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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old" K5 W$ D3 h* {, v# [
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical$ J. C; I: Y& V; b( z( u  M% \& j+ K
Exposure to Testosterone
; J$ {/ g, _% I" B7 x7 @0 F% E# lSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- I+ n* X  C$ B2 V
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
, b8 q: \3 N! E6 O9 oClinical Pediatrics
+ N1 @$ x; U9 s" a0 _Volume 46 Number 6
3 Q9 H4 B4 T* x4 f4 M& m( wJuly 2007 540-543: r. C! d& b1 ^6 ^8 J0 Y$ o( J
© 2007 Sage Publications
' {' ^; k1 V6 W. N1 m10.1177/0009922806296651
; ^0 L' l2 H8 r) o- {1 N) O2 S# ohttp://clp.sagepub.com7 E/ ~! a5 P/ |! Y: {! f) z
hosted at- j& t0 _) e) I# l) R
http://online.sagepub.com/ P( d' P8 ~( `' P1 E! P/ i- b
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
1 c& f& F7 L5 c  A0 v- w1 A/ g- Q6 }is a significant concern for physicians. Central
, L7 T- k+ d( S8 E; A* dprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
( H7 ?4 y3 c5 p6 ?  Ethrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has+ L/ R. g* \6 K% z* J/ r
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system/ |1 L' X& d3 @3 C2 D7 K2 g2 H- \
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
3 r  l5 f9 U2 D3 pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic6 n9 C' r. d/ a4 S. M
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- j; ]1 e" c# _+ B
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ }+ }' s0 c% |& T1 p. L/ t8 E
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the% J6 G- u6 w9 ]* z; B5 F
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
8 n( N7 K0 Q3 {$ Xment without testicular enlargement, which was due  ?( A: V& `  Y$ K
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
, i( s0 `3 v' Q1 Rthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-9 A  k6 R  |% I/ E! F4 P8 A$ P
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this/ [! E: A  S- F$ c) G! S
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  |: G) Y, e1 n: @$ xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 A. Y6 z. L. K, Q6 D+ j
bly more common than the rare case report in the* f* l) R( [. d% e2 m, W7 h! Y
literature.4
* T8 A8 h. U  PPatient Report& x7 \+ N& V3 c9 O: T- A' h+ D
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the2 E% P4 N# f0 a: @! x
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 Y$ h& m- \1 ^1 Y# qof early sexual development. His mother noticed: B7 X; _% a$ k* {
light colored pubic hair development when he was2 K& Y& i+ `# U8 ?; J: A. A" b% X
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of$ f: ^: w0 {% t0 [* T
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* S( L0 _, _/ H/ @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 |- h  k( z# l5 {, T# \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# v3 K7 V, Z; \: D# `0 d" q
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; Q* P% K: |$ p* N$ Be-mail: [email protected].- [5 S; ?7 [* E
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
! d# U/ I. y- T* S+ o, K. zdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& h  b* e% V' ?0 u. _2 o2 Y7 E
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child0 O+ d' x/ c, t! Y2 b1 Y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with- s; Z5 x1 o5 _  n* P
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
3 ]4 I) o. c5 ]' Z" F. D20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year" p- e) f9 ]: ^5 Y6 `
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
0 Z, ]9 ~' z+ ^solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! s. t3 q) T8 w" B
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development$ Z: D$ K! W4 w& H( Q" \
was age appropriate.
) b2 z( U  r2 `" }2 }The family history was remarkable for the father,
/ O- X, ?( M0 t( _0 G3 R7 J7 gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
' c1 A* n2 r- ~& Y1 A: S% R! a: I) b" qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
" |( i! C7 m/ I; {height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
- I" \; c7 h3 u: G/ K( _* `1 ?/ @early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; C. i) z# |/ \6 A" w/ Q" }
The father denied taking any other medication. The
; d# |" X. |9 ~& ^child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% X8 m; E( {% T& t/ a  Lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 Q* l6 I1 i* k3 a% O) g: j
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-6 o$ @# o% M2 R" Y) b2 a6 o
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! X2 V  J, {" ^' m
tives. There were no siblings.
