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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
& ~2 V& @* P- ~9 U( r4 uBoy Induced by Indirect Topical7 R) r& I7 B/ [- y9 E* F
Exposure to Testosterone
2 D' l a8 ]9 M; \. b( x' c4 jSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2" `. s. T& P: f U
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
' j" l2 t3 I$ g4 u7 H# gClinical Pediatrics+ N \2 O+ A3 q& P, I, `* e3 y
Volume 46 Number 6
3 r" b) F' A) j- U# ^& B2 uJuly 2007 540-543- b3 X# i0 j5 U5 W8 B d2 p
© 2007 Sage Publications
* I; H) X2 @. S/ f6 M6 r10.1177/0009922806296651( }$ F" n) S1 L `, x9 s: Q
http://clp.sagepub.com
7 Y7 i4 R+ _$ b# D, zhosted at8 n! @5 k& {: k
http://online.sagepub.com% G& h B: i0 t' w
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 v7 ?' q# C+ }9 Q
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
, R& o0 }; U* e- a ^' p. xprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: F* K7 X; l' x) d3 pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
# | K6 \6 X8 ^/ {a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
2 r8 p( I% [; @7 ^0 i: ]lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
# C# M$ j/ w7 c. |" \ qby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
+ D1 x2 w% Z5 u9 X* U, y! i6 @hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
u% R, q' Y7 ^4 ?& hcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We9 B7 ?0 i' J9 r: v0 C) n7 V) B
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the5 r! ^4 o1 a \
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 P. u3 }! \# W" v. z
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
7 c' H: z9 ^( c( Ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by* D9 E* C1 C, u# I& A1 [
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
& _0 A2 @- Y& N- mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this2 F, h3 N' K0 ^; Y! ?
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
! T9 B Q5 P) ]: ?/ R: Q I/ {7 b1 jtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-0 n. N: B: G+ u; U
bly more common than the rare case report in the
: m7 t# l* O: a* K7 q% s6 P- U* f( k% @literature.4
+ V& F9 ^0 H9 @: wPatient Report
) W. F7 Y8 \$ ?% L- p$ MA 16-month-old white child was referred to the# F8 y# r4 a4 v/ K7 g. N; y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
a. Q. A; _( b D- ]of early sexual development. His mother noticed
5 r6 K: i+ |' _1 l; {, l# B9 c; Nlight colored pubic hair development when he was* R0 M% j' l! [7 B" @, |8 d
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" X+ u* V. u4 \! q: H1 WSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* f7 h5 R5 u Q0 v& wAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 g' g {( }" Q# h; D
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 M/ D& O" H1 P9 E5 c
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 s: W' T+ X- O( j+ z$ We-mail: [email protected].
- }( A: G" y, Q: y, Z( C+ I0 b# Jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became Z) X0 ?5 `' P1 i7 i( I' N
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) \0 c! m U0 a; o/ A. l
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( c3 j. @2 A5 Y- c
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 [5 \. t/ {% ~; m) F: E0 s) _a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
" }8 N5 G+ @# M: x20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ c v7 D( d- U, z, C% Hof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. U' ^/ J3 a( M9 g* Esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 _9 c( l2 ^8 A8 j( gand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* z' |0 d( p8 X' f7 Q) W8 qwas age appropriate.% {: L# h8 G! j6 }& |
The family history was remarkable for the father,
+ M1 m; h7 f+ }! p& xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,1 F( ?8 G6 {' u
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 C" `: B. {% H
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ B: L9 @& \5 ~; E. @& pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." K! F3 Q$ O4 H9 H5 X
The father denied taking any other medication. The6 H; r/ |1 z/ }# ~3 F
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% m$ x i; V) x) ]3 a4 u% R
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( D" J/ t# l$ m6 @5 i* [4 P5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ ^; b1 ^5 E0 K' Icocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 A! C* j8 M5 y$ Rtives. There were no siblings.
