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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 p* L7 j. I1 i% o8 kBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
) w' k3 [# V, V0 w+ dExposure to Testosterone% [) p5 \' b, @" U: _) @
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2+ g B; u2 E% M' Z o( z0 R
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD11 q, J& u1 X Z& i+ B1 o! v3 O
Clinical Pediatrics
6 a9 Q+ P! `# [# S2 Q# M" d% |3 yVolume 46 Number 6; |/ j4 |* ^+ G. o7 ]& K
July 2007 540-543! y: U9 R; G' J* v- P4 [% G' `7 `
© 2007 Sage Publications
1 D5 @6 ^& F) Q$ N10.1177/0009922806296651
. A. ?) e$ ^3 {3 o7 Ghttp://clp.sagepub.com# `. S$ u% g. J5 q
hosted at) ?; j2 K }9 ~% @6 q- \
http://online.sagepub.com3 h$ l: H! `! C2 D2 e- q
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 ^% E- U3 K: C
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
5 T U8 S; @" b4 K6 i" [) O- H, B( eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
0 d( i4 C) g# D! F# S' Q/ pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% i6 `0 }- c! W+ p5 aa higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ R; @4 n q; S
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
9 J4 I L' h1 t, @5 Tby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic7 z% x+ F# m4 S' B' l" c
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-' o4 v- H0 {2 j
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
7 h, t" ? L* G) V8 {report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" O: n ?8 R% o: {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-) h7 [" G9 L" z
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
# H! x. |) r( r8 d6 W8 ito the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by7 Z/ u) y( E! \3 D7 C n
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
8 t2 q6 Z5 h5 [* `mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this% ]' ~" k* O9 a' C# a
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of' g1 }2 y2 W W" O% C; V
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-7 I" a% u' b. t, g, U( x( u, A
bly more common than the rare case report in the2 @/ N5 F) M3 W4 M% L% c
literature.4( }- B3 E3 r! u( b. p
Patient Report
" k2 l1 R" g) \1 xA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
+ `9 R: W9 u/ _( mendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern/ N: F6 X- G6 \, C3 S. {2 j
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
7 j& `" l! I( W2 f" q/ a' w( q, slight colored pubic hair development when he was
7 k2 q; I6 A: O6 s5 M# o$ o: @From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of: {' {# b9 A$ v( D' N
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.5 a8 E, E( X8 _! ?/ d2 r
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
5 P, V1 P) Y/ k- e9 T. m: q7 Z9 v6 [Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' Z7 O' T1 o+ A0 p0 s
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) K/ |+ ?4 c3 V7 Y1 K* R% w" f
e-mail: [email protected].
9 u2 K! a/ f' G0 b" X0 P* habout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
% M% Z8 G$ D' r3 X% N; [1 M" A4 Cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: z8 v% D6 s @4 \, U7 Y6 Nment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! e, _2 `* Y2 ?& C& C @/ H' Pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! _+ i1 ?# d, @a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; M# ~: z. {+ k( D3 A6 `2 G9 Q$ b
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year# u ?% h/ }+ r" e; `
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with* { v; [; P4 o" |+ y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- L( g! g, `/ Z4 N6 V/ nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
# P: P1 c( z- n# v/ j7 \( Bwas age appropriate.! s& q2 M( `0 l. K7 ?
The family history was remarkable for the father,: Q" K5 K" A7 { w6 [* L
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,. Y! H% }- X0 i, x k
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 V! v8 N1 S4 \. t- D! Kheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
J+ ~8 J. {+ G ]7 kearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.) ?' z' m( p% E$ s( a) r
The father denied taking any other medication. The
9 A. Q* {, k& a- O8 P% o( m: xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. ]2 W$ P, a. E. ~
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 J' B! o2 I4 e' y8 C
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
+ |5 K2 n" ]" |4 Rcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-4 O8 S, _/ n. [
tives. There were no siblings.
