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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old, h; u" C! I/ y1 e7 t0 f
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
~( \, M' z% p- A. h) s: \Exposure to Testosterone
1 a) s4 O1 c! Y4 NSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
8 ^: H0 w1 p' s. R% `/ o6 O6 A; b: cand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1) y, U0 w& W0 b& c5 @
Clinical Pediatrics) W) k0 ^+ u6 I+ @* e" K+ U. O* x; D4 d
Volume 46 Number 6
% S0 @0 X( ^2 x' SJuly 2007 540-543
O& G5 |7 `# h/ A2 z8 X, y! h0 X© 2007 Sage Publications
7 q0 d' R& n' Y* u1 q2 G5 ^% H10.1177/0009922806296651
7 i- J( L3 n) m& ?8 ~8 jhttp://clp.sagepub.com
, e2 l( Q4 p0 }- y, b' ?6 ?$ {hosted at
r+ x1 P6 Y6 `0 thttp://online.sagepub.com
2 @. V! w! N$ }1 T! C" J- JPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral," s+ w W& P. a( [
is a significant concern for physicians. Central d6 _; W/ h# F [5 M
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated D) d) @ ^6 t3 U$ C0 |$ q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has% X+ |# M: S$ p: ^/ A. i6 P- b
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 [* w3 ^; C' f( T! q1 Z ?lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested1 ~0 K1 r4 Y% R8 @! Y. K
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 J: d+ |* [: G1 t1 i9 hhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-3 L, |- P3 r6 [3 V
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We- `# Q; i* ]. k# f( o
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
* y; l" f' f3 Yenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 i4 p% m& h- L8 Z+ E: jment without testicular enlargement, which was due: g2 z1 B* ^# D
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
- p9 L5 i* E) ?the father. The family initially concealed this infor-1 x3 ]- b$ W( p6 L
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
: f9 T( m- E2 S! Gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 w6 a, W4 Y7 R2 Y' O7 `) S5 z
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-/ F/ y; |- N: @8 H" |* L5 `8 i# F
bly more common than the rare case report in the( e5 t/ t) R1 `
literature.4
. M/ t* d: c. j2 X0 X4 ePatient Report
' N. x2 K( s7 T' pA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
, P( s, p. G1 \7 Nendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. t# W3 u& u) Q) W- _# Uof early sexual development. His mother noticed6 ?, Q% n9 O% A& t
light colored pubic hair development when he was) a$ U$ G# p' f- i
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
0 z' x3 Q' i& ]* P7 pSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.& G6 X) J0 Q V% ?3 R
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," _; T) K" C# r
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! _& L4 ~( m2 v, j6 WMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;3 W/ R: W+ ]0 y% f2 L! A9 I
e-mail: [email protected].: M/ r e+ m1 @7 d* M8 V+ E# A; `
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 R& r" o1 c, _6 E% f( v# u& ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 ]7 j3 A+ y+ J. W& O) l. P
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 b7 \6 y* `% A) b( [, P7 ?, cwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with! c0 m7 I0 ~! t0 |* O9 v
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
; V3 s5 f: Q, u" l) M: `' |20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year' H5 {3 i& N# \. s, A$ p
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
3 d4 G7 y! {6 Gsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
) e- s# j- W. M: F: d; _* Land his psychosocial and psychomotor development8 e2 y/ Z& Q' u& H. q7 b* ~
was age appropriate.
