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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( A7 D) [8 g5 B! nBoy Induced by Indirect Topical4 L' H* \* K) c4 M' L
Exposure to Testosterone
. [7 w) T& H3 Y. GSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
% s, d7 ^2 h9 z0 d5 @8 Oand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1 l/ Y1 U6 `- ~8 N
Clinical Pediatrics
1 w0 k# F9 A& t, O& OVolume 46 Number 6
% O: D8 P3 n. J. EJuly 2007 540-543
* A3 E/ U) o9 v/ Q2 }© 2007 Sage Publications
3 ?! r/ F: b+ o0 ~! @10.1177/0009922806296651
, J) P" F4 ~" T8 zhttp://clp.sagepub.com- R6 m# q9 n2 P7 S2 q
hosted at! n, c! R Q' u4 C$ J+ H
http://online.sagepub.com
% e1 v) J" v, [* V) ^Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,1 ^ M5 r& Q/ G0 z& A! Q
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
5 B0 V; V: C$ R" D+ e% F+ [& _precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 H6 I' | [6 b. F/ i& q1 k
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% D* P( k }/ R& Ka higher incidence of organic central nervous system
4 @* C( i1 J, K$ x5 @# Ylesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 C, q& c6 Y6 p6 X9 ~6 ]1 x3 R$ Q
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
- @" J, O5 j- B" n- Shair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. B$ n( { F- wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We+ V: P. s- c% g8 g% d+ F
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ o6 y3 U. B$ S
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 O. A% H* A" X
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due: N2 O' A) n3 B1 B$ C
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by- V) P% Q5 Y" r# p0 i1 q# ^
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-7 G$ m' o& Y/ G6 p- P9 {
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& W; @7 r: H2 s/ x" _$ ^child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' d& R: n2 Z p, q! T7 Etestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; w1 X1 E6 j. u5 K) {4 G/ t7 ]! h* Zbly more common than the rare case report in the* L3 c u# u! z
literature.4* Q( f" U) s) {% ~+ x9 S j9 T: n
Patient Report
( u+ ]) _/ V; o+ X' { }! z" TA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) R8 l0 t5 l8 H. Z( mendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern8 K. P' }* x. ^: C# h7 k/ T' M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
{: s9 O+ @: P/ S+ \: L) glight colored pubic hair development when he was! ?. U" ]$ f A. H
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
{0 w0 m C) q9 ?- }4 u3 c+ ^5 bSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 n0 x# \% K! A/ _; B, \. Y
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
" t# u3 m& T8 W, X# V, t) l g: }Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ ?& J' F- D- p6 W8 r
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 I' u$ v( |1 A; O( z& h( ne-mail: [email protected].
/ D( F5 G s7 O" a3 k" h" A8 k9 J7 labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 S n: l& X9 c# F3 E9 b
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ [& A' y) C8 n* [* n/ l
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; v5 [% m6 A4 q8 o9 r' l {" y, awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# |' y5 x& p6 D+ ?( L3 N( h! V
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of O% g9 M1 f2 t0 [. G8 H1 O& p' n
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 H+ o. o+ w5 R0 j n M1 Z: N& t0 o
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with2 E+ P/ P( W5 D: D2 X) l
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 e# e) w& b. nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- M" I% ^* o4 T u1 c1 ]was age appropriate.
~( Q' v' d! Q/ _8 O) pThe family history was remarkable for the father,
' K9 R, C1 h0 } V. Mwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: C. z- u- r5 L3 pwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 i/ l, `2 \- \8 a
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
& x5 J" G4 f/ R; i I1 dearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.# G$ C& k+ y3 L- t0 C
The father denied taking any other medication. The4 d9 N9 Z. B! G1 E1 b; [. ?! |
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 O# |6 j5 o }% E s+ j
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet- i B! x9 b" b: \5 b9 `
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-) \7 i6 Q7 O* \$ M5 A
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ ~, w. D/ G4 S% x l4 x
tives. There were no siblings.- o9 Y8 c Z2 Y l5 }8 }
Physical Examination
2 k+ E% d' I' QThe physical examination revealed a very active,! |1 \9 B5 ]) T9 M( i" C
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
! m! V. V3 F2 G. X: ma blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! m$ n! q+ F* v6 y& O
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
0 u2 Y: M( n* a1 w! t( T# G(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" }% A* }- S5 Z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
! r5 h' Y- }2 k3 H$ mthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ H) p4 C# y, C8 cThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 B* i$ O4 ?1 q1 n6 t4 p( W* R* q
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 g4 k3 E1 s1 ?5 m/ \/ `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well/ Z' ]7 F* g' z
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& @9 ^2 ~, F3 x) i/ W. G' V8 }
540
! s2 X7 Z( [1 P- G0 iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from w9 i b% N) u; M+ u
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
, f# S8 E1 y1 R5 O' l6 ^8 Ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 d* w3 m5 ~/ {The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat" K, E4 N7 ^# v* X( ?