+ F3 I9 P1 G1 a+ W5 D$ \9 ZPhysical Examination+ S" {7 I1 c0 l
The physical examination revealed a very active,' C6 o0 F' s4 I) G5 |
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" u' y+ `2 L1 W4 E# h4 |4 x5 I0 H$ @
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 p0 D ]/ o2 y2 \& [9 h
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg, q6 c4 |6 q" z" I( C
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
+ @* b$ S4 U$ M$ n: _2 n W5 V8 jvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of1 a6 A$ S! D' b" i( J) _
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 O% {5 x$ T1 O/ b
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
/ P# o( _( w7 s7 P. U z/ penlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
( a, h/ c; c+ p0 E4 l1 r8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
! [) N3 |7 b" @6 mdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around3 G4 X# h/ U/ ]) [7 }% i
5409 I0 n5 B. x6 R0 Y. L
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 [! u+ ?) K9 ?" u
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% T$ q0 G* V. C7 X9 Y Qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ X, d& i1 C# I
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 V$ P9 m! s% G0 c4 j6 g
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: X# T, w6 C. f
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 S, A |' ^, A( w
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+2 e. ?7 x3 ` _
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
; O# s& P3 `3 Fof papilledema.
1 R) P) \' @, k" M' |9 bLaboratory Evaluation
; H( |6 B, d3 i5 f+ x( dThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
) G6 _9 P% |3 r4 _, U0 _: Xusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-- i8 K( A( f2 d# f" y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ c0 A6 k( w' I4 S0 M# h3 ]) `; t; d
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' m- r1 W8 _$ \0 p( t
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-& U6 |$ z: B: U; i( T4 j
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( u$ n/ N) s: p0 y% C1 H
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; G' `4 l: V |+ b6 l
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# b$ [. `7 l' R; u( ~
within normal range for his age. The concentration& I0 s9 T( n2 t2 G1 }
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 a* ^: \ T+ E- T(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- p3 ], @9 [; Z; V; T+ M( Nng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-1 ?% ^* V8 _* T* W- O
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),6 `' J% H. o9 i/ x9 P8 l) m$ {
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ I8 [* n4 w* n* M( N2 K+ \49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). J7 t9 t7 L4 d5 m0 b/ z
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
; W( a$ i& K/ A4 D: dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ I7 \% _" M% p) `1 ~. ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 e' W# \* o b) gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than, h2 K9 f5 ?0 @9 N* \2 p: d
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
7 y+ g+ e/ f; y2 Hstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone4 S4 i! }' l! i1 G
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ C+ d& h& y" `7 m/ _(prepubertal).
$ z9 N4 y4 B! R5 SThe parents were notified about the laboratory/ r; U! X/ k, ?
results and were informed that all of the tests were4 k x' x" h9 O1 \8 n
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: O" {3 Q; t) `. Q( j: L# T9 }follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- I2 _' t1 L9 ]- p9 G$ iobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) K/ }& w- N1 S& `ever, the family did not return for 4 months.2 \; P( ]/ d9 l" `( Y. H P# O
Physical examination at this time revealed that the1 o7 q/ ~) u4 a
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
$ [3 y# D9 t, w8 f2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, N% j/ Q1 j z$ s
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-8 _9 a( B7 h) ^( ~
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at' j: w# }1 Q: p7 W! s1 k5 [
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: ^* c- {0 E3 `/ H# k" o- J
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
/ F9 w, B8 x' KThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, b" d4 S( K/ W ~9 d) S0 |4 M
ing frequent erections.+ O# x9 c( f c9 {3 f
Both parents were again questioned about use of
" i/ D( `. I6 i G' {$ P" \any ointment/creams that they may have applied to% q/ G. ^; r( [2 c% ^
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the: Y+ t' T+ d. W b4 l+ w
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( n1 t! _5 i7 w; S) p' A% I7 u" ?' b/ Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: k7 c ^- g: p, fing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' {8 V5 U/ X* y( V/ F
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 Y& O1 J1 W$ f: b. P
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-2 R* M% v i% r6 a
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido: [" D( R5 L( |1 q" b( o
secondary to depression.: z/ [& a) p8 s; r
The child slept in the same bed with parents.4 E/ J/ Q1 V% T9 J1 i
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his' C5 J6 O; g: i8 U! t
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
/ T3 p- u7 ~' K m0 }6 W4 L+ U0 {nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ Q9 f5 a9 E0 @( K/ w$ }The father also admitted that after the phone call,
% ] E" t: p% m7 U7 ?: c+ dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby$ h; L g6 ?3 v4 m2 `
was high, he then read the product information
' x# H* ~/ H6 F" O0 {7 b% Gpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
* y" K: \2 y. C/ {# S* a* b1 vson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 @: E: L6 h `% ]decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
" C/ [+ g, P c* Ofather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
1 _4 l8 `- x2 P, l/ {been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 p* ^" O: K0 A9 z0 vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the, p' u B, g/ I5 L" ^
laboratory to obtain the test.
