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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
% J% E, \9 ^* k; _) f! a9 U+ LBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
7 P9 ^- q% |, O" U& HExposure to Testosterone4 L, ~& v) l) ~2 O0 F
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2# E" Y! K1 f6 n4 ^& q( t, y  Z. w6 u
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 [0 [6 D: x* j
Clinical Pediatrics9 }4 L0 O3 c8 ?, Q9 E2 O
Volume 46 Number 60 N: w8 E4 x% b& u+ [8 m
July 2007 540-543
( L$ Y3 b0 B; J© 2007 Sage Publications
/ c2 F7 Q8 n! B10.1177/0009922806296651
' Q4 V" M1 E5 n2 [: @" ~http://clp.sagepub.com
  b! q: p# N) Q7 R9 }4 o4 p5 `hosted at
& X' @% Z4 y5 a; Vhttp://online.sagepub.com0 L% @5 i3 t4 B1 F! S
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,+ K! a/ u2 e* N( m$ s
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" j  r% _9 K, L. T* r5 x/ ]) k2 Z3 ^! `precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
9 \+ N2 j& R% Z# M' Wthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* B. L& W: g2 _, W
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
! }3 J! X  q6 @9 Qlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
+ Q$ ?* [5 n1 z, K+ jby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
9 \( Z5 P3 ]2 j) W% uhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
  P2 ]9 z' |( l0 W9 ?! f3 f  lcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
7 g' L6 a9 ]/ c- i5 `& sreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' M( N2 Q1 S. a2 l) kenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. z0 g- ^$ ]: y3 b* X; i1 Q
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ ]+ s( z- d' [  M- Pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
2 L; s8 O: j, zthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
- N% \( s; n4 C0 \3 @mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this/ v5 u7 F% |6 d/ X1 D
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
3 v1 {$ W. J) w! Ntestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-; P" l3 w* {1 y: z( O# q, i& D3 p1 G
bly more common than the rare case report in the: I- }& a3 K% w$ E, f0 L
literature.40 o1 W% m( Y/ n0 F+ \
Patient Report% k5 J+ H, u- v4 x
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- u1 N! Y% f, c! g* L4 X: gendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern! q( m1 I. c; v
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
7 k( |1 k: r1 e$ q  Glight colored pubic hair development when he was: `" |. v2 z8 @/ v
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* D$ N  {$ v. S$ _) I" l& RSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.; D# X! x: ?) K, u" g" [! j
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( p* ^* c( |3 e! V5 hProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of- i" I$ X- Q$ G# \" Q% y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;  s/ m3 B6 V1 r0 g: l2 }
e-mail: [email protected].8 Q; H8 m% v( j2 u* `) h% Q  P9 \
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 S' R3 y: ?/ r- a. _
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-3 v1 v2 {8 F( }# v( I
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
+ r1 F: ~% k2 \, twas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
1 k/ M9 [% R/ f  E( {- {: N1 |2 Qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
- T6 Z+ m2 q- E) J9 j, e20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ b: d& h  Y+ k3 `# e
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with8 q! K9 I9 G& L; J5 @5 _, K
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
5 d' T" `7 {# ^" l& \2 Fand his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 i' S1 F: L6 {' S- U- k
was age appropriate.; y* U' {+ i' V' W9 n6 T
The family history was remarkable for the father,$ k% O( ?- [6 I* W3 z( L
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,7 O" x: `" c9 n5 H5 A7 @- [) ?
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- q, p( ?, x! ^, z$ Uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat" R9 ?% u+ p5 c, x; j' o0 t+ S, X
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; ^7 K4 F( W3 |4 b0 F
The father denied taking any other medication. The$ N7 Y% A* M& o- s; J
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
: c! g+ ~! B7 S  r" Qwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet1 Q7 m. u; C  l& v8 i
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
4 n# Y9 W% \% h2 vcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 O7 w6 P/ Q9 J+ {2 F
tives. There were no siblings.