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ x+ M7 r* {; l8 ~ ^abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
( `* E( H1 J- b+ Y8 G4 `Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, A- k, X; S4 A$ e8 y+ h7 jbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 a* w8 O6 i2 v8 @# s" @1 `of papilledema.4 l4 ^7 y! K+ f$ N( K
Laboratory Evaluation1 O K; V2 }# u* d3 ?( E+ h
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* Q/ q7 [8 r4 r% {using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
" T9 h9 v9 f( h; D; ?& n$ H8 jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 I2 p. M$ S m3 W: w7 Z
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test1 f+ f% x0 J/ N- ]: v
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
" A8 x( S; ]( n: a* A" ~lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 K8 e- D7 `3 v- J& WThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood( H4 ^7 g) D) o% h2 C
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' b' t! L/ P# ewithin normal range for his age. The concentration
. c; T$ H/ P3 S; T `$ K) Qof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) Z" V; N5 m$ v3 `$ G1 ^(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ v' H) u' t9 `- B+ R$ O; h, [/ ]7 [ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
8 D* y+ |8 A% t- {terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
# S/ c6 p% x# Cdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
3 |1 T3 N+ S7 _1 x5 G! C49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)3 _6 G3 A6 z1 Q: ?, i# B' s; O& s* j
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- e! O, Z M! T9 C/ W7 ?0 z8 H
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
6 U; G5 |% e+ S. F6 }2 l. {/ {" _8 ~testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 E9 @3 I# Z! a4 y1 ^+ ^and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# k# l. V- n5 V& m2 Y7 K0 m5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 t7 f) a3 |5 o9 h* h3 B/ c/ b* |stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone/ U6 W8 D/ m1 F4 e7 R' V) |
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' W, \2 t2 T4 S' |. ?- z0 Q(prepubertal).
- Y3 a4 F! t( o9 J" ?7 d9 AThe parents were notified about the laboratory# @) d. @; r0 P0 x ~ k* d5 N
results and were informed that all of the tests were
7 H! q; i k1 J+ Cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The% y" b, m% s( {5 |' L) ?
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to% ?6 j9 \: n: D. D) R
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
* C( q. t) s; gever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 b- o/ g [" tPhysical examination at this time revealed that the) _; `/ f6 P& i! q) D
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ l+ V; O, B0 k( m. C& Q6 Z6 L7 X
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained l, ]) \4 G- p o
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ C C! T. }5 ^: \* E8 n. P- Z5 |# H3 B
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at$ k3 ~2 a7 b5 Z+ p' T
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2 D$ x" a3 A G) l
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 U2 j' [) D, a+ Q
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 E# R8 u2 E. p$ T# c/ i3 P1 [3 F5 Ding frequent erections.
& M0 z# [2 n+ Q+ ~Both parents were again questioned about use of
+ v* s/ w) `' Aany ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ H0 g D5 v4 x) c
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the0 z) f4 S# M! P( q1 Q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 p* g" N' C. x
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 ~* z4 W" g8 I6 [
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' {0 A2 n; s4 g; i, e5 _( E, Xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& ?2 B( Q& \$ t# L3 M2 B2 Dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-* a2 ]6 V' [) a& I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
& |# L6 \" x4 u5 f6 Nsecondary to depression.
