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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# e0 `4 D: G- \7 O* F6 S+ B
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
# [9 z( d9 j# GExposure to Testosterone
- [4 j( ]5 r" R m1 NSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 `% Y6 S2 C- i- u3 y5 R0 zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 k9 s' m1 Y; p/ _6 S2 B) i* dClinical Pediatrics' V7 z$ w: H" P" f' g/ ^: W0 R e
Volume 46 Number 6, W; M; A! O5 c: @7 p9 Z
July 2007 540-543
; ~5 Z; F# ^9 l; ?; Z© 2007 Sage Publications* [, a) d; |2 T/ Z/ ^0 {+ C3 q
10.1177/0009922806296651
4 \- H6 F4 B% e6 \& V4 nhttp://clp.sagepub.com. g, L2 H, J" T% c6 E. c9 ?" |
hosted at
/ x- `5 x! k9 Q7 ~% Hhttp://online.sagepub.com. X1 V8 n: d9 a: P9 n# n, p
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 i& |7 P5 m0 Z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
6 x& p5 ?+ @" V* ?precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 t& I) N+ K6 z: k
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
, w, |. }7 W8 a$ ?9 Sa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
5 u% D8 H6 ^/ [* j, clesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested8 |2 V1 v. a' C; G
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
! c& D x6 J: Yhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& H$ _" e$ q2 {! U8 ]6 Y5 r- q+ D$ e+ V7 F
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ L7 s5 m1 Z9 _9 q
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the4 J0 y4 }3 e% k! X0 a& f6 x' g
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-' `& f8 x1 L3 Q3 W0 d# d$ a
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
& e D" e5 F/ N3 E& V ?. }to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by% \* v/ O* _/ A( o
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 w) L- y) \: w, E% B smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( _ b( r9 S4 A6 H6 J6 K$ achild. Given the widespread and easy availability of4 D# j7 Q9 H% y8 c
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! |" \8 q/ K0 o$ n" ~! P6 \bly more common than the rare case report in the6 g% C: R* N7 B+ ^
literature.4
2 V. a' G8 @& i0 IPatient Report! M" z7 t" P0 R! q" n+ s( o
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' o' v3 @ Z8 j' d) uendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, B, c' Y' ~8 T. Q# kof early sexual development. His mother noticed% N2 b/ a6 |) D
light colored pubic hair development when he was: h8 S A) {/ F2 N( I9 f3 B9 o
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 }7 q1 f1 b! G3 ^, l) ~South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! Q7 P4 B3 j) zAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,, T$ K8 j# ?$ F* Z; V! j4 Z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of5 F; c9 P: N! z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;9 I- I9 P B3 N7 B1 J# E
e-mail: [email protected].
+ [- G" C: |8 v$ ]/ A" T: Labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
! }5 J/ w* B& r' s# z/ Jdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge- m9 o. G5 J+ h9 |! x
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 c( l+ w# p9 Q9 u$ h/ p A* ^was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
3 R' J1 E; H" n% la birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
! t, Q% z4 V( i, |20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year% Q: f; N- s/ r+ Q; Z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 F; W- [6 A. H3 r* `; Nsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 M4 \! I" E# q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development; D5 U2 \" u8 x+ h9 n" `
was age appropriate.
8 j; F$ i1 _$ ~. p3 L) v; _8 V* zThe family history was remarkable for the father,
+ o# O T: Z& I. R' x' nwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, K% G# S& I1 ]: Kwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
l0 J% d9 k& b; D9 {9 zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 b+ e( f$ x0 T4 a+ R6 mearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: t9 m' K, o& B8 Z& X
The father denied taking any other medication. The
+ O+ i1 p9 M D2 R, rchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
4 `+ U" ^! q- Q3 Twas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& V t3 T8 e1 ~9 t2 I/ g7 X5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& B6 G- a8 r7 c! x D
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
* D6 M6 n8 S. ?- Z' O( [3 rtives. There were no siblings.