5 x& K# ^7 ~9 L, x& l* i: [; X+ ?Physical Examination
$ h6 ]9 j5 P( b6 z7 \; r, NThe physical examination revealed a very active,. U$ c1 ^6 ?; ~) D' U
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
- M/ z) D9 x  b3 Ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% m1 A! d$ z) H4 y4 W
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ Q3 P: {, G' e+ O2 u( Y(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth* ]  h( }! ]) ^$ _; F" h7 ]8 k' c
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of2 O5 ]$ D- w# v# E2 [
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ m% M* s* J' D+ D2 [The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 S+ ]( l: E. |( Z' S  Menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of) T5 w. w2 l* u% M! P/ ~3 @
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ _( ~( Z) ^& B: F  Kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
; q7 p! B  z4 K2 Q* t540
$ q6 y2 b$ p& ]3 d+ Dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) f; a' g( W9 L) Q
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
, W  j. o& r9 c/ T0 i6 N, \testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
0 p$ z# U& u5 K- H; vThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
/ `$ o+ x- ~# s( K8 t# Aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ @2 y- E' j  ]6 O3 J8 y2 q
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
& a2 \$ T1 M4 L4 ?+ u' fNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. m$ Z& J, a& @6 V; D; s& Abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion/ [+ \0 `3 Q* B: x( c9 d8 G4 C$ y
of papilledema.
+ A% O" h0 b  b( ILaboratory Evaluation
; n" ^4 u3 T  Y4 g7 l: B- v8 P8 N: B' HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 Q: u  [% z( A5 k: q
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-/ \1 ]+ W$ P+ j+ Y% m! ?+ Z! `& P# K
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ P- r4 \9 Y0 d0 u: `
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
) ?: y6 L6 y. x: v' G: \showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* t) G" Y* h, I/ o2 f8 J1 l
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ e& B6 q6 g) M
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% c, @  \1 y! W$ H- P% M6 J$ Surea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were7 t! `! i# ?+ U/ j- Q/ I
within normal range for his age. The concentration
% a. W. H: i! ]4 lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 b( }/ C- I* p; r+ D(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! x% ?9 H' |+ Ing/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-6 U1 ~6 V4 ]# Y7 o2 [+ j
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),/ K2 Z: e' s' H( v, L0 U
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to7 L6 x3 P* Z# O2 V9 o/ F
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
1 ?* M* g( b) G# e9 J. cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 w" f" \4 X7 g# l! u# I: y
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
! D. H2 E$ [9 mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 P5 v7 p$ A' |/ b$ a
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# a5 K+ ]9 l5 C& A  P. t1 p5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
5 a; c" D- [1 N& ^( kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' G; |1 S" U( ^( n6 ]! Iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL. H% [/ b% g8 W1 w
(prepubertal).4 H$ S" Q3 o! R0 b' G" N+ e% y
The parents were notified about the laboratory5 e1 p" o. T( `1 B/ Z3 o6 u
results and were informed that all of the tests were
, L) {. [# P2 q- Knormal except the testosterone level was high. The
. w1 g3 p7 V5 q9 m7 X, d' efollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
5 E, T) L2 b; zobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; H$ k- d1 G4 V# r- f
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% C- v: j, W$ k& }Physical examination at this time revealed that the
1 S/ m$ D8 w8 W8 mchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  o1 c9 R( m1 K1 v" Z6 K2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! S, V  w8 h  [1 D0 _5 O; N! ~unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 Q4 i7 t9 |4 a0 h! B, L) ^- |pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 ~6 @8 B9 Y3 v0 P2 e7 e
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2  |5 o. C/ M2 k6 m+ h  v
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
- ^( \+ h+ F, O+ ~' h$ C' iThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ d1 f/ y9 v' j5 ^) \% eing frequent erections.. {8 r- C4 H9 g9 }. u5 D9 {, B
Both parents were again questioned about use of+ g" S% p3 ]7 ?6 V% U
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
9 i4 i' C" r; O9 H* Mthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the$ ~. ~; I% n+ E$ _
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' L6 s: X: [9 a; ~  `0 p- Suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
( a  k* m* R  Q+ {ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( _1 _! x0 L3 ]4 i
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 S0 `0 T; |: d  I+ N
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 ], p6 k& J& n; X) H& U+ Jscribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 `5 Q+ b, L) T# [
secondary to depression.
