$ M
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
. z# `* s$ g! \" \$ m U3 hsecondary to depression.
8 W/ h7 M) r+ I; K) ?% u' ^The child slept in the same bed with parents.
- \1 Q9 D; j4 d* ]6 oThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his8 F, w9 p7 u( Y7 U
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ ^: M& x0 O& ]) `& ]: q" O! \: U% I
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 x: k: v# q/ [% P: H2 y% z4 G3 ~
The father also admitted that after the phone call,/ F4 e. V5 T. R# p
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby O4 M+ D, D: J
was high, he then read the product information5 g- T/ R; j2 K' N2 S9 w" L, h
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! z" _( Q4 E: kson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they& i2 _: u; u. F- i) o
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the. T/ b* ~, w6 M% e7 T5 p- ]
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had4 Q8 v/ S8 L$ `
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone/ }& m$ S- U& t
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; C# A3 Z P7 \3 `laboratory to obtain the test.' x; F3 ^8 P( X
Discussion/ ` b4 W6 W+ {" o+ `5 \: c
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
9 `' B# }. d ]3 |, Esexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
$ i. s9 u( K5 Z, {8 D1 ~Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 M. P. W! c6 t# h9 p6 c+ [
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% T2 T9 ?& |# U9 b. Z6 kthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
& O! I' L) n N, Z) ] Omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% ?3 [0 t8 T5 t+ g. Xmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
+ T% ^: ~' Y0 Y4 eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% ~7 U! _) ?% b
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' s5 f/ |; z n6 x0 x: Q6 _
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
0 u8 N3 d9 R( O$ s# Nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
1 R2 \# p+ P: ]/ p7 Aization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-4 |9 w3 @) ]5 e1 ?( R: Q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 A0 P9 _% h8 B5 F
gonadotropins.1,34 @' r9 O' _, o" v% D* D& Z
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' G3 B7 b ~! ?$ z/ Q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& v) [4 r6 f# c
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
g @& J1 ]# s" x! ]exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim- ~2 B0 @0 x% b* D+ Z
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" C0 V) R' t6 O$ G: r7 ~congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
+ J# M& Q1 E6 c3 s' m# K6 {adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious3 ^2 p$ X6 C) f' }- L
puberty in boys.3,41 h" l: d' R& s, q3 c1 \
The most common form of congenital adrenal
: m& ^/ p7 u, ehyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
( g( Z. h/ [. p4 Z5 [7 oThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in5 z* a( K/ Y8 K+ C z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& ?' s8 m5 u2 Man adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen m( ?' N* U! U2 S
excess.1,3
" f& C: J! Q) I1 I: Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# P- M z; T% U; m542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& L% [! Y) s' ^3 I2 `
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-% V# [( |" w6 l+ ?
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
, y0 c! J+ q, Das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a K# Y4 g6 x) b4 p' p/ c. v
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
) s) ?2 U) Y2 }: E# k% F% J9 ^with this disorder are full pubertal development,. E2 ] P5 _9 L' V* W4 k
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
4 }* M# h. }1 W1 z3 _8 ~with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 h* D9 Z# o' ?" y% nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) L2 b# k z" S1 v Q' E9 A _
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% ^8 ?8 c$ [5 B u; M, Wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 p( E6 g8 R* J7 w( h7 Q8 y7 ]- n
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" V' `7 [9 Y6 l* u" \( }males; therefore, other male members of the family
4 k h6 Q! n( U, cmay have similar precocious puberty.3
2 r5 n; ?) j; k6 C# c/ d* | qIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
# z) q) E" i+ |* M& M! M& }: o* j: T% l, ?sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* X! _- Z2 r9 _9 rcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. e' V* I5 \0 C3 t7 o& B! s2 @was in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 A& U& @3 W# M$ Dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 N# k; q* a F
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the3 ?) l+ L1 S8 M/ e! h/ N" o
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg- d) \ [6 f) T" P7 g0 l# u9 M
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our0 [; _% ]; C2 S: T1 O: O
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,9 S; b+ S8 v4 D
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
- ]# W4 M' ^ @+ K' N, ]; udeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
4 n. ~# V; J% o0 y, {/ ~ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.- N9 @4 T+ T; i6 W2 e. `" z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly5 _, f* D, q9 ^' G8 M( B5 L5 U# l" ^
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because; Z- s/ u: m" ]* |
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 s1 v( G% v% A4 y7 m. c