; T2 y P8 l& q5 g8 T* c' tThe family history was remarkable for the father,
, u$ C% C9 s" ~: k0 i3 Gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
+ t: B3 Y8 }/ r6 j; P: Bwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 g8 B! t' n1 _$ `7 G. O% y [
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* e$ _! F" N2 W8 @& K" P
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.1 p' s. V6 Z V/ }
The father denied taking any other medication. The
5 c v7 D/ r7 k/ m( |& l$ Rchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
! L9 a0 c; p9 t' M% q- p7 ]7 ^was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
' W. }5 m' J' [; z" V5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-4 N8 a6 _$ j$ P! F
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela- O& C, F3 W) Z! Q) |
tives. There were no siblings.1 Z1 |8 J% Z# U& b! Z6 L4 J
Physical Examination
f% A' B; Y( A4 N* U' W* aThe physical examination revealed a very active," q+ y# h1 G. P
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
O6 x9 G- `3 x% V' f. j6 V7 qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) z3 t: q: p { m* l90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg M* B3 a' ?$ ?6 l K; k3 n; o
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) }+ w) c- Z" K, P& N5 E8 E
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of3 j9 ^. Q; l3 K& T5 Y4 L- d
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.* ~5 D5 `4 |. @5 P8 a; _0 Z' l7 x
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ l! E( j& m. [( u* Henlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
2 b0 ^$ D& O( W2 q- C7 R8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: {, Z! D2 ?2 |- F5 H9 Ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around* j8 h3 y' O3 |% Y; n0 H
540
! `' x1 `. q9 p( d" {at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 g+ R6 H( W5 P4 ^- N" Xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
O0 P; f! p- ~) htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& Y+ l( _, D4 Q8 X+ u3 w) y {The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. C' b6 @9 b' C$ T5 r# e
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! w% r* e% |1 z* G7 Eabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 q* Q; ^! U9 c6 H/ o) ENeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) n" \7 `) H7 f8 k; {bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion( J; g2 I' I0 H, F
of papilledema.
6 o# n( q. _# [Laboratory Evaluation$ s4 _# E% F0 a9 m7 r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
8 y. j% x9 [1 n" S6 R# Susing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
! |: s4 l8 B! l6 Zlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal i4 J2 w1 H3 o6 H+ B9 K& o
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 r1 [9 ?* ?. O H, Fshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
+ ^, f$ N; ]6 ~0 r/ i, ilating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
8 w) X" A! Z; MThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
( Y/ s8 j- M) ^7 @$ G4 Hurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) v! M1 z9 ^) S7 C1 o. e/ ]
within normal range for his age. The concentration
N4 W: b* {5 I5 F# O0 [$ a6 bof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
' }! v3 {! t! N$ K3 Y6 z3 O( V(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
$ d9 a4 m) f* z( K7 yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
" g3 m; l/ p8 c7 I% N7 r% a/ dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),' m' I) _- g" v4 Z' j+ d) t
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' J: {9 |; C1 U
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
& a$ R7 R- ]- Z+ Twas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-/ |( |" l: C6 i, w/ Z j0 `
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
, P9 {- F3 Z, Ftestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),; Z- E6 \6 l, W( G
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: ]6 ]/ C) m" G" s" H" b
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
8 o) A- h# J% x6 ^3 K3 f0 ostimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
& c+ F b/ r: Jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL' v" B4 r% b9 ~
(prepubertal).
6 H; S$ e1 j7 q" U% p8 }: MThe parents were notified about the laboratory9 N+ Q; l' z* Q8 Y
results and were informed that all of the tests were
- p: q" D: E8 D8 M2 pnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
0 M; m" f0 }; Y2 y3 m* j' Q7 }follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to) S; ^9 C& j, c; ?
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-9 l: @$ C7 `3 J, ~+ V1 {1 M. u
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& w0 p# Y, E- I9 TPhysical examination at this time revealed that the4 E8 \# ^3 F0 d8 V9 Z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ R: M$ h# u* U' P
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 K5 y& }' L* O/ y/ ]. u# ~: R1 h
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
- h$ i1 k" N# _3 a+ r/ D( {7 Fpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
# j% Q. R& |+ Fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2! n6 z3 g) q" G. @
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( M# D# d/ [9 @" D
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" p. P2 G* e1 ling frequent erections.+ w- U( U9 V; p7 u
Both parents were again questioned about use of
- B, m4 ? b1 K- {, A/ ?/ Zany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% ^" q- D2 Y6 X$ z: j kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
7 B; I, `5 o! \' kTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
: G+ Q6 L! d5 Y7 {: g. Luse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, |2 [8 C' n5 y2 B4 @, Zing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for; o( Q" H' M) q+ a9 `
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) H( q0 P8 d8 Y* Mto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ K6 L2 v3 G+ L. |6 z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido% ~8 O; T" {( Z# i T
secondary to depression.