3 r+ _' l* k3 c" UThe child slept in the same bed with parents.2 P1 Z) Q0 C- D3 y# U, t9 P$ x9 x( z
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his% J* p' c, L" G- F- h. l
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
7 B' }4 ~( D0 O7 [! {' h4 Pnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, ^4 O6 o  T% Q: h4 AThe father also admitted that after the phone call,: a5 L* U! U  P! f8 f" p
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby- m$ Z: A6 i9 y& U) V
was high, he then read the product information
3 k' L4 v$ {! N& u' S! h3 M4 Upacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, v0 D" s. d& h0 g
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 C" F" P* h, j3 A+ O4 h6 r( M+ o
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; j( w) i$ k+ |% t4 o
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
8 `2 D* j  W' Y' U3 U: Tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone: q2 E" Z4 T, i, `# B+ _8 u* J
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the5 u0 S! ]3 G5 f% o& Y7 G3 u) E
laboratory to obtain the test.
; `' U7 \5 N" R# O7 u, n  [Discussion
: o7 Y+ u* N& b1 }; PPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" m, F) r9 a/ M7 `: {, E: ~) isexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& @8 Y" ^. E4 P* _: kPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when1 z# o# ^& {9 n
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ `% q; y9 u: Q) J3 b( \thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ `& c9 W4 Q- Q8 m( L8 Vmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP9 w/ |+ q/ \$ J( y9 ?# f+ m0 N, t3 S
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
; j& ?  H1 o* k% S% _; `0 y- Tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ h# @/ m/ P, E8 B4 k" z3 L& J: y
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
1 A# h: c/ C3 O3 R! m4 ]; Osis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" \3 y+ ]2 N0 ?) ~+ a. G
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-- N  i+ p! T1 S6 [. y: {: W$ m
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& R/ H, E' ^, M4 j* srical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 Y* m7 [& ^- N: A$ Q; Y
gonadotropins.1,3
" q' L, N9 Y) @' |$ DGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-4 X: ?0 H* L; ?# l" q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate  P' F2 b, {" G* c" p+ e
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or. b9 B( J- g2 D, T, d: u" Z  Q
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-, \2 ]/ u  Y+ P, O  v. k6 o
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# F( n" Z8 ]5 Fcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 I# k2 p# O. p0 i% O- L
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: N( ]5 p: Q/ R, F7 p, ~& [" S; xpuberty in boys.3,4
) h. d3 y! V$ h( L. j  _The most common form of congenital adrenal, u0 v# Z( ^, J8 z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.' d! s: o6 v5 f% L: T) C# F# A0 ]0 a3 Z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
  g( X' E, `7 b: a: l3 Aexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,% ]* l, a( S7 t$ l+ h
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% g8 Y( w6 U6 q$ }5 d  U" Eexcess.1,3; d! R% t# a& V! K
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 j! Z+ r& F7 r! \/ I& J6 m) m  j
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
4 w/ Z3 L0 ~0 V- r, E, ~A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
6 o/ _% ]3 u9 |7 y- P2 |" P+ [/ c% v8 jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known5 H: i7 _; V9 w* h# t8 }' }
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 h$ d0 W; o# P7 ~8 h8 a
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
) _3 i2 v! M2 R: g# j6 Iwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
- d; L9 p: e. a7 u9 x& V) A5 hincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
, b. R( e9 [/ W; y: R6 z, ?8 Ewith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: k' t) N# l/ v$ ~4 J1 ware suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show+ t* M  K' i) w* n$ c# g+ [- a6 j0 r
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
, Z  |5 C3 d6 T% ?5 Yreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
& M8 h3 S" J- \. _7 W' ~autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% S+ Y" I1 _8 lmales; therefore, other male members of the family
7 N0 j$ O' X( V. S$ M" Nmay have similar precocious puberty.3
1 O" @+ \& h) E) ?! @In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 N1 f, }1 K. S9 g
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 d& {6 T+ x% j8 d5 u9 ^
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 h+ O+ m. Z7 V9 Q, [* p1 `was in the differential diagnosis because his father; t# Z- Z0 \: A0 b' L
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,; I/ B2 B' R7 j2 i/ p$ L! M" J
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
: ?6 G, M, o, ?7 r) xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
& }. p: r1 @( J- c& V$ K$ {ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
0 |+ r4 W7 {! `7 A. j/ ^6 qbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' Y. v$ C4 v% s5 M4 e, @9 h$ ]either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
- W* g! c# A0 o( c' `9 sdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% b1 n2 P$ v9 p+ i8 G
