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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
  u+ Y( x$ f) Q$ n# z- n' X) pBoy Induced by Indirect Topical7 v. R: I0 j  @+ Q. ^  `
Exposure to Testosterone9 ]# x1 M9 Y% F+ X- ?. X  _. W( Y4 \
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,23 ~+ M. ~0 L' e6 A3 l. _  _
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 U& A1 R4 @# m# E6 OClinical Pediatrics) H* U9 r$ L% z. J$ p
Volume 46 Number 6
% k3 J0 O& {9 |/ z! mJuly 2007 540-5439 G' E: }+ v& a
© 2007 Sage Publications
6 l* W  ]7 y; v10.1177/00099228062966512 I/ W, r( k; f! R
http://clp.sagepub.com! V. t5 C& a0 m; H( y" g* R
hosted at
: G  T# r  ~+ o) V% d; r3 A# E2 h7 R' S, Ghttp://online.sagepub.com
. E! L8 \' ^0 m9 \7 Y; g) L/ `; ]Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
& G% V# F. N) k2 Q, A) jis a significant concern for physicians. Central( n& n; A* d5 N) @) ], S
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) B- b$ A) B1 |through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has9 h6 T& V: R8 [; v
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. F$ G- P' e) A9 b, X# clesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
) J4 G# k# J; W) Tby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
9 W0 r- T2 M' G. y2 S% y2 thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 K7 Z" J$ B7 a1 `" d9 Dcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; A! H2 `+ i( L" m) p
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 S; ]4 f; @# {1 C( M
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-/ d( h. k8 u! F9 w, _! ~! T
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due& i1 @3 J$ n) R# c2 e
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by& S) S, D7 g7 A# |! t. {1 c, B2 I
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-% i7 R4 y- }& M- M
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this; P9 `' p2 K4 N  l  D
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  o5 Q# O8 X; N9 ytestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' Z. u) f7 ?# R" P4 E: `bly more common than the rare case report in the- w- b  x8 A6 D& X& n
literature.4
# C: {$ W$ [+ c1 N" f$ @Patient Report' w5 t4 H, Y% \3 [2 L/ g
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
9 D$ C8 R, [/ ^8 Z" y& dendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
+ S1 d/ a" v! i8 hof early sexual development. His mother noticed6 a# a0 V! P+ Y+ e+ j' G! u' w
light colored pubic hair development when he was" c( v, j( `$ N" X: ^5 x  I* B4 G
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' }" R3 y( v( q! z9 [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.. z: a6 R0 }1 K/ P0 Y3 K
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! K# |2 g7 [; V4 T( l
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& f4 t. V# O+ k" N' ]9 Q& C% UMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" E8 T, w6 H7 |5 D. U* O% @0 t2 ~) l* o
e-mail: [email protected].2 |0 F7 E& `# l4 W+ Q3 X7 |: m
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. U4 L8 [9 n  [6 P: c+ L
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, U; l8 P' z' e0 x
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child/ n+ L; `% y. Z7 {0 ?
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
+ D, {  |( M" A( ]: ]a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of+ F; G: N& l( {9 m
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year! O( }9 o2 {# p* m8 m7 m0 k
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
1 i( Q2 ]/ i. f4 D# |: jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 e+ f2 ?9 H! I6 G5 mand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 l/ G  N+ Z" `. ?! Y8 @) D/ Y5 i* Awas age appropriate.( O2 _  m% D  l+ ~& j" H+ @+ N
The family history was remarkable for the father,( y0 |7 y# }7 R% m" r
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
' a) w- ?! D; F. {4 F$ rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s. ]8 d5 B- S- |! A1 E
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
, k' w5 k% Q( i7 J' `! Vearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, W+ I+ p0 O* ~+ j  k; k' KThe father denied taking any other medication. The
. N" t9 D: ~: c& _' jchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
* t& E1 `' ?- p7 C  F3 kwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& i9 f/ \7 i$ C$ U5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& I; `0 N& E/ f& ]
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
0 z/ h8 G% N- s! k7 Rtives. There were no siblings.5 u  P6 j( p! R9 ^
Physical Examination
0 x4 i; Z! U8 Y* [% ^6 F" MThe physical examination revealed a very active,
2 v$ k7 T* E4 i8 v3 R( `5 splayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 W8 l) S  ]8 A5 a$ n) |a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was7 a7 J) `/ ]7 @7 A5 Q% x
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  L! `/ g: k& }0 c) v2 t/ u(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% x9 }8 E/ A; r' a9 q6 u% }; Qvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. V3 K  ?. G; n. ^) m* D  Lthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 v- E6 O6 ~0 Z! [0 H$ d- o  lThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
% ^' l) k6 j* z2 O) [enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of, ?6 ^) i; {8 |4 U# ^4 [
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ b1 ^! O7 }; T* k. X; ~developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around$ ^" C" V$ i1 s- z( z
540+ t3 f9 Q( @# W  r- r
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 A( s; N( `' R6 v7 N  |the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
5 G1 I3 M4 @7 O6 I  y! K/ F2 x+ qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( n  L/ M9 I: [% W0 L8 O$ ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# e' G3 c  B5 `! b  Y6 f6 i. l
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
' Q! R6 }( X* Mabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ [- N' ~- g' p. {
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; G+ `5 S! A' f) @" @
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; r  ^) C5 K, ^- Y: `- T5 K
of papilledema.