. B! Y" ~- z2 g: O# s# ^3 XThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 o& t6 ?8 s9 c; EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
8 }8 h' J6 e. Y! I3 vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-6 H; T6 v7 g* T7 J6 I' R, f. s
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. s% y" k3 t1 r6 y) u6 P$ jThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
; w( D. Y) _: k8 cwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
9 n, r# I7 }: B$ o9 _! I2 ewas high, he then read the product information4 `' t3 C) q3 U" f3 i( A
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 a& {7 b, M- F* ^* w% J; ^1 p
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
e' c) s' q) Udecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) t% t8 m) C& k f6 l( S
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had! _8 c8 M$ H3 V( Y c6 [# Y2 l
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ K# [6 f! _2 m9 Z! Ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the6 K7 ]0 {+ O! s' h* W
laboratory to obtain the test.
) V; y! X, c% U2 ADiscussion$ `( v ~2 `6 q* ]
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 \) J' _" d1 j
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
$ `# \7 R |2 I3 Q9 p8 `' D( sPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& d. `) l( W6 T! k# ^* dit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-( I0 \4 X; e- Z# Q: w( G. U* A$ h7 c
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
8 i+ h% ~" o9 Z$ m" X- \( M8 Gmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
# \* g9 h( X& z5 _1 G6 [4 f4 pmay have a central nervous system lesion that is4 f& R; x! ^# u# e
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-) [1 c0 [" T6 P/ K, q& O/ `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ G! v) ~) z1 z7 h: E3 \; A
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in; X- o# i5 D& l- G. K; z
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& h( b8 X( V: z f1 w5 k0 |
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- F: a' B& u2 c vrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, R5 K% @% [ M) Agonadotropins.1,3, E% X$ Q. s% M8 v S+ z; l0 b; U
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 F9 S! V5 q) D) S c/ Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( B3 L1 |/ _6 ]( x4 m8 Z/ Iandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
/ G# X7 b) ~4 \4 X+ Q9 pexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. ~2 ?5 O7 c# Q: a4 P: N1 Y# N- R: O
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
6 _) w& b$ e1 Z) ]7 acongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: T' t% n; `7 U
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: F i# X0 ~0 O* T2 {% L% Mpuberty in boys.3,41 c2 T- ^, h" T" O* A0 |
The most common form of congenital adrenal
& P2 Y0 K3 _- d \8 t: n4 X; Ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.) Q _7 D# `4 q" `( w# \6 [
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
i9 C4 f* M' t, g8 x. J' `excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely, E3 E8 M2 P% X* X; q* T( a
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen# [* i8 b ~! _' p f8 a
excess.1,3
/ E) N. W& p# E+ |7 W- m' }! b9 kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 N6 X& U* `; U% k; k7 c% l8 m542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
7 M! f( h2 v6 ]) x* pA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
?" z# H+ l, {) w! ]9 ?1 [+ Yindependent precocious puberty, which is also known6 t$ z: v7 z6 i/ _% m
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) G$ b- l& |" c4 s l: ^9 s0 X# w& N
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
% R9 c7 s# m; x; H, f% lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, a0 @; |) N2 Z" U% C6 k. eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 p2 i2 q5 N) x0 u9 o6 ^/ |' ~
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder1 n" d( i, h0 p4 C9 P
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
, b2 J7 o# w# L5 o+ s2 m/ jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ ?; Z* C" _, C
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked/ Y" [8 g o: g, ]* ~/ G
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, Y( P# G5 l7 g* omales; therefore, other male members of the family
5 M6 ^ c z6 W0 b9 Tmay have similar precocious puberty.3
1 k' j1 Q& z3 \/ g6 eIn our patient, physical examination was incon-0 W3 e9 q1 ?* D8 w
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 q1 ?% i0 I. C6 {0 w3 Tcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis y9 g$ K% {4 C7 [
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
9 A- p4 V# @2 X V4 istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
" r: h' a- p' _% ^testicular enlargement is not that evident in the9 H% R; o6 v" A1 `1 t* F
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ R, B! h1 I1 {% ]ative initial history of androgen exposure, our1 l# e) r/ n% K" ?+ i: E
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
- D. [; j) I9 x3 a5 t* v& v# G5 Ceither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase: a8 \% C- r* `$ t- B" ^5 l1 }9 q
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-7 a3 i7 J1 E* [" ?" W7 i d
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 |% z9 D9 |/ N& vThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 I: @! o# [* y. D V
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because/ W2 X8 Q0 J2 o4 L5 W
the physical examination revealed the complete disap- w* g5 {7 _8 v( Y" t# ]$ X
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' x( C& V* x5 z W8 \" }) R
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
" Q/ k2 u1 g* x: q( t( ~* rterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
. X: W( q$ h2 e# p! u$ @using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
9 L# o) C3 p; D5 O% k4 z$ YDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# R# n, I# O7 b' K, _7 fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* X1 n0 u L+ \+ B4 c" M
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.1 x1 ?; U7 t( y* c) W5 S. n
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
/ T5 N$ q, p) S. `8 a' w. k5 Sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to M7 E7 }$ l5 w
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) K0 {0 c. `8 N0 e6 }/ |* |partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: g8 I$ ~, M3 {. m8 F0 X" i
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
9 l" M8 M1 U$ }% _' ]' J. l5 a9 ]- WOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
' k( Q% i n: q: {which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ M( u- i0 N( d' U3 C' n
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-# I% z4 z6 h9 |" \. z; Y
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! o+ ?3 O6 i) r5 W5 E2 u$ n; ? ?