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
8 ^2 t( Y; y, s! R: s" X$ c9 KThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 R6 A; K, d% P* ]5 f7 S% P+ }suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- u' ]5 A# V& I) W6 U; Q
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-: O8 N& l  y0 r, E! o) U
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
& b3 f9 _( i/ v. L8 Zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 O6 u$ i0 q9 f% m: V+ l- Fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
. n6 m+ L, S3 S' Tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
: f+ S9 T" Q1 J' I: B' QDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or3 F$ i0 d) }) `
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& V8 Q/ G# `0 g0 o
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.) s8 C0 X3 V; M0 F4 t' k
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
/ R) h* d+ Z$ Fbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
  D- y7 q( t4 H- l  qeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male/ a; x# t+ A  I8 `/ j7 K! m8 K) T
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 @* g2 y  E% {tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! j7 i4 t! T# H  u4 JOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
$ f# [* n9 M+ [8 ^; ~0 e7 Uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that) [+ t8 L, ]3 ~- G3 P, t1 z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-' i2 j0 N: R! p& r% t! W6 T$ X
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# `$ _0 I! B! w
active in young children exposed to testosterone. ?# {7 i' v1 r3 q2 t" g
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
' D" f: J  M3 g" R2 wdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 d, P( B2 W2 b6 B" h/ V. ]- N8 g' ?virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 b% R  z" T$ l' \. Jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and  j. G) ]& ?% g6 N; ^/ k# ?0 b
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. ?, ?" V* ~; ~0 ]5 U4 F$ K& \1 ]The long-term effect of androgen exposure during! A4 J: F8 u2 i8 t# @) ?+ k4 e
early childhood on pubertal development and final
- _, m- {- }7 S4 ?) Q, n' xadult height are not fully known and always remain6 T% c5 y  e1 ?, y$ g
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ u, W$ C# g$ N9 M1 K7 M
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* I, N1 a1 ]0 `$ S
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after& d# E& s  A: T8 C
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, Q# n' C2 f( q7 [6 ]( S, _decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
% r; c! W- N8 b$ j, Y2 Z  oThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ [* Z7 F* q+ k! y2 \9 xover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult. S0 V0 G: p- a2 y
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% M3 |+ h7 o. c3 J5 y9 G
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-9 F. K- |$ ?  E
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
% y& `: l" |4 e$ C% J* XSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) w$ I. p2 c. Q0 hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
7 d2 [" K" e& Ipenile length in clinical studies.
5 r, U" c) a( k: B% y5 `7 YNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is: T+ G) e; I) M, M  I
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- K& w5 i* V9 X" p, O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
) q. ?/ w+ w* y( y1 `, d; ]! u" athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 J! I$ G& ?% `& I9 J" ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
( ~+ \# `! u: x" G$ {0 Z6 ldiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" D3 i0 [4 H1 {$ ~& ^the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
1 X# |+ K; [5 zheight will not be affected.
1 t" Q; B1 J, X' ^, u0 ?( o& FAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
7 n  L; v8 i3 Z; X" L+ }ability of androgen products in our society may
0 o, ^2 X( M5 L8 rindeed cause more virilization in male or female
  i2 ]; I, E3 p& T& B! Zchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
+ a) v7 g/ C% C5 Egen products must be considered and specific ques-, A# D9 A: I9 M
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or/ K4 D9 S# O  ]+ Q% C% e9 z5 F
gel should be asked of the family members during
. Y. [0 f! b, p, k& W9 ]- qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
% K4 K/ f' Y. {% R. C6 U+ K2 qilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-1 \, \1 u) O  X! [$ S& e
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by9 ~) A% W/ }* a1 r" X0 e
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
0 {' W  N, K- i% ~$ @- xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. s; |3 C6 c/ ~+ O/ yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive' [, J' _7 I' H. m- a* A
investigation. The primary care physician should be
2 I" i' `9 D+ W9 C7 Waware of this fact, because most of these children# {( j6 N& |5 z' @6 g: U
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 @/ Z& k3 Q4 I. ~+ J
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
: n  u0 T2 k+ Uwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or% O# j  s) @: k9 {/ L  f5 H- F
female child who might come in contact with some-
8 w+ v! t+ K" i3 f8 Q1 ]one using any of these products.