1 e& a1 Y: j; A' ?. CPhysical Examination
% G! u R2 j5 ~The physical examination revealed a very active,) s: d' w6 @' z2 k
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
- B0 W6 T& x9 Q7 P4 }5 N$ ya blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 H$ g- k1 i ?% M# M. U
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg) Y! F; |( r4 s( g: F( E
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth: Q4 Q' r( g% k |: R
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of3 t" A& r2 }8 Q. v8 O
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 x: \8 _4 g9 m( [% D+ k$ s' |
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 M' k( T, A3 C5 _) g4 u E
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 {( p5 t3 g: Z4 V& ^
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
; [4 T* s5 U/ h% d# r2 u5 qdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 J+ L: Z& u N7 I, }( K9 p
540
# y5 ~; K) E% {6 K t Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% u$ j, ?1 V. c0 R. R: [$ ?. y* ?the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 u1 U7 i4 P1 B0 K
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.2 g: d& H2 T; K2 K. J5 R6 T$ _$ k
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: k4 s( L! T- b$ [1 A$ \& w( x9 V
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
, A2 F! z, y; E# [) d: k* ~abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# ] w W0 [8 ?% K$ ?/ Q: j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* n+ q# f3 R8 m& x$ ^bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion% c8 z, F3 p4 T H3 u- K. F+ D
of papilledema.
* P9 V' j: j2 y5 l. y1 ALaboratory Evaluation4 d k4 ?5 t! R& S1 n! Z3 ^: ^
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% f/ F+ W( a' s, fusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
( J2 x! t7 {7 y7 D0 Ologic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal# h+ N% \& K4 b/ L) k5 w' |
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test% q" j; K: o2 T/ |8 T
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
4 f3 }1 d; L4 H) M$ _% alating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 G& J7 ^# W9 r6 f
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 y$ x O4 ]: o, k. b+ n
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% N6 e; d3 B+ O+ z; W) i, S
within normal range for his age. The concentration# P* j3 R! h6 c- k8 ^8 D
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) l$ u5 N7 a6 x& y4 g9 X/ b(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20 S1 {& a& y H; F( ] s* T" {: X
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
+ s- k5 b; M, G, |terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),# B. N4 A" {. ]) u
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ q3 a" A6 y- [* Q8 z! f% h49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 W9 a; |. j& F* [) P) }; |. W1 Ewas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
) E. i" y- U$ V5 G( Ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total% ]- f1 u' |4 v6 K4 e, d
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 P! {. h4 u' A2 X8 v- h! _/ p+ I
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
: d W m$ F8 |2 E9 L' W" r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
@& P! o c* T2 {stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' E( g S/ R+ [' ^concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
) Z0 C3 \) l5 J" }7 D. Q(prepubertal).' i$ `7 }' ~) X6 F4 _( ?5 \. p
The parents were notified about the laboratory
7 a* M1 l' p8 j$ P9 i+ k- Dresults and were informed that all of the tests were
2 y7 v" N7 n- f ]normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: ^; o. p7 l* \follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 H( x9 f* T7 r$ q3 R# r: b3 H
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
& g0 U: J6 j" ~; r/ \: ~2 \$ Gever, the family did not return for 4 months.
9 n5 D* |, X9 v7 S/ g# iPhysical examination at this time revealed that the5 J+ F; s3 V1 N4 [- _$ L7 ]) U- [
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained& s, l% R3 p' l6 R! g7 B; c. B: X
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained h% X! U* h* D, A6 }( K+ ~
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
0 } J8 K6 J4 npletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at& T" X* M( ^- i
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 20 n0 e" p; j" N
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
0 g" F$ {+ ?6 D8 P( [0 _+ ZThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 G$ \* J- C/ \
ing frequent erections.* L9 \ w8 S7 _, H$ d# ^
Both parents were again questioned about use of
: D/ n1 D/ [. x0 d: {! ~any ointment/creams that they may have applied to" G8 O/ ?7 |5 I! I, D. i
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the5 \0 S, T' n3 T3 t& {/ t7 }9 F
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5418 C/ L2 l+ F* W
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-3 m8 k2 X5 D! J) s) h
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
# V2 Y9 n* c, Q+ K; r8 c0 Fa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( N+ j7 u2 u; O" dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
' W) K0 z" Y A+ qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 D/ D1 O! [. S1 }
secondary to depression.# p" Y6 U$ U* N K
The child slept in the same bed with parents.3 V) \' f7 t, K
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his. ^+ [( \" i2 f
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( J+ `" w4 y2 V3 q% ?0 xnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
# c$ N6 J7 H! v6 W# ~9 T5 g7 m4 pThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ K" U" I; Z9 G2 r- a) {* rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
; P* g, c- j; Q$ j0 [1 z1 gwas high, he then read the product information0 A8 N4 m m( R, Y* {
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( g$ ~7 x* f7 g& U5 A' ?' N2 i+ \son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. q& f. B% m. ~decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
% f6 Y/ h+ [8 Kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# M+ J, P' Q: X7 f/ fbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
# K6 \/ k8 L7 @+ k$ N3 itest was ordered, but the family did not go to the, N a- D+ U1 {+ m/ D
laboratory to obtain the test.