8 a) a- j" G. S4 HLaboratory Evaluation9 @8 g2 }8 ~9 F, J) L' w
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 N4 U( n8 C3 Gusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 B$ T5 o8 F1 k8 v& c
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 S8 m5 I( g5 J4 Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
2 l$ W( D' j* ?4 qshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
+ ~) t7 [! o) |/ V' }$ {' {lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).% O& i: Z( D" N$ V8 m
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" L4 y5 w2 _$ n, m1 t
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: ]9 _4 M. K  h3 [, q7 f# E3 h- ywithin normal range for his age. The concentration' T5 \1 D* L# L: y3 A% o" X% M
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 p# x+ _* ?2 k+ @0 ^$ T
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
; b9 c  q6 h5 hng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
8 B4 V+ e4 G  ~) U# k  dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) G  b$ Q0 V" K) F, tdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
% F9 O. W" m/ @9 W8 w49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ s8 {0 j8 u" W$ L* uwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-2 W: Q' w* l+ d3 X5 \
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
% x/ z0 T4 ^, S- otestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 m9 B) h0 @- V3 h5 C2 jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& @3 ~. j% U1 |- T0 `
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ A- D7 n/ a( P: B3 z0 w* jstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone1 R8 w, `( t; f
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL3 g) p! Z. H5 H, `7 G8 u
(prepubertal).& K  x1 q! ?- @; y& E8 v
The parents were notified about the laboratory5 I4 Y+ C2 i; A; R2 V/ p# v% U6 i0 Z
results and were informed that all of the tests were
9 S4 K: P  F4 r/ hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The. [  P$ |: b$ ^% s0 r0 s
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- A$ k) v3 m" Y* q1 qobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 X, g; |2 m# j. t6 n- @  `ever, the family did not return for 4 months., k" ?9 ?) ?; z% @# `. s8 s
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
1 }' a! c( t" ichild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained: H( C" h5 g( p  M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained; [& \; |* f- T
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-4 ^: w' \; J, `0 j% ?
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
3 [/ Y! k3 Y: }0 @4 wthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 22 a& c3 h/ e/ ?5 \' E& D( W6 y
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.& L8 x& _$ m2 q9 ^+ Z
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-! o! R3 I8 i8 T1 S* s
ing frequent erections.
+ L0 k% e- C, T2 D1 qBoth parents were again questioned about use of# X6 B9 a9 U- C/ i4 C1 F3 O2 Y4 _
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ W- K6 Q0 b2 m
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. Z1 j) a( V* D. A; nTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
4 H( Q9 i. R# Ause of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-6 M6 n! i" k( C8 k, \& C
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 ]0 x# k; _% F. d8 g% C2 ^* e
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 }+ @( y1 ~1 S" S' z
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
3 z( Z+ Y1 o0 K5 k* \% D8 {/ z1 B4 Cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido: ]+ F3 j. ^' _" K
secondary to depression.0 g8 F# _- @3 G' i8 f
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
. f6 o4 N" C% [( e% Q5 TThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
3 k% d$ z/ X$ d2 p) A" q1 wchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. l5 U& G0 g% m
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.; ~3 I/ j3 A6 P& Y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,4 y5 ~+ M& v( A
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby2 Q* o- |% p4 k: [- r  T
was high, he then read the product information
( l6 y/ H7 T  s- B3 Z7 z0 L3 `packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
4 z6 Q4 `7 B/ X8 e2 Pson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 `4 ~& s  f0 R8 kdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ c1 {! \9 R, }  \0 |+ Z) G# q8 L+ Pfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 @- t( F/ ?- j% z& e
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ Z1 S# p( ^2 U- D1 Atest was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 R9 }# I) [& V) H/ |2 ~
laboratory to obtain the test.