active in young children exposed to testosterone
9 z& }& m& W9 Oexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-- o( v) d5 Q, U9 F, x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
# c) z O; B' ~/ bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ c2 z# M; z' }" B+ R6 q5 l2 \children results in an increase in growth velocity and1 N. B9 ]- }3 e
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' J1 E) x3 I. o: _. _. oThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 q4 f f. t8 Q% ]- t5 V( Pearly childhood on pubertal development and final
3 N1 g3 F Q7 a4 {+ badult height are not fully known and always remain7 y: R+ B4 z8 l+ }+ u
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
~ h! P7 z- l8 I( j3 Hterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
3 i! p8 a% C1 `, p; K3 a, L( eacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
4 l' V* j5 w- j, B! K8 |8 Xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ k! `* O( D8 ~
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
* }' s* S/ \3 z9 r* MThere are conflicting reports and controversy
; w' a& p5 D4 J0 h, K4 rover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 c8 c& {6 V9 ^, z2 P4 [
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 m, v5 G6 V% W7 H& T
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-: l3 w/ N+ _6 n
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; V: H/ l: X. wSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 ]! C* p5 I3 ?' S6 F! d/ E
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult9 ~* K" I L7 N4 U* E
penile length in clinical studies.
5 I% }8 r# H1 ]: {; P" a+ ]" |4 z) hNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 b/ g$ @6 [% z# B% ~& Ogoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
! \: ]+ _6 {) a; Jtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because) r* V! E% X/ V1 i
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.7 _ }; A* {/ N+ C5 v7 X
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of: q+ b3 k- w3 _8 ~
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, _: T! t' ^% K! T( @* U" `/ J
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult1 x5 V4 W- v4 _
height will not be affected., t T: A6 ?" J# @" c( O) p/ _
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
4 L7 K. m$ N8 R* K6 bability of androgen products in our society may
, B+ V8 p' j! E+ m- M) vindeed cause more virilization in male or female8 m9 s, Y9 E: J& U( N
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: S" Q- j) p; Y. G: {+ s x' |- j
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
8 V& |( Q4 R1 H7 L2 utioning about the use of a testosterone product or) L1 v) `) C# L
gel should be asked of the family members during! c2 g$ U, Y& R& ]1 x
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 F1 h4 K/ n3 x- q- U! X& Silization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 i) z* K, p& Vnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
9 ]+ ^5 I# o: H! o1 c) mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
+ S: s* A$ m0 Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
( q/ G; J! X% Rresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive- {, I2 }: K7 @: ]' _/ y
investigation. The primary care physician should be
( W# c+ O2 ^6 X. qaware of this fact, because most of these children" U8 f* R) c4 Z5 i
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
7 p' Q9 M1 F/ D3 d$ u4 VDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
. D& M9 |. r9 R: }warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 C* {0 E3 K4 e6 W+ d. rfemale child who might come in contact with some-
8 C: S- ?: k8 S; eone using any of these products.
- L' g0 n+ u/ F7 R" ZReferences" L. K1 B' ^+ s7 _# G- z4 D" |
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation* ]$ T0 P; N( h% p( ]* g% X, z& b) S
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric/ Z2 s7 q; I* `( I
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;& }7 X3 P6 w5 ?# X) M7 z
2002: 565-628.# f/ b7 [2 }0 r) ?2 g# p+ u* E! ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious+ |" B. ~9 ?: r/ P' t- a
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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