5 Q* S" j) g: E3 iThe child slept in the same bed with parents.' l8 x8 j: x, q" P
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his% R- ~, l# L" c1 |# i# O
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
8 ^1 N( Q3 Z. Y% A4 Qnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' I& I$ X ^2 j5 p* N3 u( f4 ?9 YThe father also admitted that after the phone call,- |/ S4 r3 a, h& k& a
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
?% c% i& U z+ L& Q6 R! ^9 rwas high, he then read the product information2 A N5 }" j0 n; c( n1 U" ~
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 M7 T3 d' l4 T7 `( h: y
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they' g5 |! m. K) o& P! m" ?" ?1 V+ L
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 D5 V9 e/ t. k; Q! L; P9 X% N% bfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had& f! x) K6 k* J) j7 Z. R+ r0 E! m
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone8 m; @8 w [) Z ^. L
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; Y! N" h* |! b$ Q. l ?
laboratory to obtain the test.2 _' T* H' C, f# O
Discussion
) O: n6 S& U# j: aPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
, G, f2 p$ a* r! W% dsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
0 g9 V$ }8 w g6 OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 m! C8 a8 H2 [" m
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 i; }9 c0 ?3 F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-- r% w$ {+ f3 J. I2 |8 P
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
_! |# l! u6 W0 smay have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 O0 H. y% y( `7 } `; W$ Tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
1 P+ Y9 [* A O, Y/ G: o5 S4 M- Xamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
9 H% T' \9 X% Tsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 A4 V5 x' U# v6 P" l
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-: \9 W P0 @+ k/ K. \
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 v6 b6 z4 P( w7 i. a5 d
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 H( R. n1 }, s9 x0 {$ J5 [# x1 I
gonadotropins.1,38 @' P' H# M* y0 ]) p
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
+ v2 }4 S# w9 ] v& l, ~. ]$ }cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
) K# A) }7 T) r( k( ?1 C9 _ jandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or+ i- C' X$ Z* a* D2 i+ p' z Y4 a
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( A" @+ @/ I1 d# iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing3 T. l+ ]; E+ R# N( Q& i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive+ w4 V+ V3 Q- H' `8 U! j
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
- H# ~5 x0 q4 H2 P; @8 w4 U1 w) p3 h. gpuberty in boys.3,4
# D) T( ~. ?0 m; J. GThe most common form of congenital adrenal0 Y7 P1 A' e, s x- |- u
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.* O/ Y: `/ O- E) q
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
0 C' K( O0 R% q9 Y" L2 w8 vexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,) R: d( L9 N) P: H1 Z3 }
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) m/ N N8 n1 X; I' ]
excess.1,3
. t7 V( q2 s4 Y) nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 c$ S4 `3 m* K! O: Q4 M$ a542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ j7 t# |4 v# ]# M0 h$ G; i
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* v, P; `: }% M; j/ M" o) zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
% T% P+ h& V7 P* g# A6 mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 r7 }' m+ V- a8 A) h1 Avery young age. The physical findings in these boys1 R! K3 w/ e: b* {- |4 x8 ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,8 f/ x# t! [4 E4 X% ~0 y4 L
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
% J8 t9 H# \8 M, I; M4 ~- ]with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& u1 ` V3 W) w6 ]! m! t
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- v8 X1 r: M5 ]pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
- P, F0 K" R% c8 greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
; Z& ~; i) d, K! H" fautosomal dominant disorder that affects only4 _4 v- H+ i% n
males; therefore, other male members of the family
* a! z, M8 e# ~) ^4 O/ P4 vmay have similar precocious puberty.3
. P; [3 w+ A# U& Z$ T0 V) fIn our patient, physical examination was incon- x H+ Q: D$ N( {1 y+ d
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) I+ x# P1 f+ c+ T" G0 L# E6 U
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* ?' L; g) J" v6 t! Q, C9 Bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father q5 \9 j' X" F2 g. {9 Q+ r. Z$ _
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,/ j- R! }3 Z" X1 D# u0 [' r9 v4 V
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the7 R3 W% O4 q% Z9 o6 V) N V! E& n
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% C6 w1 l i1 u* ~8 I
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our2 @1 x: d7 ^+ M- X/ e% p
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. U5 k4 O* u5 Feither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, F/ Y! N7 m0 k0 L% ]: e) Qdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
2 L! m. M/ y4 ?2 A' O9 Cing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
; M" @* Q7 _" wThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) V" `4 p+ w0 L ~suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' V; r7 [/ s+ ^% Z% p; t. g9 ^, \the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 F% z1 r! v4 A( j. t0 _pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
