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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
$ E1 n9 M$ `+ d  eBoy Induced by Indirect Topical1 C) d# h7 D9 |
Exposure to Testosterone
' V3 M# j' @1 V6 F2 GSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2( C$ k, I; Y/ ]% z
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1( y( C0 a* a$ |5 ~4 r
Clinical Pediatrics  l. }+ n" r& ^5 v6 i
Volume 46 Number 6
. N0 e$ k) H' ]0 X! H; a6 N; C3 G( IJuly 2007 540-543/ g1 A3 B5 p) Z& r
© 2007 Sage Publications# n' K+ B* L& _$ O  K) b
10.1177/00099228062966514 I% U- |3 c4 [/ H& w: F
http://clp.sagepub.com' R3 e# ?9 O/ \
hosted at
8 q% f- Z/ k+ ^7 ihttp://online.sagepub.com! S+ l& b  e$ u$ r! j2 G' @# B  q
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
+ C# Z5 i% p9 w$ ^" v* X- v4 M9 Tis a significant concern for physicians. Central
$ }7 r# j% ^/ |$ T* J, z1 f, zprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
  T$ C- V- P" D+ M- \/ `through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! b' @$ j1 [  w. X& T3 m; r# o5 d1 _
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
/ ^0 v6 ]& u9 G: rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 p( H  n4 U6 o2 k( Z
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% E: {2 S4 g; Z* H3 O! I: f4 D3 N; N1 N
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 D$ g  S" G2 w/ _" g" `8 W* v  pcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% k1 ~" b2 J3 W# c$ w4 a/ O  K
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
* x7 Y. h8 V' u$ T! l+ uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-, |5 c4 E& x$ |# @2 ]0 S; ]! e: O5 U
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due5 |* s/ h1 m1 Z1 _
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ O) `% e  |% A2 v9 I" Z( L- ~5 o
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-7 G2 B3 d7 x. P1 D6 z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 w+ r( D  D  Q" R- W& y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" f7 e" O8 p3 v) {" d1 z! Xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
- j/ I# m! C! S' _bly more common than the rare case report in the% ^( \: W  `8 I. W
literature.45 ^9 {+ i; o7 B& U) J
Patient Report
2 @% a$ O/ e" ^, tA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
/ x! \  v0 B% ?endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 @$ p0 r8 V& p0 `$ p. ]1 Vof early sexual development. His mother noticed6 `0 s2 {  F. j- R# X
light colored pubic hair development when he was6 m  U, o% X& D$ f: ^/ n0 C6 N3 B
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
8 {8 m. o) S: D6 C! R* SSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
  ]5 a- C/ ^' _. M) s/ cAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,2 E! Z- Q  O0 k, ]$ P; I) v8 h. |
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ H( b% K) X% P6 y! Q& F3 H# bMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;1 @* n. k8 I4 n4 N& A, h
e-mail: [email protected].4 g0 q7 F: j" O. x0 ^* Q* m
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 J/ u+ M( H% w3 y
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) d5 s9 b5 F1 h/ |1 e% t6 yment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! f; @* @  V/ g/ Q6 s( e' R2 wwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 @" n% r; }4 pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
. S& X. E  P! J6 b* s! U$ g& O20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
. N; g# }1 F$ J* xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. q8 y7 {" V' ?. v/ {& esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 K  _# K1 t; u6 b8 a$ B& N& _
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development& a/ e+ @! H& |: g  j) M/ f
was age appropriate.7 N0 G  u& B7 z4 x
The family history was remarkable for the father,/ L* ?. H3 ~5 R0 Q$ p
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,& l1 i. w! M3 ^" w/ h: j& y% b& i
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s  g( |* J% g( f1 E- k( I  d, U
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
* j" k/ k/ Q( k2 ~early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
$ i0 I  l& w3 dThe father denied taking any other medication. The
, C6 ^; o9 G$ q0 Fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
3 q  l- Z5 f0 S  a1 l6 {& o# qwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
. Y. e) u. G/ ~* T, t5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
1 _. ~  y. ?$ g5 ]& C4 ?$ v# Pcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
( p9 g: R5 b) S- Ctives. There were no siblings.