4 D0 `% A! A6 v/ A: `2 n3 C. s% uPhysical Examination& p, B& x6 v5 J' g2 ^1 A& r7 ^
The physical examination revealed a very active,* U8 [! ]7 P$ q8 A
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. W$ X# l" E1 h" c8 q
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 q: p8 p+ l/ h6 i4 S/ Z
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg; S, e( h1 S- E" h
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ v* ]5 @. s( v% H3 M
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- |9 b9 G- P6 jthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
4 `0 x- b- z( _/ ]0 n" AThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
, X/ w6 R3 T( ^! p* fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
; k( u. B& l2 A1 {" c7 X8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well) c( w/ k* T/ j" a% R- n$ @! T) F
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 n# H* e7 A4 b# N3 q! x
540+ w7 ^* A& z) N# H  Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 z$ v4 V  D' z3 t2 Q6 z
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# m2 m4 ~6 u! l+ X, H6 o
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each./ K; J+ T5 |/ w% O6 A. R
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" s/ ^. R) D) j( {# woily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 h5 ]0 P$ w+ E8 P) Y3 R% o/ habnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ d+ o8 e7 ?9 O- }* d
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
: r/ e# D: I/ B: D2 }" zbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
/ r. c! O, C$ @7 x# E4 eof papilledema.) a4 p( X/ k! D/ {1 n( j; ]; v1 Q! p
Laboratory Evaluation
+ ^0 e6 J3 x, G7 B* aThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 m- C+ i! ]9 q) V( u. S6 [8 N) s; [
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
5 L+ |/ a, q; j$ n8 B* ologic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
8 `: I( g: I7 y5 V! D; xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
: a2 h$ w0 V- Vshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- [  [: a& v1 N' U' a/ ~9 |
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
3 `$ z* L, {" n/ ]. V, D0 v8 Z6 qThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ P0 c/ q9 q( ^4 R$ \: ]urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
) U5 X) P! R7 a# N) c) Uwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
% E/ J! }6 s2 B4 b$ _of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
# r6 J, W. n1 S# z7 ~- P* _(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ P" m3 K7 |  ]2 `0 W8 A% {1 d( X
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
+ F+ {6 b9 E8 r" n% pterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
% t+ y8 a7 w! q. B- mdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" B+ x4 k. l& y. z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)2 n: p  I7 v/ r5 [
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ D: s. @3 a. j. Ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
0 k+ r  v9 n8 Mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),) f5 O: Q1 w  _/ O
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than0 _( ~4 b3 R  j: Q6 k8 g
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
8 H! N& e. R  [, Sstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ {6 ^1 I  w4 v- Tconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL* ^4 M8 [. e  `' r5 ~
(prepubertal)." b4 C* j2 o1 G
The parents were notified about the laboratory
+ P! u# f! K* N5 i6 n1 T+ presults and were informed that all of the tests were; I. m( z' [8 N" I( w
normal except the testosterone level was high. The) L3 z0 E5 H9 H" i+ ~
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ {; F- o, g2 k) w
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-% O2 L7 K1 _4 \
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.0 V  s! \7 O. H! n8 f7 }$ ^2 ^
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( k: x$ `& t; G3 B7 m
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained5 B6 J& n( k* E' W. v
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, A2 ?& G+ }  Z  G. q6 n2 Tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
  r' a* w/ q& ~pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
% v+ Q3 [$ ^6 @! ~; i/ }6 Bthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! @+ _7 y2 g0 y- WmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. M& M7 R0 c$ |' E# i5 ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-# X) _5 A4 P# o" M% N9 @
ing frequent erections.& p0 l& N) |4 o
Both parents were again questioned about use of0 d$ _- J+ j) J5 a
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 ]+ G" y* f5 ]( Z3 o8 o4 Ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 L! r9 k6 ]5 k* C
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 L7 [' a" h( g8 s5 E9 buse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
( v! t7 [8 y. qing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) u* Q2 q9 D& V9 L' Ra year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ m! n( z/ ^" {4 j7 k; @to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-  q8 o. t7 g9 s2 a( L
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 G6 m9 U/ F8 y" ~secondary to depression.
