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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old% E+ S9 q+ U+ m% s, B
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% _3 N( j: O) l- Z
Exposure to Testosterone
5 a& ^3 \- h& i @4 QSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) _1 W A0 U1 E' A+ d( f: Z8 W
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
! q: X1 K+ ?' `8 A; s! t. cClinical Pediatrics
M$ S. _4 Z' p$ p$ oVolume 46 Number 6: l4 R ]6 l& n8 W. e+ l
July 2007 540-543
; C% j6 { z# A: Y% D" y8 U8 F© 2007 Sage Publications. a3 ~# @4 W8 J
10.1177/0009922806296651# {6 J7 H% U& r3 F
http://clp.sagepub.com+ a4 U7 y) p) b2 \0 }( r
hosted at1 n. [" T& @$ \/ Q( c6 {
http://online.sagepub.com
. F6 ]$ y6 P+ D, I+ P1 M' v/ a1 {Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral," K$ [5 D4 Z) g {
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ P! S7 R+ v& |% k( ]$ tprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated+ }, Y/ v3 F3 V/ M
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! n9 `: F2 ]7 Ia higher incidence of organic central nervous system- @4 b: F0 D- Q W8 O2 }
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested# y3 d$ K/ m R4 T5 F/ \1 ?9 f4 ^ J
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' g: C' u/ x8 \5 fhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-0 ~* o3 D! M2 I
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: m& [, s) w9 U) y( p5 qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: @# T9 T& o8 h; s0 F
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- p% L% B' H4 Y, ~
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
* L- w9 t1 c/ r9 l2 C4 Vto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
; P$ X; p2 k0 l/ i6 xthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-5 B0 q r" v( K6 N
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this n e, D( g& d$ K$ q- b) w/ A9 `
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& N: ?. P- Q7 n( a8 c, v& ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 w& h7 k$ c8 {1 K5 w& kbly more common than the rare case report in the% b7 [3 R' f* A' v) o x
literature.4
- H0 c' ]1 Q, c, E" Y4 X0 N6 WPatient Report# ?6 \$ h) P# P
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the% W H" i! l& ~3 R' r2 V
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
8 a8 O* t" J0 S& Q' C7 w+ |7 |* zof early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 `7 v" G1 \: |/ x1 D* g2 D0 P, s( xlight colored pubic hair development when he was; k: J2 ?- E& o! `" m6 \; _
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
4 s+ L+ G" R$ R# |South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.5 R) J! R9 M4 y4 h8 M, Z
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE, o6 K: Y' D( D6 X7 U9 L
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of/ ?3 ~7 ~' F3 j1 u$ C% c# Y0 w
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
6 n6 l& O5 \- o. O1 k6 fe-mail: [email protected].* n2 I# Y. |& z5 s& _1 Q" c
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
& Q& \$ ^3 V; Pdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, z h3 ^ j* p$ b( s2 V+ r0 w* P# y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( ?! x+ w1 y7 Y# ?- |" H) bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with& _( M, y: z0 }; {, n
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
* O" O+ i: `9 l ~20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year. c/ W: A7 w* W
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
' }9 N* P" A+ f9 Z7 ]solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
, B& K+ K7 O: `8 A+ Oand his psychosocial and psychomotor development t9 S3 D' h& s' A- q% e: ^
was age appropriate.
% G9 @7 B. x; m6 X0 [$ JThe family history was remarkable for the father,
' x1 i1 a) F- f, `who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
. p' T; D* q7 iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s. k3 s' w4 j/ V9 P+ o2 o
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
' z6 U8 f2 J# Tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 Y% F5 V- `) V) s
The father denied taking any other medication. The
# v9 z4 i& g9 \child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche5 h D# \! I# z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
2 y z; g0 O! |! @) V5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
5 S" E' w! v* R4 p8 r" ncocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-9 q8 l" w, R7 x! J' o# H
tives. There were no siblings.