& e( s3 q6 j7 A- y. n" e: e' GDiscussion8 s, g- R+ l5 k
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 x0 H8 U+ W& Psexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% C2 x: h: f, Q0 Y) oPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when' Z9 G" e" e# k3 \( R
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ z) v6 A. r: I' e& E: |" Bthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-, N6 R6 H8 w; {- W9 }
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
+ t$ N0 e7 C: r0 I; S$ u& k. i4 ]may have a central nervous system lesion that is
5 R8 P8 ]% i/ Z7 Tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
: F' D/ C: ?7 A, C* mamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 E" h, b7 C! H% w+ Usis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
; ?" h3 N$ e. d% F+ ?boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# @' b, a8 ~0 }9 r# {# u3 K
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-+ X% I; I' s5 i/ p
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! }* ?! h3 T) ~( e
gonadotropins.1,31 c6 |+ X% c$ V% y+ a7 @
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# X. ]1 L1 @/ [6 `4 m
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
  I- l) p; q+ p7 J+ T1 ?androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
! E% B* I$ v1 yexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-' |5 e2 e  X# A: E+ u: ?; f7 b
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing. r! Q0 X, G8 k0 O4 ~4 r5 G
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive+ a' @" M( C( R1 E+ M8 u  O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
9 X3 a- L* r) D3 Z% Spuberty in boys.3,4
/ O' }5 K" S8 t/ `  f7 lThe most common form of congenital adrenal
5 z  g" C0 `/ e' ?- K* u. ]hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency." _/ {+ U8 a4 E
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ M3 z( Z+ S, D( D! Y9 `. Hexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! c4 p3 m. `" ?$ @. gan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
! x, I1 T# g. F% f+ \4 K0 I' mexcess.1,3* ]+ v, ]9 n& W9 i6 n( `* x$ S
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- o# u$ D) X% J& W542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007+ E2 E, d0 C5 L0 Z: k. l
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-5 x: u9 d- k3 O) `' f4 F7 _
independent precocious puberty, which is also known2 k( g5 B+ [. G/ U5 U
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: Y$ C1 L& _: ?very young age. The physical findings in these boys
. s, J& q8 A0 }6 J# L- ^- ]6 T) {with this disorder are full pubertal development,9 w- G" p7 b2 \5 p$ O1 V
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys2 L! [& ?- M1 ?8 Q  o& {
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 S- [2 S) w5 W. m( L5 i- nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; Z1 \- N$ a( X, }7 S. O8 s
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; G# ~' J8 @+ [! Q% X6 f( [
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked( X- h( ?- I, f' h% W" k9 X2 Q
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
! U3 d* F0 [4 Y/ ^/ w, ^3 cmales; therefore, other male members of the family
' g, t8 j4 T8 l0 {) ]; k* C. Mmay have similar precocious puberty.3
0 I1 `% }1 o. c3 \In our patient, physical examination was incon-
: M1 ]" |9 t! T/ n' O( G9 @/ xsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-, O& y8 u9 c5 t" |
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& z6 g1 s! a6 W" [3 d* X8 y
was in the differential diagnosis because his father: }+ R* b) {# D
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
. V( Q3 T; ^! p; y$ D* {testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
  E5 f" y+ X7 C1 s$ Xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
$ i6 o; Y5 j- J% _1 e! iative initial history of androgen exposure, our- s' O% e5 U7 o0 o& Q7 H
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 H2 H) H0 g" M* [either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" s; ~/ o/ @" O+ J: o5 r; w8 ?0 K
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
0 n. `2 f4 Y, \' a" u" Ping the normal level of adrenal steroids.. {+ s3 I! i3 F5 X
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
8 a7 v1 @6 g  e7 z- A0 Wsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, ~  L4 H6 B6 \/ |; g. R( Athe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 U0 U% m  ?0 Y8 S* s, a8 O  ^pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( z* E; S! q( vdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
0 ]! B  i1 _" F9 U+ }% Rterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
: g  u6 T# j3 s$ O) Susing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 i& U5 Q6 B& g/ k, c7 b; w: \8 ^