, m, F# D X, x9 q1 Q; F! dDiscussion
0 }/ S; f7 h/ v2 i9 UPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( {, a9 v7 N* u8 n3 vsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
$ y; C% z, k6 SPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when, c" V+ X! l% S# q3 x
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 T% r( [0 d) y* o. m
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
8 \* A! q% F1 [9 [9 gmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP3 |' V* J2 y4 T( _$ Z0 w$ ?
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
+ }# b% \# a# E2 iresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 F+ z7 x0 |7 v' T% ]amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 `% z& Y3 A+ ]6 w" n
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
& X0 l0 Z1 n# D" ?9 k) `5 q* bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril- h- p# G% n" o
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
1 l" S6 Y, M" e3 V0 ~rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& S* J& z# A. l2 v9 G
gonadotropins.1,3
, t- g4 ]9 x& D' @! d- EGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-- r) [) O; a: ^* ^% o, H+ y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 } A4 f! x4 R4 J( ~$ landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 W& I/ ]' n: [3 a! L" @exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim- T" T; v3 G Z
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- L0 k' V1 G8 _ R; Z* U% qcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* P/ k. p7 S' J' Z* p! _! g, Zadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious3 e7 [( ?0 M) \2 p2 x! y0 h5 |, \' n
puberty in boys.3,4# s: ?% e! T! P) _4 g
The most common form of congenital adrenal1 k! u) f. I) }
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.0 \0 i; N5 _$ Q7 A# V4 O5 I; q. _0 H" O- P
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in& y' d! A0 v8 N( {' }
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) M0 `/ a. e* f& _1 Q9 Van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: |* p; n( P; v/ {5 Uexcess.1,3. c/ O. e# N" W4 w! o; k" N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. P' H1 y. ?4 V( c* S; R) t542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. q/ y1 ]1 j8 c! I( EA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
2 I5 J: Z7 e8 R- G, findependent precocious puberty, which is also known* k/ F' t0 u! H" k4 y& z" \( h
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 ^+ {# A/ l* nvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
: ]# d& K! y i4 ?. Lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
( z; w" S4 ~6 ^5 V2 A2 Vincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
T0 W, ]+ f/ X7 K1 W4 Awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder J2 _ D3 _" [& H2 U* t" G: Z8 y+ Q& \
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
! C6 _5 [& k0 f7 h8 X- K7 \* u) Gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. k. T% z! H+ p! q6 @releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ {0 p4 u" }, K. g% Fautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
- k8 n9 t# k+ C# l& D/ H" Z% Zmales; therefore, other male members of the family% b$ _$ Y6 y& v+ m
may have similar precocious puberty.3
+ ^( Q" K5 N: F$ I! \: jIn our patient, physical examination was incon-: P0 m. f1 S1 ` m2 k% c
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-" W& |5 t4 G8 t- R9 J9 O) L
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- V# S) D0 R. `3 H swas in the differential diagnosis because his father' n3 i, C% s. g6 B h7 X
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
. S# j. p$ V! o) [0 Atesticular enlargement is not that evident in the, y! e) x. e2 n, I3 K+ D* P3 [: O
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-: y% x! \- q. d, ~
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
! T3 A9 t& U+ K4 \8 ^; d q7 dbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& q- Y- G% {& r5 y leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
1 V& J. ~) Y3 j. S# Ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! k& p3 h" E+ d
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 p/ A3 d& k4 ~, |3 l" s X! m
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
6 \" i( U% U9 ^ K( N6 lsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" K) P& k A+ V1 K \/ c
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
: h3 U9 ~2 c6 N w4 x0 U% n2 v, apearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and$ i/ k2 d/ R$ t, u0 Q6 x
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-) g7 e. r( Q& v& g% P! }& W9 j
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was( W8 r( Y" {$ e( Z5 p0 \2 h+ S
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& ]" k, Y6 r/ TDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or( X/ F: B2 X! K8 ]
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 ?8 U+ J8 [& N. k( G