, E- a$ n8 h7 D* U4 |, OPhysical Examination8 E! h8 [/ Y/ b& p) n
The physical examination revealed a very active,, {& _2 f& |! k2 R" _& t% a
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
/ }8 K4 y6 v. ^: ^ T' f; N5 [2 oa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was- k( R$ w$ A+ n: F+ W
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg* h2 O* o& \2 n$ M
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth( p2 i/ ^3 G" {/ E# n
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 d9 |9 A L6 \4 R* W6 r" {the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.8 N- L9 E L- c4 {% }
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 b+ Y+ j6 j! A0 U1 f, Y0 uenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of! I( c- N$ N1 ?0 N/ [
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well/ L0 @" d9 ^7 [) q3 O e% ]- A
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 }6 r: D' Z) Z, O- s; r+ X
540
+ x& Z( e( F- S+ Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from; C+ ~2 o+ {% U/ v/ g+ d1 T
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. G4 [* k6 }! D; h# [% ?
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
- r; Q* p7 v. S* OThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
# o; A$ r0 l7 Koily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
% B# R6 c; O$ M& X. `1 O5 o/ [, h9 Oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
; @' W. \* \5 M2 \Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+2 \ G: x0 A% n1 s m
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; W. J" M- a! D/ s
of papilledema.
* t' p: S9 ~% V- ?( y1 kLaboratory Evaluation
) ~3 d3 X- r4 y z& _2 gThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ h6 L* Y* |0 l
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-( p3 z( r2 A' }5 `8 L2 B+ h
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' P" J& |" ^" N0 O! h# O6 dkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test% v8 r. C. B1 X! R1 h8 ]! w
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 J+ f6 W3 m# v# U; hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
& k7 P) S+ [4 N8 ZThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 w1 ]9 Y, a$ R! `+ g
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were/ K4 A4 O, {, Q3 t% H! z
within normal range for his age. The concentration
( v+ u/ J$ G3 w: g4 A! a" Bof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, W6 y. L+ L4 y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 207 P, ?( X$ l5 t
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
+ X F0 f$ F0 B! u; k/ wterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),, ]$ L+ p T: }* S( K- R
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 k+ E1 [+ a* ?) y: v/ A49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): @5 q. s. g& o5 G. q* _8 I
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. N( c! R, v5 N) P. r8 z' S
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total, L o' E" d* }" C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ J Y! n% W. x" y7 z5 D8 wand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
\8 W: s" [$ ?1 X2 ]0 R" Y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular! T& n! o& Z: x% h2 h' v% J
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone# o l. i* @9 M* r$ _
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ Z8 c3 M" V5 R9 y(prepubertal).5 `# D8 q& S% }' B
The parents were notified about the laboratory9 w% ]4 ] Z9 f' G& |9 L
results and were informed that all of the tests were
: E& Z& o4 B! z* o) | l1 hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
' d, p) K( u4 a! a2 D Q- j$ X' ^follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
5 e2 C- P1 {8 {obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; o8 a$ p; q: x( a! W
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.9 G' ]: @. j- p6 }+ k8 z( h9 f, ^
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
( Q2 p8 g: @; H* ~3 n2 p. @3 |child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained1 r; u" Z, `' e8 ?9 i. W
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
* u! B$ ?* v7 f9 ?+ w% g! p& o- vunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com- L8 N6 V6 c; b% m, U
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 S* Y9 ?/ W1 D0 K
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- ]0 M& p$ m$ m& A: t! [% ?mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., M- C* N, x3 Q ~% R" [' A" \
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ `. J# ?2 |7 {' g" X8 m
ing frequent erections.8 D* t' R" s& `5 _: K, ^
Both parents were again questioned about use of7 u' q, t/ G2 ?9 R1 Y+ d