0 R5 ~' t1 w( I  o" H& P: Q1 NReferences" [/ a5 ^* X3 L( I
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. F3 f4 d8 b% h; m
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- e- c' p# r# Z& R6 Z7 xEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
# ~: u% e+ Y/ W. w2002: 565-628.
/ A8 _, p, Y: u  O2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
0 Z! R2 Z6 @+ v$ p4 _# b5 C$ ?" Y$ _+ I" Bpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
# }6 C5 I2 {' x8 SBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
% l+ \: l( j! F% ZExposure to Testosterone
7 t" m9 O( P  L* f4 kSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
* ~4 N4 B' {$ m: qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
, a$ Y( h, W- P6 DClinical Pediatrics
4 d# |/ v. K3 oVolume 46 Number 6
& f: A, t+ ]3 E( p* g7 cJuly 2007 540-543* r1 W* L; W5 x+ U5 c1 v
© 2007 Sage Publications: M9 Q! `5 k+ d2 m: G) u. A
10.1177/00099228062966514 Y  ]) }( ?3 I5 c' p  F
http://clp.sagepub.com# V; e, e: C) i! d
hosted at
1 G0 B$ N/ J4 ?, j3 mhttp://online.sagepub.com
- M# z6 \8 S% b1 j! x9 ~Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
/ ]7 G: B: O& U/ Q* Kis a significant concern for physicians. Central
& E9 N. X9 G( K: E9 Vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
  k7 w4 K4 B$ p: Tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! J: \# @, E* b- u+ @4 I$ f8 E, e
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
" g  d2 P; b* P; s: a$ Z& H! v- Jlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* a  r# b- J: Q  S2 W9 ?/ rby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" @7 M( |  S# `- x+ c% L6 Z
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
- d0 n- j) T  D2 Xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; `3 G! ]! {: S) \$ S- x# e
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! D9 p% x/ n- Tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
' b% z' r# }" m5 j, M( U, m$ jment without testicular enlargement, which was due
1 s& b8 p- D; ], j; \: h' c- W! Pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by0 F7 H" Z1 ?' p# P
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-; [( T. U4 d) ~# y% |! h
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this. l( H5 w1 Y6 d& ?/ I: J5 u
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of& ^6 \( l8 H0 E
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-4 x) h& X& G- c1 @
bly more common than the rare case report in the  M4 h# r4 a4 n9 J/ [9 R
literature.4
1 N+ |$ w# U1 F' fPatient Report
/ J) m! y' {* M0 f6 ~7 f  ~A 16-month-old white child was referred to the8 L: L" g  M; J
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 o' P1 V' [5 E* o0 }of early sexual development. His mother noticed
; l; B3 I+ ^0 G/ hlight colored pubic hair development when he was" p. m# m( A5 W) e/ Y
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ u$ O4 T5 g' |; ~& T1 ?9 `  L
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: d) ~) ~+ Q  z# a1 e# xAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
3 V! y  @% ^# a- f7 AProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& N% e# O* @* yMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 J6 g. x& j: F* W9 L4 ^  V6 te-mail: [email protected].$ ]- o% a5 j2 N6 N! B% L
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
  F; Z; L( J2 t, I2 Tdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-0 @$ U" `9 y( ?2 @* V9 N5 T; c
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# v  y$ d) r7 {8 Fwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
# W. l" c3 r* n, `" j; qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of* d$ F% c6 V, {1 O; s/ v
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 \8 T  i) I8 E$ x0 n# gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with, q- v1 P7 g" @# k' c9 f
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* h  A* A: O% O+ \" B
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development3 v$ a1 A" Z; v; l4 |3 }' C
was age appropriate.
3 S/ T) [+ v4 ^+ e# aThe family history was remarkable for the father,. a2 @8 i- U' n
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,& @2 \# q2 P* H- ]1 A. Z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s4 \. X$ R( b# L) t
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ y' r& W- V' s1 [early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
/ X  W% x: L, [# O0 I2 e6 xThe father denied taking any other medication. The( G  ]% Z: f% E$ W0 s" F
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 E7 w! Y- q0 A. C" @2 \! s
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet( U& [" N- r# p; z
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
: ~9 y- y% S+ |$ Mcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
8 P: t/ v6 Z9 atives. There were no siblings.2 B* [4 z. Q* c
Physical Examination1 e( ?3 L2 ]" p5 [( K7 X
The physical examination revealed a very active,
; J* Y  u3 v  Oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented! W; T8 B4 U5 t7 u9 F5 n0 i; e
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
& B- ^6 `  _- M$ o90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: j% @2 }, ~; @(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 q% M5 |; X" K% Y! D9 Bvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of( P6 F; r0 Q2 V( M% Q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.3 t6 H4 I; |5 ]8 l
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ ^' X- p2 \# J% Y: a/ T" w) \
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- j" S8 s  B: R: Z$ S5 I& V! |8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 \' e9 o4 U# `, k* [
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
) [4 i# j' Z6 S1 e! ?7 E& {540. A0 }' Q' S4 [! r
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, ?- G4 F) q" t0 g& n/ p" Cthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 P! w9 w, Y! A
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 R* x% W, i% FThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
6 v2 v6 d: K/ poily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" r5 u" F  h, g; w1 j9 c9 E* f' Vabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! B) a1 j& ^) j0 ]' X% DNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
& {  I$ P0 u, ~: O- }; Y2 Kbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) L8 {# c  J* e( Nof papilledema.