: Z5 S1 b3 R+ U8 Z3 ?/ qThe child slept in the same bed with parents.: [& L  `, _% L9 f0 K; `# E
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
, G5 K' j2 N0 @: K9 [chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
% f; {& n. o/ h# Wnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
3 O8 B/ ^2 a1 LThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
8 n, s" ]+ @0 c6 I* h4 N* ^when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
. W0 M1 I( G  b7 A- @- K& v. r) Dwas high, he then read the product information
, g. O* v7 E8 l3 M$ m$ Q, ?4 ~0 _packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 D. S1 r2 G, j# w2 @4 G% ^+ Tson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they  U5 z) n2 \% |7 g+ x) T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
6 o4 O+ {& m, i- ~; f: l) [7 cfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
% k1 E/ c3 g6 n* F' Abeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone8 D- L8 r7 K$ K2 u
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ w5 }( I4 U- \5 c2 Ulaboratory to obtain the test.
2 e2 {8 Q/ S. t4 iDiscussion
" a+ U! w1 i7 `8 Z; b$ j1 b2 hPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
+ b4 b5 g. Y! O# y" {sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
+ B1 `, b" y9 ?- |6 M! Z+ @6 OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
( z2 B* Z3 h! k' kit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-- c( i$ e( B/ C+ }% L/ Q  ]8 X
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
* l: b! Q3 {  s  A0 C, s! S6 Rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 h# ]( j0 S* C
may have a central nervous system lesion that is$ E  R# V% y, @8 M' H& B% ]
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
! C3 o4 F+ }0 b' Jamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
; I; Z+ n+ k0 ]3 k) wsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 t7 i" I6 }: }4 Jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
$ p1 \& a' ~$ Pization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( R, z, y- g7 Z$ l. I' Irical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
5 {* W: J& M$ ygonadotropins.1,3
: Q) ]3 N, {  R6 R- h- |Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- R/ {/ x$ t( Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
# m' i. V7 j: kandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
9 r- @" I4 I2 |+ w: T6 dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ n+ S; @& x2 Q
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 l# j& W' y) Y8 l* F* Zcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
5 B8 r+ P( j6 z1 q* x. nadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious+ N# |1 J% m3 j
puberty in boys.3,4
+ ^* M) ]9 f- {% yThe most common form of congenital adrenal5 ~, H- }# ]7 R6 f) G* Z5 d/ r
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( i* G' l: G. }' m" l/ Q
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- U; U3 U! p% B
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" r3 X& w  b& z2 V8 lan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, D9 J( B" p- ~' C( f0 v  C
excess.1,3
" e( Y0 H# k+ {at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ D" C# K& A) E
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
7 n- K! Z" _5 r! Z- Q. a: JA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* Q: F; i* f( `
independent precocious puberty, which is also known& D0 M- p/ ]+ M8 m9 H3 |+ q
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 N# m' z$ f9 ?5 j* i8 T
very young age. The physical findings in these boys, ?5 \+ R* K: z- q
with this disorder are full pubertal development,; F, D; X4 U8 A& k. t
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
0 H' f( @+ n5 a6 _1 dwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
1 R3 C, l4 r& v+ V+ N* A: Oare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show3 J) i5 e, ^8 w# y7 A4 j
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-0 r# x6 ?/ b% \$ d% [0 Y
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) T( e9 k* I8 dautosomal dominant disorder that affects only. A" K! V6 C9 C* i
males; therefore, other male members of the family
3 p$ e% S! h: `) |3 d& l1 vmay have similar precocious puberty.3, P" g. H$ b0 K+ R
In our patient, physical examination was incon-* j* Q+ ^: g) P" x/ X
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-$ i/ l' t3 f# S2 |
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 C" W0 `7 c* ~% b# V2 H7 Mwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
4 z- O% T" w. B+ ], x# V6 z+ g7 p: zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% K: N6 D* J# v5 L/ Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the, X- z8 w  T+ j& O0 h/ @
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 r( L  ^) q2 t) F1 W9 Y' c
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our: L9 J$ \: t1 t) z2 w- f
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 N7 }2 \4 i5 s& O2 ^" V
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
6 w! s) w3 Y  o, N  d, k% P( Ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-8 e$ G1 O% q8 e8 A2 Z0 u% M% ~8 X5 _
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.- k+ t4 ?# P8 G, a/ s
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' {; c( U! L* s( ^* P/ M