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
: u1 ]) A1 X7 S6 F2 `( tthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- P7 E5 X9 V7 n( b7 X. M% N5 eTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 C( r, d# w5 o6 n; H; x: ~" L4 Quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
5 X$ w1 R/ S4 z6 [3 b4 ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% |7 R5 B j. z3 {( U" m' ^0 J
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 c' J. G+ q* X9 @5 ^5 G
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: X, n9 y8 ? y! O0 @
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
' G+ Y2 v1 K8 L9 M8 A3 P7 c0 Asecondary to depression. [8 d6 Z. m+ T+ r$ H
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
' b5 ?) R% ^# l4 PThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his3 z$ ?+ n( D0 [, b
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! G, Y9 @3 u' o3 w9 h( s% O/ v& S: a, @nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: j8 v. E' o" r8 p ?+ }& O
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
. S; z) v, b( x% W- o7 ?when he learned the testosterone level in the baby7 M j' `3 `9 t& I O& }7 `4 G" p0 F
was high, he then read the product information
# V/ j4 N7 g1 [. `) ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 z Z/ J7 k& Uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they+ a. u6 Y5 d" ~: X5 H
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! Y4 |# K+ O& C% p( E& `father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 c: M L' A4 w4 @* Q* v# D! A9 abeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 Q8 V" c) }! V& a! }4 V! s
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
. [7 ]9 ]* @6 S) o* J3 F0 o. P2 {7 Rlaboratory to obtain the test.9 r2 U( _% D) ]4 c
Discussion
1 X c( h V, L. A) c2 O2 yPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& |0 b5 t% ]3 F) B Isexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 j' v. m/ ^8 W% {0 I. {9 J
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
8 C6 H% A& l% a8 E `+ `: ~it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) }& |: D; R8 q0 B- }' _thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-7 p9 e" V: x$ w* `7 }
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP3 F* \3 `' T9 g9 P, P+ ?% a) a( Y
may have a central nervous system lesion that is7 W% A' \2 ^" u5 M* F( x5 t5 \
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-/ h' W2 D+ H7 J+ b# v% J0 n
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
% K. f4 ~7 N l; Hsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: q' i- Y, C0 }: Z
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
; l1 O6 B3 \- l3 b* qization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ G2 W, s: i7 {+ Prical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
9 C; B/ ?+ V7 F7 ]' o! d+ dgonadotropins.1,3+ ~; B: V& x) x* w. G) k) o! V
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, a. v6 e4 D9 [0 M0 scious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ k& u, B( R- J2 i) K2 T
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or, t: M) O$ B9 M. |. N3 `* q# ]
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
- L1 A& D. o% w" `ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
2 e- M4 H+ \6 `, O, lcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
G+ A5 N: }/ [2 ^% madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( P( k h, N6 g# P' ?: ^3 Ppuberty in boys.3,4
' [+ j; B! V! C9 [' i( ^The most common form of congenital adrenal
`2 t/ ?3 w+ i+ o* c7 Whyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( m4 o$ \; m" E2 x
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in2 n* o3 ~. l3 H% ~& U3 k0 ]+ g% a; C
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,- ]! P! Y7 u9 E6 a4 d j0 {
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen' R% n" \% u# r$ b' r
excess.1,3+ C4 n/ N) d3 I. i8 |
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% b/ Y! w5 C+ c; e; p% q2 C542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
, {' I- _, e- ~; a( f, lA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
$ _3 E: p2 _! k9 S0 I: u+ B1 ^* Jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known. t0 X0 R* @$ \0 l% |' m
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a% [0 v' L) V6 j4 B9 R; b
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
; |' s) b. ]3 gwith this disorder are full pubertal development, e$ S; L) J- C" F
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
+ [3 W9 @( h, ^3 _0 ]with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( X# e- Y: d0 L# S
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show& q9 s* z: @ N [" |0 ?