" w/ V" L1 i! A& YLaboratory Evaluation
) z9 [+ Y/ ]5 T4 B" p0 `! D; ?The bone age was consistent with 28 months by" B7 R9 P$ X4 J- [
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 L% m% E4 p% {- Y! g! Nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: j% i' s  u+ H+ J+ p9 O7 k% a1 l: ]2 S
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 q1 O! T- f1 k8 R& C, u7 S% \showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
0 V. Q9 r2 o& T5 d3 O9 _' ?1 F' Y: Glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
& f2 Z5 }+ a. b0 K7 DThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
: C" H3 ]5 l( E( y+ K9 @# curea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
5 s! q& ]  d: W& W# J1 P$ d) B, I' lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration4 m) l5 [/ b. d4 p' z  c! {
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 \( v' e0 G( l2 p8 o6 _(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! w; {' z; q" l5 b6 K2 L& [/ }
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 x: G, w: s& mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL)," g6 L5 d2 l$ N
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to) w! S3 I  |7 [5 {+ ^
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 p& a0 B) [! I. e
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-+ I8 \# p* F# b9 ^$ R- \. i
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
: M- }' r# h/ O+ D: Otestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),  W- [9 _1 ~. [: r* L$ Q& L
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than7 Q* x  c) N9 i0 o1 a; F+ O
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ F: _8 Y; a+ astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 {3 \2 l% }% T( A$ F% j0 Econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 P: I4 l9 A) Y' m(prepubertal).0 j9 ^+ R; E! n# _8 P
The parents were notified about the laboratory% l1 n" _) n  U7 j! `
results and were informed that all of the tests were2 p1 t8 P: e8 y$ l; o2 _+ t
normal except the testosterone level was high. The4 V2 W6 k/ s( M% y2 u$ k
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
6 S0 L( u+ i# V- M. n( E$ @obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  d. k" |' C1 c% \& Gever, the family did not return for 4 months.' H  N* A# V* Q6 @! R$ P( }
Physical examination at this time revealed that the# I% S, Y7 r4 m
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
& u; m$ I2 [$ j" |% X2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained" r0 {" y" c/ S0 C  j! X) F2 k
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-+ Q& z+ x: a- s
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 j  N9 g3 c( r
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 22 p& t- g) Q0 U( `( }+ z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.4 L1 _9 g% e1 _  k
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-  J0 B+ ~  I& o2 c( V
ing frequent erections.
! I, Q& q* q/ F% F: B" yBoth parents were again questioned about use of
" V9 R7 u- @( N" pany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
; X7 d9 K; ]9 ]& Othe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- y6 @* J  H8 s% `3 r  x
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
  v+ ]: ?9 d  A. duse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' @1 X, U& [- l4 q) C
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for/ `- ~+ f) r& [, j" Q1 `6 T* n
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed( N. ~, G- i# D7 Q  K: {0 r
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-  r) g# R6 }. _- Y; I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido7 @2 d; g, ~5 ~
secondary to depression.* H' |# {- @& T  ^" ?