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ U# x6 S* C0 X4 \( I) b+ W; bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to$ q) j0 s" Z% }* n: N9 @- V( t. W
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: @9 G/ v& J6 |" g5 P6 @$ [, aSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the- o1 Z  X: Q) X  z3 p) B- Q
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
+ F, h1 t: F, Q, feven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. X/ k9 H- `) n5 c3 o- ~partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-' {" @* v( A4 r; c" S$ E  c7 T
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.+ h3 @- L; s0 w5 V" {
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 y, \* y3 t0 Cwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( y% o7 u" r% g) ]  j
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-4 Z8 e1 D. s$ M
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( a- R9 O: \# Y9 @+ p# q' ]+ Xactive in young children exposed to testosterone
$ z1 K$ ~  K5 y: j# @- \4 U$ v( d( Texogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
' _5 @: R$ C0 V3 W( f) `$ xdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
# y1 o" X, G5 d3 ?- x& Jvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# o: Y0 {7 y1 f) W7 Jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
7 ^9 R# x4 {: D7 d0 Jadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.# I- K* \. M1 \. D) z( P
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. F, G& |% s; w* Mearly childhood on pubertal development and final% ]" p3 k# Q- c8 u4 u6 s
adult height are not fully known and always remain0 I4 u$ y- a: E+ I& y( A8 A
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! M/ m) M4 E4 b, f" k
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
  y" B, {2 I$ @acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
, T" B8 F" L' O9 i8 \+ ]cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
- P& i) q5 J2 C5 o  `( e# Q0 bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
9 _8 \0 F" h, K4 f2 _There are conflicting reports and controversy  i2 H% a  d' Y9 t) {
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
4 I9 P5 @3 Y1 D# Rpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# ^, G$ J, h3 p% Z) h
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-# O* C/ D! l! v  J; E
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
4 J5 F. p7 C" W+ PSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between# z! p6 F& `7 K. s8 k
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
5 e8 s1 L6 m8 k8 J4 V  Ppenile length in clinical studies.* h! L% {! {( g- \
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ I) S& |5 v; g1 E+ Z1 O, n" Mgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
! L  t" d3 `) W- C( L( atestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ ^1 W" r! r; }( \) r
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
" O2 V# y+ a1 z6 r( ]9 f7 MAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of8 p7 _9 p1 S  v7 z7 Y
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 l: Z6 E7 v0 Y& f4 x* v3 m3 a" ^5 O# tthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% l$ P! [4 Y$ N( s8 w" j6 K
height will not be affected.# x/ d3 s: G2 p" {. ^) I
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
9 H8 u2 q; R; p4 g7 P8 S4 I8 `- R7 f# Mability of androgen products in our society may4 O, j3 [+ V+ w4 h. T
indeed cause more virilization in male or female) v! O2 P$ g) `+ V2 J  Y% r
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 j$ e( I7 _; q. I  e: ?; r
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
' G  D# ^# m8 e. a  B) ~* Otioning about the use of a testosterone product or1 g8 v+ u1 v% \+ A: E/ I2 c- r  W
gel should be asked of the family members during
+ Z$ a  n& ?8 `6 P# c$ l; Xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-; S( U9 j4 Q  T0 I0 G; w$ {
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- X2 `& D4 m/ D. ]2 o7 b! K
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
2 m3 }% L0 n: G$ x6 I( ?9 X7 d- Mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ X' m) I  h# L" m3 j8 _  I8 q8 U
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
4 _4 J, Y" o) a6 }, \result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 ^4 K+ z# g, Ninvestigation. The primary care physician should be$ n2 f9 }: }" l) T2 Q
aware of this fact, because most of these children1 R, v. r0 D' H
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
5 h+ O/ z! M6 j6 D! ~0 r" d0 HDesk Reference and package insert should also put a+ e2 X% W& `8 M5 B5 V& _
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or" T; I6 C, g' Q8 z. ~' k" @
female child who might come in contact with some-- K3 M( `+ p' w
one using any of these products.