, |5 r, R+ c5 k; iPhysical Examination; H t5 N' U0 ]& u6 i
The physical examination revealed a very active,
5 O, ^0 p" x' K) I; |& yplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 _( H! V, n9 L7 H! d
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
5 F( Y3 V( u* p& d9 d& v h+ J90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg4 b" }$ f T" K
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth& p5 f9 V; o5 e
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
: ^! X; B. |! d( u1 uthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 @9 f1 h& P0 D4 w# rThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: \% C+ W* ]$ O( k' o& |enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
* V* \! H. O/ Z, |8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. m. O. @ t% d m/ g* Z" `developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around$ r( e& n, G' h; R( N. z' a
540' j( \2 d9 j. ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 {1 y$ @8 y( l, l; G1 [1 w
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The4 P3 C; n* w( k; V# S) G
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; ^. K3 c7 L% ? e/ WThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. N- b* G' z1 ~" n- Z- l$ I( a& Goily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no) v0 y. C6 j$ R% ]1 k7 [' d' ^
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.! T3 h. c$ n% m
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. K9 }* `2 r4 s) U# Rbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
' Q1 \, [" B- rof papilledema.
; e* R: l5 N1 V& _1 e+ ALaboratory Evaluation
+ F n( d4 V0 n) uThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by2 A4 J" e$ ^+ n8 w
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-+ k8 b5 `% c0 f2 ?
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 Y0 A6 J+ x) N5 v$ dkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test1 k" u* ^6 g* }
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
0 w, p6 h" x5 c; P/ Q7 f- [lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 E& d+ `' v; X. y0 M
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; _* Z+ _9 b% ?, ^) t/ k4 Z/ }$ C0 k
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were- c! o9 e j% ~
within normal range for his age. The concentration
2 g3 U, d+ z/ T3 Q, Z$ n' Dof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL9 Z; T' G- F3 N. Z! {4 l) V; x
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
1 L8 F, P4 q/ l8 V$ Zng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-* P1 f2 \& ~- J J
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),6 x; _; ]$ L# V- j: | T
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( v- E2 x6 a' {( R p& z/ Z4 {+ o
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 I& z8 w0 `. ]8 l9 V9 l% K# N, Y
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-" q! ~& H5 x7 I% H) v% k
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" w, V+ e7 k2 h5 r6 O0 z% \
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 S+ n! Q# H4 u/ x; b: l, {, m$ |% ~and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
" G' }" `7 A1 g+ x5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
9 Z" i9 C3 l. B7 b) ?( d+ f) ]+ dstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 g+ q4 _/ }/ x( a \concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ X. L9 V2 ?# K9 K7 j: k(prepubertal).8 f8 o, _3 S0 M$ {* ]
The parents were notified about the laboratory; a, [4 A+ O! b! T/ N: b
results and were informed that all of the tests were
G5 u, h6 N A! A: O' \normal except the testosterone level was high. The5 p) t- y$ Q& g
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
" I$ `9 d0 T! O' w& k$ J$ c( \obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-# I8 @3 a% L- s% B: R4 n1 q. b
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.; ^ f5 ~1 i' U) K# a/ j
Physical examination at this time revealed that the1 M) F1 E: h& g) K
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained9 B8 y% O. Z) K( Y; X5 \2 Z. F) @
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 y0 S: O& i m1 b. [8 U, A* Sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
# v. i; d% o8 O0 V( D; {% @7 F$ x1 mpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
7 ?. o8 |( X+ }3 X, r5 I/ G$ Cthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
7 f. A! l: j; k$ \' t3 a2 TmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
# l! d( J8 N1 x2 `& G( F" QThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( e G- r* z* v5 ?5 w7 cing frequent erections., n o; E& a) l2 x
Both parents were again questioned about use of/ L5 n1 u: X+ r1 l; A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
' c0 g, s; B' C& R4 B0 Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the; \% b( \" d2 A! j1 f
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541+ p* `) U" C1 P' F) } B
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 K. @; ~/ u) r: i1 S( c( ^# l
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- X5 \) ]6 X8 a- M! ^a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( K3 q2 E; `- J+ X8 n( y2 [% Mto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
2 @6 _& Z" {$ D: I* f* `* `scribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 n* F% O9 F5 Q% q4 `
secondary to depression.
6 P; W$ b: h0 O" k) S* AThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
& O5 o+ n. b+ y* AThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
3 Z" j! G/ T! ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
4 ^$ I- |6 x9 ?$ \/ enificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 i; \9 s0 t9 j2 z0 F a, f' G, q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
- x0 |% Q5 i2 g' h; i" Swhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby; n6 h! G& R. {$ J
was high, he then read the product information' C/ R" T# }1 F& u4 ^2 g& X/ d
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 z! l |8 ]( i1 bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they$ u$ e' _! |# |9 Y$ Y3 t/ j
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
. z9 P' L: s) i5 E; F/ x/ I2 Ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
1 R$ F$ M6 A( G9 D3 ?) \5 gbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 i3 G2 y* Z. v: ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
& D% T7 O8 v i) ^$ H) rlaboratory to obtain the test.