The child slept in the same bed with parents.9 Q+ b+ x6 l, ]1 S: Z7 t8 l
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( p6 r" i( T6 m3 f8 q) Z8 M2 I- mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-" W5 v4 S' L* q( @* S: E) I
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ J! ^7 w3 C" e0 n7 {- ^* M/ sThe father also admitted that after the phone call,, P. e- J! i  J, Y6 u/ f* f" M" Y, g# L
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby- Q. }$ {1 j0 t" ?$ D/ q
was high, he then read the product information
7 d" F) @& ?6 Q" m: e" r1 Opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
& A3 Y8 W2 X2 R( w9 S7 wson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; F  u" \2 D( }. A7 T, _decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ F0 m7 `8 s8 L+ vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 W8 G9 ^( I1 |& g; H- ~6 m5 Ebeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 D% i2 C5 C: E3 ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the; k8 \; [8 {: j% T: q3 ]) ~( P
laboratory to obtain the test.2 m  l- E. e# P% P+ |8 C
Discussion
5 X" D" x2 B" b4 S; i! r2 `) _Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. C& g" D! G) n$ p4 Ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. \* I( q' w! |% K. i# U
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ s0 e3 _: F/ Q+ Jit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-. L) T/ u  C% ]' _" N6 M
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-/ a3 D  r, f5 Y3 \& D
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% P6 j8 c- ]; h2 s' K
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
) O  B' T) r. h1 Z1 Presponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
% j0 e( k7 o# S1 \$ V; ?( y; damic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-& [! B/ j( u3 c0 h3 G3 s
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in* B, N: F0 k4 y  W
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-" z9 R1 ~% R8 o: R
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-3 q. L5 {# l, v" C' w0 t5 f3 g: n
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by2 b0 w3 ^  X/ Y/ V- J
gonadotropins.1,3. |/ Y  l) o2 }2 x7 k0 u+ w
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
! t7 z; V2 n) I, Ecious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate8 Z5 M5 C) R' M" Q
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or2 F6 C+ e7 o) k, d7 G0 g5 d9 v
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
- |9 a% Z) p" q. Iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# B  _6 x- Z4 q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% K4 l& s6 u. C4 P' A( W  Nadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious5 S8 a! ]5 H) [" m. Y6 @
puberty in boys.3,4
& d0 u& e, w' Q- W9 ]$ iThe most common form of congenital adrenal
* l$ ~% Y6 h1 M. y, G$ hhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 e( r$ W5 ?5 f) K8 ~8 }
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in' C* a% c: J+ m, f) O% j
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
+ g6 s' J, B9 }an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( Q& X1 [* Y9 B4 F" z3 zexcess.1,3
: J8 r) u4 T7 l9 N  g# tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# p' }6 N6 a: [: G  Z" j  W7 a
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 T* R8 N" m7 ~' n% Q5 y1 R
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
# X3 X" W' c( M+ |' k' dindependent precocious puberty, which is also known5 e6 |9 g" r4 V6 l% k8 A5 I6 M
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 Z2 U2 i- s  q3 a& t( {very young age. The physical findings in these boys+ w- z6 t4 J6 ~9 K+ Y7 t2 W: X$ W
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 z5 O* l" Z( n- mincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys! q7 H/ E0 p$ A# o1 c; R
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
) Q' `: @( y2 H* q/ Dare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 S* J% Z, o: w) rpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: l& ~( m  k) xreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
8 k0 M* L* A9 qautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
$ R" |' y( B( K& r7 ?males; therefore, other male members of the family
8 P5 c4 y$ {0 }% h2 g9 C5 P* n, T& emay have similar precocious puberty.3! A9 C. P. @$ p. }3 Q
In our patient, physical examination was incon-' J2 _0 l3 R, ]2 K& ~( g
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
4 U( x3 |9 e7 t( H3 I. }5 G6 Lcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
$ r/ C3 X5 Q5 |9 J4 Wwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 I3 Y$ y* S1 G+ q0 z( jstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' ?9 X- @4 T9 K( q4 z+ e8 t
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
  m0 l! }% m7 H6 S$ b( T; ibeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-* L7 O( p- i' R9 b! T8 L
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our" p% g# x$ a0 M- v0 @; ~
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,- D2 ^& X# _5 h/ l; b; ?