! m# W$ U# V2 H& RReferences
5 W7 k6 ^- x& A" f2 F1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation; u& I- l) s& a& d
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ o7 a6 A3 L- TEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;$ _. b. P. x% m$ e( q$ w1 }. f
2002: 565-628.0 [0 J& `& |) r) `9 O! P4 H4 p
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious, B. \6 E& M8 f) v( v
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
7 j" z7 w5 \6 {4 RBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 g! m3 h1 n0 C2 \: d4 JExposure to Testosterone
$ g! Y! Z. Y/ _6 X$ s8 r3 HSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
$ \, J" Q: D' d; j8 E5 Aand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
. b7 L/ r# z7 z' Q5 K. K* HClinical Pediatrics4 R/ T7 ]: a1 C: ~* J  P
Volume 46 Number 6. \, g8 A1 a! C6 {
July 2007 540-543
! i4 n* s) @3 R0 [: f: t© 2007 Sage Publications( z2 E9 x) a8 t, F
10.1177/0009922806296651
1 u; g  o* W8 B* h# ?3 c: R8 j" B, zhttp://clp.sagepub.com6 E- b: N  b+ W- V/ G7 s5 N5 C9 [9 J
hosted at' {2 F" C2 d# }! d
http://online.sagepub.com
4 _9 k6 j8 D/ L! Q! F$ u: C" O& {# m8 q! NPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 W: z/ R6 ^9 r: K" s" W
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
' B- t" H  e5 Y& E7 S5 Bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 i/ {% d5 y. [6 I9 U
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 ?0 A" e5 u! C  ya higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 i3 x! W8 L) x! T+ ulesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, M' h: C& K) M
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
  Z+ _# c* g6 g0 s; ~hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ t! O; l6 U& Z
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
  |% i5 X$ K; z4 z% L  {) @report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( _  a& p0 [/ H! L0 Uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-" y* P+ Q6 `# N. m4 C" s
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due1 ~0 h: _5 ?" F# g  f
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by  L' H' q6 Z/ t$ J0 m' A' W
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-1 y. f2 ~, L1 @! H7 A+ W) Y3 M
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( B: w9 T6 Y% x7 C# Hchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" }/ |! ^% I1 D6 O! i0 \/ v, Dtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-9 e- |; E$ _. X3 p& p0 u
bly more common than the rare case report in the/ P5 |) N* k: s4 D7 U$ q
literature.4
6 ~. {  l7 B, W2 Z+ P' R1 O: zPatient Report7 u6 V2 \( g$ q8 w: [8 D" s
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 k: r$ n( L5 E# Uendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 [' N' i- z/ K# F. p$ h3 q1 ^' qof early sexual development. His mother noticed1 \$ y6 o, L! r
light colored pubic hair development when he was5 ^- y- W) `# E; d( u( y
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of4 E/ u, P) a  K2 V$ D( o0 R5 F- |
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, f7 V! ^* ]5 `% b0 EAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' v$ Z$ ^8 D# h5 ?
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of: h" F2 K( k' t/ f" @7 n5 X
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 S. [9 w1 g0 ~1 A3 a
e-mail: [email protected].
2 A% r, r4 w- y4 k8 q/ Jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
( s3 H/ f4 _, L' N5 Cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
. E& Y0 f. ^) Y" S; cment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( [/ Z( t5 |! e" awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 z9 J2 D9 r- j2 B% s( Ga birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 V' c6 g" @+ S- H0 C( f20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! j' E+ d3 R' i; @; _of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) D$ }! K  [1 t0 f  D4 Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* ]* Q7 F3 z0 H; k9 M
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ R8 C4 y6 ?8 {) h% `/ f  a' r* lwas age appropriate.  x/ s) W3 u- x! j  R  o
The family history was remarkable for the father,
: E  B" ~. k! bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
& y; X, B+ u2 X( y6 M4 S. x, {which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 K  ~" j4 @& A
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
8 i# M) I4 R( u! c0 y  g9 u% Searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- M6 u* n2 V+ sThe father denied taking any other medication. The1 P' g+ ^+ a! q7 j' `3 v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 H! v& }5 j% z) n
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 i  o& e6 z# E0 I6 k( N/ r5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-# i& A% o* D/ }0 `* [. V# K
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-% p% _: f# k; U- C% \" y# K
tives. There were no siblings." H' V: `- L% i- v. c  g! b% l1 P
Physical Examination' C/ D& n6 S9 v( j" ?7 R/ T/ Y& I
The physical examination revealed a very active,/ q  _* m: s( J
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented& ~7 U8 H& q) T6 Z& Z