- V3 O2 D7 T, K2 \7 HDiscussion
* \9 a2 J/ S' t1 h" Y9 MPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary2 e4 \$ `' j6 k ?3 A
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) @8 l; S5 t' iPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
! T8 c( R: I( w/ e8 a- K9 [* Git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ x) @; |, y5 i& Tthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ v* ?2 P U* }mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 Z8 q: u5 K5 W q( ~$ k5 Y+ r) Q# O6 {may have a central nervous system lesion that is3 W+ j2 h4 J5 c9 {7 {8 O
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
^5 {8 W3 c& S( n3 P( yamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
9 D; e6 m0 L5 qsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
$ H% `& B' ]2 W+ F1 i0 ?9 Zboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
3 j1 c# [" K* A4 Oization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ o2 L( B- }- U o' Arical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by s! T- f3 M3 o, J% E6 O) l
gonadotropins.1,3( O" J2 S2 U. s# x, H/ o8 q
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 \' R% `3 Z9 k9 Fcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate [' V& ? Q7 |/ p
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or. P4 A4 ?# i) R4 \
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-9 M+ @) b7 ~! q- l/ H
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# [& M5 i/ }( s- ?$ W6 @congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* V4 O$ \+ y& `9 b3 V7 X a) M% j% e
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' a# R) z* u3 F# X6 _% L2 f* G, y5 z5 }
puberty in boys.3,4- U8 W- h$ d9 f1 J) }8 K
The most common form of congenital adrenal
. X# Z M+ T& r. }1 _3 fhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.! J: M0 n! G3 {& ?1 O
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
. F, [2 w" _2 @% I5 V2 T# b" a1 u$ {excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely, b( R+ ~* P5 ]- {& O' _! D
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
+ a; ?! J. ~: O3 D4 Y, C7 ]; Bexcess.1,3
( u% O- V T6 Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ \) C0 {! ~/ f+ ?% s% c
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
% G9 O, N: v7 eA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
' A i# h; H5 y6 w% gindependent precocious puberty, which is also known0 y, A3 m; v2 x2 Z) ~9 P
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, }: z& n$ J1 d; E4 tvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 u3 ~' B2 r- n1 _9 B8 k! uwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
8 r, X: g- c' |3 _3 f+ iincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys; W8 t" g5 c% f# {& |
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder- W3 Z- u( X: @7 i$ S
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show/ R6 H9 N3 F( }
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 i% p# `% K7 s% Wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ e' N6 j; }( W* l) j8 H4 W
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only# w$ M& p1 T. _ Y5 d# g
males; therefore, other male members of the family
1 i3 V. V* C# P. q8 Fmay have similar precocious puberty.3
, O* D j/ e4 L. a; z3 aIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
8 k" [. z6 M# esistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( c v: a% ]: p2 L3 [; W/ |cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis% Y2 h7 B, p3 Z7 m s
was in the differential diagnosis because his father. |6 z! z) ~: u( e! C. }2 s
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,+ l% t5 q! f4 c1 a; l: l
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the4 H# j a" M, \
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-9 u0 G6 o) ?) I$ V% N9 q
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* c$ p, Y) @& [# tbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,$ V( z7 E, V% W8 i7 R# o
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
! g- A2 C7 G; K( `deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-& L; E5 Y) j# [
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 ~. g3 S5 | d+ f$ g6 Y/ O* fThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly( t M- Q! I! |
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
3 g* _7 k& o% @$ X3 O& U+ wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 O8 R3 e0 n2 r7 s8 d) f' }9 x, lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and0 T6 d4 T2 I6 ^ |5 W( M2 @( [
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
7 y9 e1 `& A# ]" V" wterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was. \4 O6 r( A: c. s( T
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ l4 q3 V, R* k1 B$ g6 R Y! E
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 |2 h+ I5 _- }2 u% \
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) \6 ]3 t9 }* s4 N
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.4 ]/ i0 @0 W# [* Z