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin- V X6 C3 d/ s! k
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# _" K, o$ c, `7 z. B* iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only0 j2 G6 ^9 b9 ?2 ]
males; therefore, other male members of the family# }3 T5 d7 ~/ d! J+ G
may have similar precocious puberty.3 B8 O7 ?7 } z8 g' W
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
; o6 b2 ^9 A8 Tsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
- M4 c3 ]1 Y8 I7 ~4 jcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: O+ G, G) ], h2 Q+ o! D3 Mwas in the differential diagnosis because his father1 X9 p5 }9 P+ a& \& C# D7 f
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," h6 r2 @' |. M; g
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
1 @$ H) n+ {% J) P6 O$ gbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# u) S% V9 `5 d/ X. h1 J4 i% Wative initial history of androgen exposure, our( G3 T% ^: c2 F' s1 x1 {% G+ r
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ q l# R7 m; G S
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase5 Y% S9 f9 E5 D x
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( V4 f! l0 @6 X J8 sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
( C4 v; G5 S) @- ~The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- i4 [, d0 C4 x+ b6 s2 }0 b7 t \# Ususpected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because E- P3 M; l* e2 n
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- V" r8 F( [3 F* g& mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and- X! a+ s: c/ Z8 Q5 ?2 y; D
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-9 ?& H6 w( E* _ m1 ?; l, L
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
9 X" T4 U5 q4 A* V9 `# Xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’, S @- E6 m1 i. i! F
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% F% ]% I+ W$ v! u* ~) v3 Jcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to! e9 c6 h" V6 v5 x
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
7 t, ]4 r9 }) J3 f3 lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 [! R( ?* o. C7 R0 c& }. Q, Cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to" y) d9 p" `* Y7 f, t, a" \0 w& |
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
0 { S4 t8 ~, }6 B- ]7 j7 `partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
: m4 }' Y0 n2 R- vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.. F$ P" e( b* C+ L
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,# e0 s" d" {. G
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 ~% l* P1 u6 E: n
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-- G; U6 H& y) w! g! @
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more5 a+ Q! q' c6 S1 Z; C. {6 P% c
active in young children exposed to testosterone7 I4 M- R$ ?) t
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 @3 m C) T& w! t. c: |; V
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
n* c6 K9 f7 L3 \& Pvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: s, c6 u1 Y6 c
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, [7 M+ i0 Q9 b9 j- G, L1 |4 {advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 C0 \9 J' H: Y1 s
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 J+ c* d4 p- Q ]
early childhood on pubertal development and final$ q J: | s# X3 m p1 Q* I, t
adult height are not fully known and always remain
7 {1 w2 c% _7 K; n7 m$ ia concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
* e8 R% ~ C7 O# g) Gterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
4 f4 v. n5 E5 |0 E- \3 S3 uacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 Q K1 X$ r2 ^/ f7 b1 mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
2 ^1 R, l# _- K3 K$ L9 h+ O+ ]decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 h& T! K" B2 `2 x/ i4 [
There are conflicting reports and controversy9 B1 ^/ b" n' l
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 N5 O1 B& K. Q
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, a- H; A$ v% o
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 p7 I3 u# B8 a& Nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 U+ x$ m0 T7 n s, `0 N4 q' A& h5 zSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
2 p7 k: y C7 nchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
- }& |/ J/ y& y2 Bpenile length in clinical studies.
2 F/ z+ b8 t" n* G+ XNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 W( E9 k2 f& H/ ?
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
; @/ ?& F% F! n% `! Btestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because( {4 C( q! f! U
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% G0 v0 U. F7 N( d, p: D. x' X5 r: T
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 j, }0 g _0 h8 Odiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at8 l% _- F. C) W$ r# T4 f; d7 @! r
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
& K& M$ W1 R& @ c. u4 hheight will not be affected.: v- Y5 a6 j, ^& E7 [
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
" t+ L$ h" S9 j+ J4 Hability of androgen products in our society may
/ W: J* S0 T L* O; jindeed cause more virilization in male or female6 S5 U0 {+ p" p+ r( U
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 J; p4 C. J! \
gen products must be considered and specific ques-- Z: C7 x2 M, [9 _: _
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or% O6 w3 j6 ^$ Z1 V" z
gel should be asked of the family members during
4 m! B/ |9 L2 E' ^. r5 x- z1 qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
' |# S! {) l- L1 e" B; Cilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 {* ?% O3 \6 ]/ I( i
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by1 ^, g/ i' f4 v" T# m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ G8 E2 u; D% K1 p
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may$ W* l0 A7 i/ U
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive2 Z1 l' D( A1 _: d; E
investigation. The primary care physician should be, T$ V" i5 U! L
aware of this fact, because most of these children
. h5 v; P8 ^" o, x. [may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 c, \7 K8 b/ E: ^
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a# n& i( Z% q9 J# Z8 D0 J! t
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or5 G/ I, _# N, q6 W) r6 W' y
female child who might come in contact with some-
5 I4 Q" K6 i1 ^( s, ?7 yone using any of these products.
" U9 J; l6 m/ G4 g8 c) FReferences: l8 g" I5 N6 ]% K% F( i7 b
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation/ Y, Y4 g/ A/ p+ X
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
1 e* G2 \9 L; ~. s* I; Y% X5 k NEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;- N) u: @/ V2 \$ X/ g0 _. B1 S
2002: 565-628.
4 @# D2 u9 m3 @) v( G2 x2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious+ E5 X2 w0 n8 e' [$ N# z
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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