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, L2 b1 M9 u. a5 Qthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. d9 }8 U+ G& |, W  ypearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' ?3 O6 v" {" ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
% U, k3 {0 B- `$ s5 Nterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& E7 r8 K* D" Tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& z: {8 {; Z" jDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
3 ]7 a: s4 S3 d, |cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
) h9 x8 N- I2 E: munprotected females through direct skin exposure.- N" O, U( P' o" M- q% `% z' Q
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
: [( d1 ]: ]# q$ ^- P- lbaseline value in those females who were exposed to& G9 g9 ~, U* r$ M/ [7 V
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: L  V) X% \% h% @/ c) |& B* q1 m9 Upartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) R0 V& Q8 z, v8 C$ h& ktion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( Z9 c! U) G: U6 P2 E+ X) b, d5 Y! N: HOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, P: L- f& ~3 M" y* v
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- Y2 u% P! A% j
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-& A0 J3 n& @9 P0 s* E- t$ \* j
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( j8 {& b9 n1 s+ pactive in young children exposed to testosterone
( |1 i% T; N* f# x! G1 S) Iexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
+ w# v4 ~4 g7 r7 X( rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
* }4 Y; u+ J; G- O0 b7 P. Yvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% I7 I; l# P# d$ {$ O
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
- ^, R/ ~, P0 }0 Qadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.# D# R9 o$ V5 m' M4 a8 Z+ l
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. h& G1 o0 L- A' N; Hearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& O) m- B4 B9 h7 p' O8 y* Oadult height are not fully known and always remain/ ~3 V2 I2 O! [, {2 q
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
3 B4 d; [$ C- H6 vterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
5 S, @+ {, t, jacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( X, B! P2 ~% I7 `0 Y$ ^8 }4 |cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
2 |/ x* Z' c) R' m  t, u' d# v: ydecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 v' ?& s: Z/ d; v$ {& f( X8 o4 L. rThere are conflicting reports and controversy
9 w! N+ D. {' m* J, ~; c* D  ]. O' \over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult. P; H; m% K' z/ f+ L+ ~9 {# s7 A
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# v: l9 |( M. t- ^' f
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& @: Y! \5 K2 |; c3 {3 }
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ C  x. D; @( M0 a0 \* `; j
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 m! {! I% ~1 T( S1 V
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult1 q! m! ?% Q, G1 ~. `
penile length in clinical studies.
0 g6 W6 l$ T6 ~; nNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ E# b. X" l* j6 u2 l9 i/ d# ugoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
) N, S# J  X5 |  Htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& y6 x" C; N* A/ @the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ Z5 M7 o. z- v8 @2 uAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 i3 X( v/ d8 Y) @* _diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: x( a, m, l8 ~' y! T+ {0 U4 G# V
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 G5 \' X8 D& qheight will not be affected.
* \2 _" k, U4 K* a" h' F( k1 NAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
3 L4 }0 J7 G7 L4 n2 oability of androgen products in our society may
7 }3 D/ W2 `; o" I! A/ ?) L' {% Windeed cause more virilization in male or female
5 W( S. x$ t0 {) G+ e' ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
3 V+ `! I# T0 K6 Ogen products must be considered and specific ques-5 T& J. y4 o+ H9 @8 ]* ^
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
" W/ d  n6 E0 I: ^/ }) ?  agel should be asked of the family members during
) e. j- V; t2 o% }8 Cthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 u2 r( m; E) |4 n# Y7 pilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 c* d( f3 e! Q/ c) V
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 }$ A: |) d: l
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 l' D1 a% \& {, m4 V0 A5 \- Uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
% o) R# M" U, U' Dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive+ z; u6 |8 w! q( f! }, J/ y( m
investigation. The primary care physician should be6 s/ z; A# z+ x5 V9 P% r& U9 G
aware of this fact, because most of these children
/ U4 z8 ~2 |3 _3 ^/ q5 \may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 |+ r# r2 y9 I; }9 pDesk Reference and package insert should also put a- p* X; G  Y. Y- H
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: D* v2 z  B4 h2 N2 e4 `+ sfemale child who might come in contact with some-0 @* D. [2 ]2 f9 d$ q
one using any of these products.
* }( A9 E, v$ c& t" ~" ]3 GReferences. P5 e) Q* o: H7 N$ E( G9 o4 `* A7 r5 ]
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& }1 t7 X8 i3 S5 f- O* Yand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric5 P3 r; `. d% y- z! q- Q) }
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: @5 n6 j- Q3 v3 F( ~- s1 n
2002: 565-628.