B5 ~; O, m4 ]7 P2 xdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! x$ [/ ]+ K: \0 p1 F- ^; n L ~terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& x' Y& `7 F( c' q0 P2 Y$ a- d
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- P" G& N: g+ s O2 \* U" T
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& S( H9 l% Y* h; M
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* P4 f; l( f) c: Z2 m
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
9 x; h4 k: I8 R1 ?Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the3 f7 M6 l1 z2 X( A) a
baseline value in those females who were exposed to" b( C2 X0 Z8 ~3 B8 d
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; F6 H4 Q4 |1 M: R ~
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
$ x% f/ B. c' F* y1 O# Etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' D+ U# s5 K4 s+ ]1 R. U4 M3 {7 B' pOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 D2 t6 ?3 c; R+ uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
* F! ], c) x9 L4 ~, w+ C9 ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% r6 P. r8 I& l; U( xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
8 S+ L% S1 c, I3 l# N9 h+ Factive in young children exposed to testosterone! `7 j4 F2 V7 A4 Y4 h+ r
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% k' c i- m( r
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 ~9 ?! W2 l' j4 C# Ovirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( t1 x5 j) {+ S
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
& r$ {0 W* @" ]" `6 T: Qadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.% P& Z2 P" k5 {4 K; D. ]
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 A; x8 Y) K; @8 Oearly childhood on pubertal development and final1 [' `# D" F9 W: R* b
adult height are not fully known and always remain
7 q* D' p$ h% ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: q/ v6 m6 l8 Y2 a* Y$ Aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 ]. {" h; s. N6 V% v, R* T
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after$ `4 v7 U+ W+ J% ?& {2 y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 Q: ~, R7 w$ ]2 K! q# B# y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 P; R7 W2 y, l4 S+ JThere are conflicting reports and controversy4 q: u# B0 ^7 n
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult8 l- n3 ] |& j- K
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' K4 R$ z ~4 a( U4 Q9 Y
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) O( K2 Y) G9 \; \- w( yulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,+ x" E# ?* _- M1 T- I- A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
% N% a8 S" \& n3 N7 Lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult( G7 X2 [8 r7 J. i+ V" Y
penile length in clinical studies.
' z. t1 h, c) I/ MNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
/ K# `9 C7 P- s9 U& F* } w$ Z; F; g1 Lgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from9 u) ^7 p- s/ s6 |0 W6 y5 Y( y
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because1 ?8 g0 T9 J8 U* f3 L* U
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
9 {! a- Q0 u0 K/ |7 aAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 [; ?8 Z' U4 m% w: \diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 B3 u- W. r6 }0 p4 _# wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult: q% i' Q1 V. ]5 H, t' ]
height will not be affected. ^3 J/ x6 q$ v, A: w8 ~3 W
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
: D: o* |3 r/ i2 r9 \ability of androgen products in our society may
* ~; i: Y9 @- r. e- \. _indeed cause more virilization in male or female
t# {6 T, L! j+ J+ Z3 _+ |0 Fchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% c3 L$ r) T! ngen products must be considered and specific ques-
, u0 x( {. D/ O5 U- U" l Htioning about the use of a testosterone product or
& }/ x7 x8 N ]: z5 d% [gel should be asked of the family members during$ N6 q; N( \4 O* c+ f2 o9 H
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 R% _+ v* p! ~, q9 o- k
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-; s6 O: ]1 o9 H- L% B! y
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 v/ N4 i3 n) O6 K
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
) b4 A: e5 Q" B" ^: Phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
4 ]% ?2 n7 \0 v5 ]% Gresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 u. x* [5 \0 r4 }
investigation. The primary care physician should be. k* ]5 J3 k- h. k
aware of this fact, because most of these children
3 S0 q2 }0 D3 E5 C" B# }may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' f5 ~. r. ^, l0 s: U8 o
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a6 c9 B5 I+ c# i1 t3 G) ]
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
[3 h! Q. z" @' i' pfemale child who might come in contact with some-' y+ ^- B7 j! `8 G7 C9 ]' b
one using any of these products.
7 t9 B: i/ c/ P3 t' A( X V' Z: }References
' V/ q. r8 m. }# ]6 u: T1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, S7 ]* Q/ ]& e! L
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! [( z% T% U2 K, n
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
" t( @3 H V( V' R1 W4 P7 C2002: 565-628.7 [: G) E7 |) F# n' Y
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. o& @+ Z- a4 u+ I' ipuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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