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) H) T; v% K( T, B* D3 V( h; _Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 ?2 B9 }: f0 K
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 N5 [9 J5 j2 O Meven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male! @7 \' w9 O% Z4 q/ E7 S# `/ H
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
2 Y8 ~+ S, M) o9 Stion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; k6 h, {& `6 y' V0 \6 n3 `
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,% P# k) r5 M% I ?4 S1 @
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
4 i) M1 j% ]0 ~ f% P Idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-0 h% O+ c. [& \) A
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more$ S8 u E( V; C- ?$ i/ c7 K
active in young children exposed to testosterone7 @5 K0 T3 v+ _* u0 V
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: Z. ]7 R$ C; G
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ q; F# F% o9 a
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 \% w, ]$ x( c4 R9 ychildren results in an increase in growth velocity and g7 }9 p D! t* Y6 T& E2 p+ n
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.& Y( D% A& d9 P( z5 N+ t& g
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
1 y1 U2 A1 E j, c" searly childhood on pubertal development and final/ O# k) ]8 R; D! t( x
adult height are not fully known and always remain; I' p5 p; m& X' _! n1 r* q
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 H9 k! L6 h/ C# e( X% B5 i @terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some/ H/ M/ b6 B1 G* _: v
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after: L. _+ |( @' F+ Y; Q' T3 V7 q
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
% F- z& @# m" z) I% udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& B a2 M; \: g7 d
There are conflicting reports and controversy
$ g F2 G& K' N- T6 a( Oover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ r+ t+ N0 K, y Cpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal _6 a+ q5 N4 M* A
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-: l6 L' Z: F( d
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! E' \1 v3 h) _1 r8 T
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 M% c& ^3 W2 V* N& W1 [7 t
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult1 `( c3 _2 M3 ^1 i9 R& U! \) v$ s
penile length in clinical studies.
* P1 f9 M W9 t6 z" w CNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ ~' n, N. `0 R+ W. F. ~" Qgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from( g# ]+ _4 p1 [+ g1 F7 \
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 z7 L1 n! @5 V
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
( z! j# J+ H" R s3 e3 `2 e/ OAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
# X( K. S* H% q( }' @! {9 b+ m+ tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 e4 @& w% a2 ~2 I$ z$ Q7 B+ z5 }
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 H3 q* w6 V. ~, L9 Vheight will not be affected.
) V, J; o" q5 Q" v+ ?' |8 dAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, v+ u' }( _+ d1 c, kability of androgen products in our society may. I- X. w7 \( a. S( o8 e
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 R1 m4 x- R. x; K3 N3 Ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-0 F5 c( r/ l: Q* X) [! S
gen products must be considered and specific ques-" j7 ?+ I+ R8 C
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or1 y0 {3 n3 r3 P) b
gel should be asked of the family members during: Q, {8 e' l( k9 \! i* F
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-& ^" m# h0 j' J$ k- Q$ ^+ {* w8 f
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag- i6 [4 g3 y4 f- N9 N
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 O( m2 B0 @! S# {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ o2 _: s6 @, g
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
0 p) f$ K# d- P( }result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 N8 X) }6 D: s! {
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 N' ?& R" i# d6 Y+ x
aware of this fact, because most of these children# m$ i5 B( ] M# B; m9 ^
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ a, W" |5 W& `
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a' D7 z8 c9 c; V0 p. z% [% @
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
$ d5 a+ ?+ K R% lfemale child who might come in contact with some-
8 ~7 y5 `4 e% ~5 vone using any of these products.
# ^( ~. X+ s* N2 y$ ^/ h5 nReferences
5 [0 `3 D- o6 `3 k4 T! U/ n' q1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation y7 s# @; h; X9 ?* g
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' d4 h/ S+ l( g7 M0 O
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;& @, a7 N* O) S) R
2002: 565-628.
% X& W }3 d+ s* T3 m' b, x% ]2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 S6 G' f) n X/ Y( |9 W+ s, Hpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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