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
- b% e4 T) g: b8 V# z- \90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg7 D* p3 O  a" K/ R) E
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 _3 z1 Y9 i- A7 Ivelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ ^! a, ~/ J. M5 j8 S: H
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 q8 P3 J6 w3 A7 n- y( w
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; {4 L! _) P9 @& v7 Cenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 V5 @, h7 _& i: U5 v
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, ?+ `. E, L: ^" y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 [+ s9 i3 T. ?3 s; r540! g% b0 r7 C/ s" f/ N9 ]
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 _& x; R, @5 @9 C  ~( u: V7 A
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# e9 T9 p+ h  p$ L4 b) i  I1 c( D
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' A0 w  n& \4 {
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
7 P6 \' o+ o+ E8 Koily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no7 e5 Q! w8 y7 J( |2 s& k, x' J5 n2 x
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
; d/ g4 F2 L1 \+ F+ |* X2 zNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) k; A% i" U7 b1 M4 Q5 Q' Vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion$ h$ v! m2 Z7 S0 k( p: M* A
of papilledema.  [3 _* [& ^- O3 m% m4 _) A
Laboratory Evaluation
% I, w! R7 s. |8 \The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
7 S. [0 U8 E' musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
; L1 g) |" \% R% {' y3 U- s4 I4 Alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
. Y! s4 K# h# k: }karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; L$ m4 u% @  @8 T5 {; V2 N
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-8 r% s' W1 X) L. P  \
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' c% |  w( }* [7 L+ A2 _& p) lThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
! |/ X! K3 f" o6 o# A% |urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
1 S' l6 Z6 y7 s+ j) wwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
, K$ v& ^% @; h: ]of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL$ e1 @* u- O+ {1 J1 _8 b
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: l4 x& a3 S' w- Z) S" A' H# |" R
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) O" j3 ?3 l( p+ A5 B& s/ Y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
6 L$ r) N( T3 O/ V2 A' ]- }( Fdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to) h. r: ~1 n* @/ \; K0 O
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
, \0 P& O% u8 s2 V3 w6 b' Mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( X2 {' l+ s: {1 p; L" mtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total; ~4 `2 i% D# _/ }8 L$ [0 h
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
5 W9 W7 s8 V5 Q5 c1 S7 W1 E1 gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than, Z9 h; p2 G2 S1 G$ ~5 _" G
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
5 w$ z2 V- F: c6 X8 M' ?+ ~stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ K* `! ]" |* m
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 i* i  |4 L6 L+ c& G, X
(prepubertal).
* C$ ]3 {3 \3 l" f3 BThe parents were notified about the laboratory
- ]$ Y# C2 B- A' Fresults and were informed that all of the tests were
  M) O9 `1 l& T9 m2 h& x& Inormal except the testosterone level was high. The
. _/ ^6 v0 o! a- ^8 g% I1 Afollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, ]4 Z$ J8 V5 z6 z( z) ?obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-5 l: @7 ~6 r$ W& |% }4 Z$ o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.8 r+ r  p2 }1 s7 V! G0 ]  e
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
. P0 `6 W7 H; Ychild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 n8 z) n7 n3 [, g. T& q2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
) G" Y3 ]* L& S( y# |- e$ \. X' eunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 g! U8 `2 n+ u' b+ o4 J& bpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ X1 J7 W& B* z% z- f7 x4 x9 }the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 I; g2 ]1 W2 B
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 {/ A  g+ q' G8 `
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; j0 V  Y! d0 `2 T6 X
ing frequent erections.9 L$ ]2 B  |' t% V* v
Both parents were again questioned about use of2 B5 ?$ Y. b6 v& `4 A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
# T+ w7 x- A, m# u1 \$ E! athe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
$ V, n3 @" a% n; h4 G- rTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; _+ q0 V' v4 X- W, y/ W) y! G
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ G( C* d$ k, Y5 ^+ _- ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( @, W/ J9 a# j3 b+ M
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed0 ~; H! U# p9 q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ K7 L, i) `1 g8 i& i0 O5 {
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
& X. v* n/ o6 O* R; a% d! V2 N1 u* ^secondary to depression.
, j4 t9 \0 t3 k, [The child slept in the same bed with parents.