- d9 I6 a5 P- c3 K+ a$ e% \2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 `* l' }; o2 C9 c/ y& F
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
$ E% H5 k. F& Y3 s: f" i2 \* D% ?Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
( o% L& ]: {8 o9 aExposure to Testosterone
. t1 h& q( U  M# sSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, v, k' @# ^, E$ i2 O5 k9 f, Y( `, Oand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 q- F! C' x+ H# j! u2 }8 sClinical Pediatrics! W/ p7 X. }* C8 X1 u% m, ^/ [1 q
Volume 46 Number 6" v( C: }7 J; F0 H8 M% L3 x
July 2007 540-543, j  p  T7 Y5 Q. G
© 2007 Sage Publications
# b: `8 Q" g, ], S1 ~10.1177/0009922806296651  p) I# ~( Y9 l$ K% G+ {5 `. F
http://clp.sagepub.com2 v5 k* w- k: |; G- W3 t% f- ]
hosted at7 E, z6 W# A# k9 U$ r+ b
http://online.sagepub.com
9 w; P2 Y8 L* R; nPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 P' k5 I' C2 dis a significant concern for physicians. Central
; X) a% N! p7 i: vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
- k- |  p6 U8 [' [$ s1 a( ?through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has  e) G5 ?/ |) C
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system- d6 @4 f  c6 e, ~5 v
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested; P5 M* w& V! Y4 i6 p1 q  ]
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic& t0 e3 f/ _6 Q% Z
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! }$ A# R2 B) C2 \, \% \
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We0 ]' C( M) R; ]+ g7 G
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the3 Q) [5 [0 [: d/ p0 L
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
* K- c$ {# N% a$ v* g# b1 mment without testicular enlargement, which was due
( W' D+ I/ f3 {2 m) @to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by3 x, T- _- U* r, j" @
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-% _+ Z! x1 G+ m2 ~' G6 F) O
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) p- u7 j, a5 V; Schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 m1 c: B3 {/ @6 ~; _testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, V2 X: A* q: }% i. |5 `# \
bly more common than the rare case report in the6 K% H7 Y& b3 K5 j! H% s
literature.49 X. v6 W/ C, ^
Patient Report: A- M+ c; ^0 ^( G+ ?% I! l0 p
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the& l# S# t+ l& X' L% b- ~, Q
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 s: P' F8 F# u' u7 M9 s! Zof early sexual development. His mother noticed
% ]5 j1 O3 p8 N+ \light colored pubic hair development when he was
; h1 r. O9 Q2 t9 Z: {9 a  tFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of$ A6 o( V! q# f6 K
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.& T) ]3 l% Z2 M
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- ?, U! I, o) o3 t( E0 uProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' j0 g& V2 k- p+ X, w$ d
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: h; t) ^4 p. |3 m% T, v
e-mail: [email protected].$ p4 Q: h: G- r
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became2 x" o; M) l' Q0 ^6 @; N( Z/ t
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& W( O5 f" u$ L
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  I9 p0 U1 t3 h: p. E
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with/ z6 P% o1 `5 K1 Y
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ N5 s/ D  `, `3 u1 w4 ~0 [: n20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 x- a5 w/ V; A% U) W1 b: b
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. H" b( U) _& t3 z: `solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* `8 Q; a. I  B0 l
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
$ F6 v% W2 h1 n/ s) n' Wwas age appropriate.
4 a% k3 J7 U6 j" ]/ HThe family history was remarkable for the father,
- K) c# W( M2 D5 [5 j& xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: r- c/ ?; z8 U- M6 Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% N" f& K& h( r7 r- T6 F$ ^height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat) l9 [5 k: h6 C4 F( A' D' a
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, Q( Q" G* L4 ~# F! M/ x, bThe father denied taking any other medication. The
4 M) R2 {4 _' z( H+ }! Y! Vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) K  |% |, M: X
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
0 Z0 ]7 r' [! p- Q% l. F# c/ \3 Y5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
; w! O1 T' ~/ g7 l# T) wcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& }' ~" A' ~5 J& I: btives. There were no siblings.