8 K/ b; j% I" |% [; B2 _7 hDiscussion4 H) g4 ^/ Y) J3 _: N' h
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ r* _& C1 O2 N% b6 X$ O7 v# V
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 _/ ^ Z3 V+ L! I. O3 vPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when' M' X* r9 |' w `& y# q0 u# q4 c* W
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
3 i. i: Y, Y B6 l, i: Zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-1 r+ g. Y- |5 o7 B: `
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
- ~' p* t) b' Q$ r' |$ D/ Hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 k$ o/ T) n% `& m9 Fresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! v% n, R4 T7 |" O r' ]6 T( X
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
; X' M5 K6 R7 t8 C8 u- U' xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
: s: [$ N3 X, ]$ q# R9 d% Nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 ^ r% h# b2 O7 O& `
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: Z2 g0 G. C4 L/ ~0 ]8 l
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by/ r x- n' T+ b8 ]/ ^% z
gonadotropins.1,3
. `3 S" d' c [" Y- W+ sGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
) e: @, l0 l+ h+ e4 K6 h; U/ m# zcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 P0 p" @% l1 }" U6 l7 ?androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or9 y, a+ g. R1 t4 u, o7 B
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ G* g. T6 C l( V' Q
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing. n M, c) p; B8 ?3 G [
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# O& q3 z5 s: \2 D% v" ~8 k+ Y
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# @( E. _! |7 c4 k Opuberty in boys.3,4
# e. J. Q$ ~* P5 C$ h, oThe most common form of congenital adrenal
, [3 R6 _/ ^: ?# g. Yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
( e f: v, \# y% Z* i Q( ZThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in: R% [8 S: j0 a0 E1 Z1 M
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,5 z: g Z; n# J1 e& @/ B
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 W% @: F* A! g- Z8 B" j7 Z+ n
excess.1,36 m! W9 K) S/ L5 k
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 t% b5 i9 H2 y: D* A
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 ?) _! e! }0 ^1 z+ |, RA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
8 v' V3 d2 v6 I p# p3 }: Lindependent precocious puberty, which is also known1 }+ l! v& @9 P5 o+ j7 B5 [3 K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
( k# V9 [, b3 E1 l* X9 Ivery young age. The physical findings in these boys0 u d' n' `: y9 a& Q
with this disorder are full pubertal development,: b( c+ f( ~6 C) f
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys7 _9 l9 ?3 I% g8 N$ G
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ [& U& j6 D" F# T. A; iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show6 i' P: S; Z' |( P; Q8 A3 `
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) t- W4 T/ A3 C% t$ b9 H' Z3 Greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
8 k3 [& f; B' k) \autosomal dominant disorder that affects only+ `: D* C% d" U( n+ W( d
males; therefore, other male members of the family/ i# f8 b( e# r/ [+ u1 Z/ j
may have similar precocious puberty.3
$ f% v) `/ w- E5 A# y/ e; ]: K& c- e& ZIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
( U" O0 Q0 b/ [+ L$ S7 P/ zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* I, W V7 s1 z+ v$ |: m8 Wcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis1 c6 S" _, ?+ E2 x
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% r% {: }/ G7 Y2 v+ }' ~ @
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* X3 ~1 F$ E! d: a
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the& ?1 s G6 O& A( C1 @9 Y
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
+ h# }8 B7 p. R1 d, ~+ J! d! jative initial history of androgen exposure, our# Z+ t: i* B' M
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,: x2 R! |/ _/ P* _1 s7 a
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
5 e A" m1 q) y* Q! l* `deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! k! a7 G7 X) U' f: g' s. N( _
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 A2 w! i0 [6 h* r- k' CThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
7 C1 P, H4 C0 i1 ~suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
`, y4 g: w# R2 S0 ?the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- L! W" g/ a$ J: A8 Zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
4 p3 k# q; ]) ]$ Adecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-" O Q" h) n# E% [
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
7 N5 `0 a* O- s+ V) @; |using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
- K, a2 N9 {% m& e* r7 e! jDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or* i3 X: | Z P/ {0 J
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to' f+ G( \* g/ v1 j
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