& ~+ q% z, Y& B5 s5 C3 VThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his+ o; _, b; d4 J2 G8 n
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 R1 s+ b7 B$ V' J; ~( J/ Q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father., z+ y4 N, m* N5 C' ~8 i
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ M; y9 d- h9 ?# Uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
1 y6 Z; B6 w6 |9 P1 d4 u  U/ r* t2 ]was high, he then read the product information
) m4 J, N9 G) i5 tpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; ~4 l5 J  S$ A" X! `son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
1 Z. w+ s" R/ l; rdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 B6 J/ P% c2 V8 S
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ C4 z/ A5 N3 `- }. \8 tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 ^3 H6 F1 g4 k- y
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; ?  k8 R/ P$ q$ R5 Q5 i
laboratory to obtain the test.& D( @& p1 ^7 a; d" l& h
Discussion, z  I9 v0 U7 _! H# @
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 R, H9 ?+ i+ C# s8 d) R! s& msexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
  ~6 _' L4 a3 u6 m$ u1 aPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 O% L8 q' R. v$ o3 Z) u! hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-" r8 z* g1 n! q; f& y0 P* }
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' F7 ^5 i, P" L3 h8 ~) s! N& c$ B
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% \. Z5 r& z  g7 `8 z0 ~9 v6 emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 ?" {9 ]6 f! H. C( l9 Q' f  a6 Oresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
* v- u, \* L' o  S- @amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! ~+ b, B' h2 r3 L, ?8 N7 o
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
5 w; M3 u! P0 g6 L; m3 mboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# b% v+ ^5 }$ A2 e5 G8 D& v8 B
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, _( d; o9 s) g' B; lrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 i8 z0 C% u: y9 j8 b$ [* hgonadotropins.1,3
5 h4 Q- b8 ^; D7 d0 B5 O6 Z; VGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' F  z, L1 |0 q8 j0 j
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
% T9 B% u4 C$ f. ]' |5 N* x0 j: e+ sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or3 f$ R# j3 g& S0 I
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
! a+ p0 a7 [) I! g$ D5 c- A) sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
3 J! A% {! ^0 k2 i6 D2 G) Z  ucongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 I( q, z' j# `# u
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious. N- h+ w8 P  a4 J
puberty in boys.3,4
% Y  f0 u+ ]2 a( D" _% v/ iThe most common form of congenital adrenal
' s+ {- l8 {: Z. y8 l5 X8 Ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; g+ n* [! Y7 t. EThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" D1 a* I* i& g7 e4 eexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ a  t/ ~) m' y) H
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen" U; L/ \# C9 e: e" l6 v0 `
excess.1,3
7 Z4 k" e- _4 q, }$ T& c& |at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 l, p, {* r1 W0 q: [, X542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 ?& ?& c" m# b( ?7 r; p
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-2 {* f* @9 a8 m) R! J
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
  c3 |1 F' J. R2 Y( r8 aas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: W! c1 Q1 T+ `3 Svery young age. The physical findings in these boys7 L0 n# [3 s; O. F% e/ w$ x4 S# A
with this disorder are full pubertal development," d  U/ M) k8 W
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. a- s) V- P, ~' N$ E6 d& X
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder0 l; C3 Z" w5 y: V- g( Q
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 Y, d+ }. Z* k  y0 _
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ k6 X6 f& ]7 Y* j$ y; F! C% Creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
/ Y- |8 a* R8 {/ `% w! }! B/ kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
2 ]+ N" H9 j  D( P9 ymales; therefore, other male members of the family
6 u* F5 p% f; ~$ _" K+ t, J( {may have similar precocious puberty.3
7 h8 t8 T  b4 b* ?* ZIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ q. E% S% _, F+ W' b7 Dsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
% @" u: `. s$ o. v4 ?$ dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# g' ^) d! o9 O, L) fwas in the differential diagnosis because his father8 c- ]% G. I8 N; o( c
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
4 S8 B( U8 g+ D, }2 ?2 Dtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the6 V9 }: t9 X' I' g# O+ e
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-+ G8 ?, d8 K1 x$ L6 a, T, p
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our& w4 [; Z8 R. R3 J  n7 S, n
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
/ }, k, m1 e9 W7 C2 o" [6 Feither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase+ B+ ^, s2 X" }
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
7 b- e. u$ I4 |; g2 Sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 h( i* E0 g& [; q5 N& o  r+ ~
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 I1 |4 D+ W' E# A$ u  O  U5 ]
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
; z2 }) ]! }1 X* }; f: Hthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# Y1 V( x1 M/ J  a, y& Opearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