8 D5 n) `5 j) l( k3 ~$ W/ {4 A3 ZPhysical Examination
0 x; K8 t# P" B0 jThe physical examination revealed a very active,
/ L$ u9 f% ~0 B( Lplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
1 a9 M! Y6 A1 U( q; M  Ja blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
7 T" T" _1 F2 u, F$ y; M& t2 r90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
1 M7 N8 O; R/ J' i* n3 @(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth( u( b9 d) K' f/ {
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of- r; k1 U* w% H+ n7 \
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
  w0 J6 R' F  O0 A4 b3 fThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for; u0 s" r, x$ ?) s3 Z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 N) y. `/ v7 G6 T8 e0 U0 ~8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well- f, Q& d( {9 _& Z/ J
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around3 m0 K5 F, O% v/ G" y
540" J& h, S+ @) B: W3 ~: _6 d$ Y2 e
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) U0 W6 q3 n1 A/ \" G
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' o" J" C% N4 Stesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.; g& Z8 C2 K, P4 Z, H4 Y" B/ _7 ~
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& ^, u/ O) m  e
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no( w+ d2 \" J' P( K" \0 K' w" h' [2 F
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
# M! b4 |$ N3 e* r1 j% u+ J) RNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 Y5 h, A, U, R4 g
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; @5 N* H2 |7 p" w, p5 N2 N9 d% l
of papilledema.
" h) F% t% ~  _) Y) n8 YLaboratory Evaluation
3 E/ o# F# r, }: qThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" o6 |; @) Z! o8 Kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% b6 h2 Y/ Q" ]logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
- D) {7 D3 C; k; T/ @karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test9 t4 }# s1 i/ v' L$ b+ K0 B% Z9 t! e
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-" z4 C, f* k5 s7 W  V4 G* f
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 {; ?" A8 H: eThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood6 y: }4 S' i: R, _% ?) G5 U
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% o) t/ S! P# F
within normal range for his age. The concentration  _7 [5 |  b$ m1 H
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 ?6 {5 C' Q( m
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 z* c' u  o# B0 Z' o9 h8 y8 A
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
' M2 i6 `& o- T. B* A/ fterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),& B) P) e/ [- K% ]1 X
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to/ `8 S2 c7 S) |$ F; k4 ?  E
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
. R) Z7 l4 v* V& L) t$ r. pwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
5 }! L  V2 K9 _; a5 _( ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total4 b2 @$ s- d0 W# r: t
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),4 k+ Z8 O1 P* q. Y* x( ~: e- I
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, ~8 c  s$ Y* p; q: ?+ D2 y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 o7 G. B$ ]2 D9 J2 [" u) Kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; z' X" I6 t9 U% mconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL- Y  f0 T  c9 \, A8 c
(prepubertal).
% B8 S! M* @  {+ f6 @The parents were notified about the laboratory
5 N0 l& K& A8 ~$ G  ]0 gresults and were informed that all of the tests were# n' \" n+ Y9 P2 n
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
! s* }/ m! U3 ?% `# b0 B8 d& N/ n; tfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' I* d6 ?, {3 ~# K8 f
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-9 t  f: M: G* `5 M$ i" o5 @5 |
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.3 L! G. |. D% u0 n, W1 V
Physical examination at this time revealed that the& H9 H; F9 P* o' B
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 D4 |/ B0 v  y6 y* d2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained( z, d7 C+ |5 R+ t6 D) J
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
; v# A# d, V3 s8 ^4 Apletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( E" k# @9 \7 ^. }; S9 u8 _
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
/ _: j" o8 ]& \+ W! y& dmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.9 |4 T" a+ N, m, k9 r
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
! \3 [; |! G6 qing frequent erections.
8 a5 x  e0 T5 n% W+ FBoth parents were again questioned about use of4 L7 i0 s; f( @' t% |/ i, a
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to4 A0 L- x8 q+ x. \* G+ D0 n) O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" I5 S3 ?+ E5 }0 E) p' Y, UTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 \! G2 z/ D2 _% Guse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ e- u, ?: Z: T0 ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for$ v- Z. t' _- p  d
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& ~' O# O5 m" W- Sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ Y  e# D/ d& J& U7 M* ^- x3 bscribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 b* \+ D" m* e2 J: Q$ V
secondary to depression.% P, D0 O" C* h" t: |0 Q3 b- S" h% T
The child slept in the same bed with parents.* h5 ~( G/ l0 m- a5 ?/ }9 q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* k& Q5 I# e5 h2 L( Fchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( h# k: \9 D- O6 }
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, E# C: _5 h7 A5 s# L$ |# EThe father also admitted that after the phone call,: h- s+ ]6 {$ q# h/ u5 h: G. u2 F
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby' R; ?- w1 y2 C; l, @7 c
was high, he then read the product information
( w+ |" M2 H+ A" ~4 P1 Lpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
/ I# S- L( e# V$ I" w4 y( Json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 E$ c- y  r* {  I8 }0 H
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the  H- c6 }# e, s9 C* @8 F
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had, o8 l: I& |8 J: j9 v! {0 e
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
$ ?3 z& s* k- G( q$ A3 \/ ^; dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 h; ]2 z5 S7 ?: Y4 I8 s6 {% d
laboratory to obtain the test.