0 H8 R9 V0 G2 M3 n. s5 u! ySerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 ?& C7 ?* B; G5 y! L* g
baseline value in those females who were exposed to1 C1 P; p0 l) d3 n, \/ I
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. R9 n7 Y* d& D6 w* mpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-5 U. e) |6 Q5 M; i
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.+ X: c: w) n. y$ I$ P4 {0 a# j
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,5 Q* y1 J6 u! a6 S" F p5 h/ r$ I: b
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
l' S: e. O4 G- R2 m$ Qdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-6 k5 w) h- ?! ? N/ v _" u( l
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' ^2 ]2 r. S' J0 T* b" W! ]) Z6 b
active in young children exposed to testosterone( q$ m! u8 F- m y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-2 S/ l) i$ G0 t$ b% i( X: B
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 `5 Q3 X; V6 Z) {8 Z- L- {1 v
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" s* I6 @' J8 F5 v! p
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
" I0 F2 ~% o& P; R7 w; yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.3 C" c7 j: v4 d7 J J
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during* N: Y4 j8 M7 K: @' |
early childhood on pubertal development and final
% M, Y- `* l9 x3 N, Q/ jadult height are not fully known and always remain
4 _; H' \. i, y& h! }a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-+ b8 {3 R) B1 \- j. Y- z
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ Z0 o& _) j# x9 E- `! c) u, jacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after: Q8 |5 d" X2 i9 @. z6 T+ D
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation( K0 c3 Y! q" d8 D% ?; K6 I4 n
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
2 v- r7 U9 I* S$ I1 mThere are conflicting reports and controversy
8 g0 \' y$ a2 M0 N0 y" lover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 l8 a$ B) Z- {
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
$ {& g* X m G8 N% e5 _3 T% Zadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
' N, ?0 c% S: f4 A+ }8 ^ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
" g- |' a* w$ Z4 v1 N5 ]/ ]5 lSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between# u* [6 _8 z& R7 d6 e8 q' J0 `% t9 F; @% e
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
; |0 u1 i, o; M9 R* E/ j( Ipenile length in clinical studies.9 `: w. ]% y! ^/ A ^0 x
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is B" I- Q! u+ e' Q* I" a7 T
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
' o0 `9 N D9 Y5 ^+ ^9 R' ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" a2 Q5 S( p; a; B/ w) \6 X# D
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; N [: X$ I% X: @3 D7 d' _Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ |0 m$ ]# X0 j/ |$ Odiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at# w Q, v3 U/ n6 n+ V
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
$ ]# \* E1 W& n7 gheight will not be affected.
; K1 U1 H$ D/ j% x$ MAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-; W# x! @+ s J' J/ O2 W
ability of androgen products in our society may/ t# z! h8 ^+ T! m
indeed cause more virilization in male or female: }1 }( S6 ^& d0 |
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-1 D \8 V, |( D0 F
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
' l& n `, A4 W1 Y6 k1 b _tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 c5 ^. P" w" b; i( Fgel should be asked of the family members during
/ m6 I- }* c/ qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-, Y7 P4 f1 K i3 p1 P5 m
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 c a! v# A% d4 cnosis can be established by just a few tests and by7 C& A1 U3 X M$ N1 v
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& J3 l$ o( Y& u8 Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
9 F2 \: _* ^/ O$ H2 d1 Oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
9 |( U+ r3 _3 ^ X2 W, Hinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
0 u W; }4 l6 Paware of this fact, because most of these children
& e1 N3 d! ~1 K2 d. k1 Lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’" A+ G) X6 X% h }* f0 ^
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
: @: e* A, X, {0 Lwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or( a0 j- @; p" u% |0 j" s
female child who might come in contact with some-
7 ?/ n6 a* }- g2 W5 y& wone using any of these products.
) G6 D8 O* r! G3 v7 iReferences
7 y) Z( J1 T, r `7 M0 P8 j1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
5 Q/ e4 R1 k1 o4 Iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ ]! i/ O8 `- ~1 UEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) O3 u" y8 m+ w2 s2002: 565-628.
$ K7 ~" `5 E* C& r5 d2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious D$ Y5 |; {9 H7 r6 W) G: W
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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