' A8 J/ P: u7 Q9 ?decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
" g0 {8 x$ T9 O) J/ Gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* X2 \  f( [+ g* w2 j) R
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 K+ |" c6 @( w0 d0 d" A; D& M
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ h6 m5 y- K+ O5 H
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
1 N1 o  q5 Z0 l2 @9 R1 d6 G1 G1 Runprotected females through direct skin exposure.4 i, ?2 _" f' F: \$ g: r: n2 G
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! ]8 n' a1 H" @+ `: C; n
baseline value in those females who were exposed to  G) H- g& e" F: l1 D! n! j6 K
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% [- s$ Y2 a: E+ N% i" Ipartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-" K1 x: h0 G- a/ ?# X3 j* R& D: P
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, r& u8 a2 N. ]( O: T- [% OOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& M+ J" ^3 M; ^% X9 i3 @which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that3 e7 ^$ i4 j( m! ~+ p
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
, H% z. a# i3 n- t% @terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ }% V5 e0 ~6 o) j: x7 ]5 A& Eactive in young children exposed to testosterone
) Z. g+ p6 I& C5 Sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-- Z: ~& Z8 e( N7 x1 N
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to& h* f% m- {: m) f! V
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 o4 T# b- a7 E- `4 t2 [+ k$ p8 z6 H6 a
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
5 Y/ ?( e; }6 r8 [advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 e" r1 q! ]7 C( T$ R8 ]The long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 j& Y8 q, r. g* C( _. N& \3 O
early childhood on pubertal development and final" o5 R8 V: c. s+ U- m9 O
adult height are not fully known and always remain
: L! A/ D: O8 `6 X+ I# pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# X- ?" d! B7 m/ D* z- `' Y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' Z% O$ C( F' b, O- v& F
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
/ o: f8 Y$ ?4 a1 J* Lcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& @3 k- y9 A0 p/ j' i% Pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 o1 ]# h& J( a$ d" eThere are conflicting reports and controversy
8 |: D, E$ {5 T, E# ~" gover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; U  t+ m$ [3 ^penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; k6 b! Q) [) V' J. C
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  u8 d4 m1 D+ }
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,; T# i& ~! }! v
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. r7 c7 ~0 K( Hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ i" l# ^- W* _7 S/ ~! Tpenile length in clinical studies.
& M' H9 F" Q2 o" A( d2 _Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 W) I9 S' t2 f7 Tgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from8 L' ~* ^; v* y( Q7 B8 M/ u
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' R" p9 ~1 J7 h' `& r- Cthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.( U6 |; E2 _& ]3 _+ ?# p
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
' H2 I  |$ o8 j( C; t6 ~1 udiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 t# E9 O2 G4 k0 p1 E' k3 Zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 m4 h3 _& Y+ W; f0 Rheight will not be affected.
- i. z6 a: G& F  oAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% a+ C8 j# _! Z. ]; Lability of androgen products in our society may+ |% A) |1 h( x- m4 W
indeed cause more virilization in male or female& E( ^3 z" u" W& E, n
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% w& d$ x( l6 x- j+ fgen products must be considered and specific ques-9 ~6 s: d6 ]9 G0 \- A4 D
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! G  W2 O8 ]: Y1 l8 A+ }gel should be asked of the family members during2 v  x2 K" w( i! e* [% o2 q
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-" p, T' w& P8 Z0 ]* q/ F
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
, _8 h. x0 X; {- b" Nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by2 q- w. N/ X. [2 G# _
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  _! C2 V' ~! \' f, U( Y! d
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 f( w4 d: ~) m4 u' f( {/ v
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; ?3 g& w; R: D' D% d5 m$ t
investigation. The primary care physician should be; q: I8 f& m0 u
aware of this fact, because most of these children
8 p% B! S' q9 e+ \& s6 ^may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’! m9 ~9 T3 @/ O( z: C0 g- R' h" l
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
3 T, W4 Y$ D, I' a% m7 Y3 R9 Xwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or) |+ d9 `( `7 u  D( T' E
female child who might come in contact with some-5 X2 w5 k  j  y' N7 ~: y5 I
one using any of these products.
  @, N- x5 m3 S1 ], M  TReferences, ]; i# l9 b2 A+ N- C& e  d, b
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' w6 F3 F+ b* L
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 i# T6 l5 }. V, V; ?2 QEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
3 Q7 `4 [. d# P2002: 565-628.
+ K5 m: y6 C7 N! K2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 A- W% Z: S% F  h; Apuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

0 a* S; F5 y, C- r精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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