  N. ?9 z1 W$ {; g5 ~Discussion
  n: \% m7 {) x) b0 `Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary3 [( K* o: M% y2 H7 b. n' v' F. @
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
  W* k( J: W( @+ \+ C* mPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when. i3 B; {1 U5 z
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 h/ A/ C- v8 }( {4 b* Pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-8 b1 y" F' `  R& p: K* @
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
( N2 j, u- S- x$ g( c; Gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
( B8 C2 A. p! uresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
, ?- I, u% ?( ]7 V% Z7 jamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 \7 q/ k" H  S* m7 {- U) R
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
0 T$ v* ?, [7 i, O% o4 n2 L9 Jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# {0 G8 S; m1 z  x6 g# c
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
6 X9 y4 P! N* _4 i/ ^# {$ r5 O% K; ?) Krical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
# F- p$ O. Q$ E* xgonadotropins.1,3
! R+ G; L; N8 X( T. H& P+ _/ eGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-. @5 q! l3 \; r- d7 r: u4 k
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 H7 {# p+ y! C; ?) C  j: Gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
( Q. ^: D6 `1 I4 n" |exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
' L. D/ ]- Y, j4 I# L) Yulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. k% Z3 N/ I" w6 ucongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive& Y9 Z0 }' D/ O: D9 |) d  X
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious6 P8 N  C+ @, w& e
puberty in boys.3,4* B- ]7 A+ h0 H( n. ^# D
The most common form of congenital adrenal
( ~1 K1 {4 r9 K4 X3 A% ^hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 `- |" e4 p# t' o' WThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 t1 E; o0 e2 [8 ~+ vexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ K7 r" u9 g  b' Tan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ m( _6 f8 K2 texcess.1,3
3 Z* g# v% H3 l! \' c9 Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ `0 s9 K& y  C  m- t( O* ^542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 h: A! q4 T7 U3 W2 J
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-# H. J, W' h6 N, e+ H! V( H
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
: f4 s- _( N$ k/ x0 mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
' t* o# s9 p! ^. t( n5 P0 Z7 ?% y2 nvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 i1 ]: Y1 W+ f) \2 P2 V! awith this disorder are full pubertal development,
( w0 G, J  S" ~$ @) Hincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
4 ^( q) ^( Z6 Zwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
; V* f( W- O' rare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show0 y2 G; ^: T2 d0 i( }' e
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
* p8 b& l  o/ N* w) b* X6 o7 freleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. |2 S0 p& o1 c; v( a
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; p  y& ]7 _4 y& M; |0 _" [8 Z
males; therefore, other male members of the family; r* `' V" C6 [( l9 @$ H5 U9 m
may have similar precocious puberty.3) z" U9 t% |5 J$ A; s9 {
In our patient, physical examination was incon-) x2 J& F6 Q2 l9 B8 g1 f" g) k5 a
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. `7 o1 W; w/ @
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# f2 v7 s/ v# s) \! Rwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
5 a* h  V1 N' z3 c  Q* q; ystarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' K1 a4 e6 z8 F* v6 L4 Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the0 p! ?) o; d9 H+ j0 N/ M; i# S
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
: A: T/ d$ S5 T0 E$ q1 m, Pative initial history of androgen exposure, our  _' e1 O1 e+ g; z, d" S. t
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  c* R& L8 ~9 x6 \
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ l9 U. Q# k8 ?6 L3 ~
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! S2 u+ @5 d2 z5 k
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids./ E* W/ r4 A7 C  ?