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and0 S7 [0 J+ a) w
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 t8 l8 N2 ]9 ~
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
7 m" r! _" l! n. |) G, Tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
* I6 G. {" N8 \9 X* Y5 u- u* m4 F1 rDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" U" j' G: l, {: M1 S
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
" |) F$ o8 c+ U5 J: wunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
1 P; X& M, S* S. [( CSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the: W! w; W+ i* r/ `( u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
% b+ A* Z& z$ R8 j, K+ M. ieven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
- u/ w, G* C& M+ |partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 z& G8 M/ @! L5 _7 @% p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* [* a2 F$ v; L2 S5 k
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ C( t6 W- V/ n- |* m9 t" {
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; l) `( J4 J; X9 t4 Q' n" ?6 w$ xdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos- S: h+ \* U) \, S: N
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more; g5 X/ q& |) U8 f6 J; l4 o
active in young children exposed to testosterone2 x" G% h* U. T4 Q; q! x' M- [
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
, d* m% o: R+ A0 B( V' e. N* Bdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 _1 n( w4 Y- V& f1 O# ^; Evirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in* R f2 {( G! Z+ a) n; m! Q
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
7 l8 n3 j0 S1 T" A0 Dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) V9 M5 ~+ d7 E
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during2 F, u: z1 ?* ]4 f3 f; a) z
early childhood on pubertal development and final% T5 ~, `+ m1 N: F) G
adult height are not fully known and always remain
! [2 j+ B0 ]3 N" z* ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos- f; r( J' ^' I
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
$ T; ^3 u H3 a) macceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 v/ j4 i: A, q" Q7 @# @! Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 c& X& B# `% L9 C& X- Tdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 W" F9 r, L" c7 p9 F" S
There are conflicting reports and controversy
( \/ X5 O1 K4 K; Oover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
" n: H! H1 R& a, c5 ~penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal7 D- W; Z; Z8 L; b3 a: J* L
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# D% R5 x8 }# vulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, \5 \$ `! g4 Z2 M7 R7 @0 q& m6 Y
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' S' A7 g; |( f0 [
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult# D% M8 Z. |6 G3 L! q6 e$ c! J, Z
penile length in clinical studies.7 X2 A- |& A/ v
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is f$ G O( n& ]* T2 T$ _6 A
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
$ I) ~" q/ r- H2 X! rtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
0 }) b$ x4 K# J! ^, T" Gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.8 u0 ]' Z- ?" K
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 t, b& z! M7 f; ?6 Fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ b5 c- x0 a$ |( i$ y- l) i* H
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
/ J& d/ a: I4 k4 [( a3 T$ T8 `height will not be affected.5 R) i( b) A0 [( z( a
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
7 ]4 \4 t }7 J( { Dability of androgen products in our society may! p+ i3 A, S( Q1 K! V# H, f% v
indeed cause more virilization in male or female/ `2 J; _' x# v. k N
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
0 a7 Q8 G# `7 A9 V7 u; x, v0 Zgen products must be considered and specific ques-2 S4 i! n2 I+ X+ M5 c }
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 }) B7 v/ \+ ngel should be asked of the family members during
* h% U/ b2 L7 T6 O$ Ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-. k1 g/ Y; i- o( L
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-. g5 G/ u: R0 C( Y O& P
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by* {1 ]2 ^7 Q# j$ o k1 N9 T# U5 O
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
* {7 ^3 v6 h: M" [6 Y. n$ }+ t, ihistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
( ~3 _7 j3 t! r4 Nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 u, f( o, ]! q8 Vinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
6 s% k( g* e9 C3 v2 [7 Y [5 |6 [% Daware of this fact, because most of these children
N/ M |, f* b5 j0 Bmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 Q& M" Z% K! C( L9 m% ?1 @
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
% r5 Q" M5 y I: z2 bwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or4 o4 y% Q% N# u
female child who might come in contact with some-! c# k: P$ e( t
one using any of these products.
2 {3 \- a8 M O; E) YReferences4 d" ^; g+ I: g( E* O. |
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; ]/ B: d( t/ V. y& v/ v) Mand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
1 b# a- A' V! `' sEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 s' a% a2 Z7 V, y, C" ^2002: 565-628.
, k5 O0 q. }5 Z2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: G* Q- Q5 @7 d( A7 M
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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