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% c  g7 ]4 u! u9 f3 n, c
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-) o+ u9 m( Y* V% t! S9 e3 l
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! X6 m/ x% t4 ]. t6 u! J  i8 EThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly! {1 y6 g3 p$ R, _6 R
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% F  D- s2 O, E& e8 ?* C. G, B" d
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ u) n& m; l' X6 N! {pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and7 N" Z  _* F$ A: K
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% \$ Q  R! {' A0 V/ }2 D. p
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
+ w* h0 F, W0 o, X# t6 c, Z" Iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’$ U8 s! q4 T" V- T, H/ i' ^
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
, D7 F3 t2 F7 y0 U7 s# \' Icream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 T) F) _2 j; R; n7 n8 K, zunprotected females through direct skin exposure.( k% `* n# @9 {! F3 H6 }, }
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the, @! T! f0 a8 o# t
baseline value in those females who were exposed to/ \) V% L; |' F- }; @
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
' ]- p& _; j( V1 i9 opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-- r7 v  K7 F0 U7 P' I
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
0 E" ?; C% O: K/ N1 S! C9 MOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
9 b2 A, ]0 {% R! F- V, W9 Fwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 O* p3 \& c0 e9 j/ i
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 o. G5 E5 z" X# f4 q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
2 N4 ?$ l% ^$ Z* `( R* S, Hactive in young children exposed to testosterone* R1 n' ]- j7 m) N$ }
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
( d( ^  c( _4 l' T3 E) i; l5 F1 K7 edrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
9 k4 U* h% A2 N: ]; ^virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ Q8 J6 k1 }. p1 r. n2 U
children results in an increase in growth velocity and# r8 N( ]) C/ |
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.7 @- F6 O: U' h6 U( O
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
1 b" P8 J) r4 z2 Learly childhood on pubertal development and final' d# H. n. q% Z* T% K* ]
adult height are not fully known and always remain
. c; U/ S% d* X/ D6 F+ {6 \a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
3 H4 N( }" m2 g. iterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 z5 J* M# Y$ |9 P
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% t" L+ e9 s9 U8 _
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation1 ]2 q, L: m* I) N' t/ p
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9! `, d9 T4 k$ k; W/ v! o* T
There are conflicting reports and controversy+ ]% {- v- u) x" m* J: X8 n
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
) Q" E' p' _/ }penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ e+ G) I- d  m$ r- \8 w7 x
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& S( F' J! G8 x% s- R
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
" F, T4 i7 W+ c, u; vSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
' @0 {6 q- _. B( d3 P" z+ zchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# |, Z$ E0 E0 l! Q! Kpenile length in clinical studies.  c( V! u) }( Z  F( _, m
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
  O7 F5 R& R; a. sgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
  r' c, ^- r# Y& Ktestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 d6 F+ |& d/ b6 }& y& Z& mthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.8 B% ~0 N. L% _
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of7 Y' i3 S- K" |3 a: v' ^
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
6 L1 C1 D4 ]" O' O$ k9 o1 ]* Kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
9 R+ E$ q7 C" }7 K$ K; e7 Rheight will not be affected.# n+ x$ h% o: _; ?3 H* A
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-  _9 I) b( F9 W" F' r$ v0 g0 |
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 M: O) Z, o. d0 K( e+ aindeed cause more virilization in male or female
5 C5 c: R; D% ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. n2 \# v5 W; k3 \; A9 e' a
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
% d& o* S# w, W$ t, |' ntioning about the use of a testosterone product or
* F* C- Z1 ]8 |, F" d2 lgel should be asked of the family members during" q! ]! H: i0 D
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
( K5 D$ P" @4 U% I6 V! Vilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-# K' J5 W# j* ]$ \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
6 Y' G0 Z" y# V$ P" Tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 P: l  q+ W- l. H$ Chistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may  e) @/ u6 i. f
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
8 V" _; \+ K7 ]& D# e# A0 L$ oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
) Z& ~" v% e/ v1 F1 qaware of this fact, because most of these children
. L* {2 p, R% n* s7 j( c  zmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
' ?; o+ r: a; y- jDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
! c9 e1 D  H1 H, ~# r! Z: pwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 C; R* Q) j% m% L$ x2 A
female child who might come in contact with some-
# p" U. G  h$ x- P; f+ V" G8 pone using any of these products.
, s* C  X, y6 w+ s+ nReferences
, O: Y' n0 I) ~1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation# c. M, I  p, ?- P
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
& {* o' x) K  F3 y8 s+ o1 rEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ Q+ Y. ?2 Y7 Q, ^
2002: 565-628.6 j( M" ?) t. ]* C
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
" c% l# ^6 S! R5 T0 Ipuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

5 Z# Z- Y/ A# F8 x) @精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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