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly8 u( m9 w% K9 K$ i( g
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 l9 O3 T4 \  }6 s1 B9 v% sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; S2 n0 f+ l$ A1 B" j5 A: M! Y0 z; zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
0 F. ^2 T& O! I$ Sdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! {" ^+ L  B# Bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was$ _: t, `+ @- S
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’3 `) H2 K: \4 R" ^
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
9 Y3 G2 i/ S7 T; I3 `cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to! p' L8 r2 }3 C7 O& T
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
4 h8 c) P8 }1 U6 FSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
# ]( C7 D% g1 @: H+ {- v) N2 @8 _baseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ D6 |3 j% j4 [$ Y* i$ D7 `even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* f& K  o" D7 h2 ]
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
4 O  i1 M* g. Wtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
& I# i3 _+ a% X" iOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& Z2 Q) {* a/ q+ ^which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ g% z! c6 j: n5 l, Q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
9 J4 d" ^: F/ I7 a- Y2 fterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! [) ^% y6 e9 g
active in young children exposed to testosterone2 D+ H/ s6 ^2 `1 Z4 e* g
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
  ~$ C' b0 A  B2 adrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- M% J# S. ^9 B- _- h- f& svirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; ^  w4 M' f+ U+ R; G+ F% mchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 h4 f& D  n  x1 H) padvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
  }* I6 X3 `5 |" v, ~The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' {6 V) v6 h* G/ Dearly childhood on pubertal development and final
  R' {1 f2 h5 \( \# {( V% ]  qadult height are not fully known and always remain
# Z, E% B6 x' r7 z  ~# pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
! j) ^6 A) y$ Y/ X: ^, h, W$ Aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' K+ a6 C8 h1 ^& J
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
4 J7 v) p. O/ ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 u* T2 L0 B: R3 b: Vdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) q7 L! n! M. @0 i' d
There are conflicting reports and controversy
2 J- p7 q$ m+ K2 ~$ aover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult+ b, U3 f$ Q7 {
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 b. y  ~' q) w% m
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
4 q& w9 b) a. M3 u$ k- `ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
1 `% b- {: O7 `" f! }1 USutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between& V9 o9 T5 q. H# K& |6 x
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) [' z3 X7 N* [' ~penile length in clinical studies.- C- x( J) C, t6 i8 u
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is5 Y: D) u9 t! H* B$ i+ z
going to experience any of the untoward effects from; `  v) J5 }$ y0 D7 r
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
( e2 ~$ v3 J6 Xthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
# i0 [6 k0 r% ^) u* `Although the bone age was advanced at the time of) o% C* _, U+ @, A: |  V
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, x% Z1 S' Z, _
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 W0 F+ Z# v; b' l0 nheight will not be affected.
3 L* L# ]  L% c4 cAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
" ?7 Q, C0 ], ^ability of androgen products in our society may: g7 T4 [& t2 k1 \0 y( D; _
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 e% v4 Y+ N6 Y' i" F" uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. I: h8 ~2 Y, ~$ U5 w
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, R+ `4 s/ {* q6 |: _' z1 U( rtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
& w5 F0 q+ ^& s8 Y! I. sgel should be asked of the family members during
" i3 T+ r% d, e; {% Jthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-, M& b, j: n7 O" o2 Z4 c
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-4 I, k) {+ P6 \( \8 p8 V
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  ^1 p2 ~! k5 |% J4 cappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a8 L0 t- L- O/ v4 n5 ]  v: C4 ~% m
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may$ v& W0 N( {. k% Y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
- v; m& ~: O2 B& n  d3 G$ ?; ~investigation. The primary care physician should be
$ C& U4 C" j. m9 U7 f2 y4 p0 \aware of this fact, because most of these children
! s8 K; @3 ?5 W) \# Lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 i0 X3 L" y2 G( R
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& H* A8 X1 }& E% K6 V, V; ~warning about the virilizing effect on a male or% ?0 q! W2 K) E1 j: r. u. [
female child who might come in contact with some-( L5 ?" r7 U* e
one using any of these products.
6 P3 o7 v% t# _- v; |: YReferences9 X/ B4 W$ E% z. a: \' K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' X9 v& }5 b: Q  X/ |" g) g6 V
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
8 I+ m9 Y  d1 UEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; }2 Y; j1 u7 t, {0 `, Q" q0 S2002: 565-628.! J  P; ~6 v/ o2 L
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  ]: \5 ], }& x$ B3 v2 \! Q3 hpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
8 u; b0 x8 f* K+ M
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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