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 R0 z1 \, L4 }, Q, Z3 |baseline value in those females who were exposed to' F/ o7 a p9 v+ `# N
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male- N+ x3 O$ Y8 K4 V& H
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
2 E/ C: D# p- t2 L2 X! u% j8 mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." R$ X" \9 q. p& B1 X; I
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
) U' q6 x' H9 T! ~3 X! M7 F: ^* i! fwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
. t' r* b: l; Cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 Y/ u4 F0 Q3 |" Uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ v( s0 g# k& p) |" g. ractive in young children exposed to testosterone
* V3 o6 ?% n! c/ k; sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
; j8 s# [! T* l: A* Hdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to7 c% D5 G$ d# s0 \
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# s% P* D. ?) e) {children results in an increase in growth velocity and3 a, r; c* e X2 b& F2 o: b
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
3 D9 a9 r- ?7 a5 K' tThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during! Y6 f" j0 W( V0 w3 p
early childhood on pubertal development and final
# ^2 q+ H1 p7 _) a9 r3 cadult height are not fully known and always remain
8 S& X( j3 l6 ^ t1 s4 Ja concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ i3 P7 B$ _' M4 O( C$ iterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some6 k8 T5 q+ Q1 w* `* ^- t
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 o; P' ^ P5 m! J) v( @cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
. n; d: m7 ?7 S7 D# }2 E2 Z, m' ?decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
' d0 a3 C+ a" l2 y% Z) E( yThere are conflicting reports and controversy
D+ k' z, x2 m1 H. pover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( {9 y! ~* |) o/ Q$ a' ? t
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 X8 x0 f2 k) e
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 a p5 Y1 @5 {
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 t' u9 k8 K, N$ p% c: c9 f$ OSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 X7 e% \5 \4 ?childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult& {; M6 U& _4 ^- Y
penile length in clinical studies.5 U8 x1 P8 i( f4 r: F0 t
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is, u8 R, V8 D) c* s/ _0 F/ I9 X, \
going to experience any of the untoward effects from" e% V+ g( p& ^
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because7 a! |( _" Y6 w! W
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.# o7 O% X5 V' W
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
2 H7 i: e8 K+ o2 Q5 Y' ?: K3 N; sdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 ~8 }* Y8 C. A5 J
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
. n7 L9 b% a1 _, {' H. wheight will not be affected.
- {8 V# p9 @+ N# F- P; l' `- KAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ a* S1 x, _. A4 aability of androgen products in our society may
8 U! a) D: a& Y/ `. {: Vindeed cause more virilization in male or female
& B1 P! }% K" v- }6 rchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-( y! f! B# B. v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-; X- N, I; Y8 v- G# H! H
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or# v* P* }7 V; K. Y! c; |8 x8 @! D
gel should be asked of the family members during
1 c5 a8 m, K6 Xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
1 ], A) |8 \! U+ Rilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ u j. ~8 @1 n9 U; \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
/ i7 ~5 X1 g+ {7 a. l+ Sappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a# |- P8 x5 ~3 A8 `4 i- D" T% Y
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 U/ }. c, Q8 ?, A. |result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! n: B+ ]5 `% S' Ainvestigation. The primary care physician should be
3 l' l# v: o+ Xaware of this fact, because most of these children# h+ E/ ^" {: M9 f- \+ t. `8 b8 j: Z# W: J
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
9 K1 ?! H; [% s9 V# q l; cDesk Reference and package insert should also put a- v3 l$ f! b8 M) `# M/ w# G0 U
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
9 A3 c* _/ p% ?female child who might come in contact with some-
* @& A5 E) F0 {* Sone using any of these products.1 z2 X+ h0 P7 h4 K# J$ \
References
+ B+ ?1 j- o. A: @% o+ O0 E2 X1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation5 X# p/ A1 m8 J2 Y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- Y6 B- S4 V+ @Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- D5 v/ t7 B3 u5 o c, T m2002: 565-628.
- S8 x3 ~% n9 l- D% C3 b& i; t2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
0 B. |1 h- ?- K' U" Z; Xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|