, H  }- h. `' D/ P0 uPhysical Examination
# `  d2 N# ~' r, ^. }2 D0 G5 `, {The physical examination revealed a very active,
( M! z4 j8 j0 ]" }7 v( dplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
, I( p% E0 x$ w# @0 U& ma blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 W5 E+ p) O8 W/ @0 ], E0 x
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg; z( E9 K1 _/ M: g( W9 d7 D
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth  w2 C( c/ B2 l3 m0 Q9 v
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of/ z! d3 J3 Y4 s. q6 H/ k
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, u& P4 G; ~) }: w1 V% i4 QThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. b8 V  z" Y# R! e" m" E% b/ y3 Renlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of+ _/ a8 C5 I" b# W
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well- D; e# c  Z+ t! A3 ^8 y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around' T2 X2 n+ [% k& {
540
1 |2 V! i+ a; Rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: Y8 G4 U% g- ~, l" |% z3 j8 r
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# b  ]4 W& m, B& ?4 e( k
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." s: B, A, c( z- H
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ O6 K) b% c1 @( K$ U9 `# o( [) }
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no% d' X" y2 X! E) I8 |
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
* Y1 r* P2 @$ w- k1 S% i2 hNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 g, g  J- h* K+ z/ O3 p. M1 v: jbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion4 F! N# u- o  ]- x4 y9 \5 C
of papilledema.+ Y; ^" C7 D0 n& u/ Z5 f# A3 N5 P
Laboratory Evaluation0 |6 e3 j" g' S3 `! g/ k8 z
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by) c/ e1 e3 m8 @9 l9 U7 L* r: G" e
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
8 \$ B' X- m+ Tlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal* y6 }+ X6 A) e
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
/ M$ {3 q8 z. t" F! M% Pshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
, ^# a; W( p/ j; v& B7 l0 }lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).9 v* g3 v/ j4 B, l$ s
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
4 `; X! m" k% v1 ~: V. murea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were7 s( ~% N, Q. k. w4 @6 u
within normal range for his age. The concentration# d- p3 C0 `2 t) W
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
* |( ~/ W, B0 K! P7 N(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: E7 K  s7 l! I# P3 U. M  n% P
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- d, o& V% p& K+ m( aterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! J4 m# k0 P% u# {4 E
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to3 J. m. Y  o$ K& i/ h
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* x2 @2 v& ]3 p5 O) t/ p) Zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( j3 _0 @( I( {, T* j  Q2 T( [tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 H1 M8 h  `9 a  E9 h0 v! B5 z! ttestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),; ]; z9 U. l: p4 c' v; c
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than4 A+ v4 v; i) |+ p7 t/ Z. M: v
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
  B; `5 t: U: L( dstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone6 E; ], ~$ X9 B0 s% ]1 p
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ O0 i# a; Q. ?; H: n(prepubertal).
* \" n8 t8 N# IThe parents were notified about the laboratory
5 O& y7 S0 E* m" P9 M& e( sresults and were informed that all of the tests were
# A0 z: ^( }( D. ^normal except the testosterone level was high. The
2 s6 k) w! _* \5 P8 @1 W3 D! Cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 ^3 ^. x; Q- c4 H' d; C" ^' |' ~7 Qobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, j( V% i) I! c" R% ^ever, the family did not return for 4 months.0 z; V8 o& ?& \8 q; ~0 p
Physical examination at this time revealed that the  y! N( z& O& n0 Z! ?
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained! g4 m% j6 a2 N1 J5 }7 Y
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! ^% t: r5 O* s) U( K
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
+ S" v* X  H7 y2 q/ P. q6 _0 Hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at9 R) ^+ [3 R7 C0 J( R
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 W0 i9 ]  f8 R  [0 C
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
/ M7 W. Z6 O' ~) E" J6 X+ x  [4 uThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- ?$ ^" W) R1 j$ O9 Z3 C9 Q8 B
ing frequent erections.
; V8 R" Q! i% M" j' o! DBoth parents were again questioned about use of' S4 w# d3 q, o, m
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 z9 Y& B: S6 e. m: h$ Pthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the8 I. t! k6 o2 v( t2 s1 f& C
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% b9 D' A4 E1 M) U" P* uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, R  O; _+ G* E: x1 o2 X
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: S7 L5 ?7 v  }/ ^$ V2 I3 P  Ka year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. S0 y/ O  g: T) `* ^$ [6 Y$ _* D
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
# Z$ {6 b" V( p; _  q0 wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido% C: L/ t0 f* M: S
secondary to depression./ e; U4 W# M0 U3 C# K5 D* g3 u
The child slept in the same bed with parents.4 v4 Z# G1 @) S% i
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 |! w2 r8 ~( a2 C- Uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-! k9 y# z+ H) v; x
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
  a, Y+ I- ^. v( H) I/ j4 [$ J6 sThe father also admitted that after the phone call,# A; B0 n3 f0 n% p
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby4 q- i5 x: H3 F. H  j
was high, he then read the product information
) z/ {' Q" j/ r, M- m# {packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-) }: T- T9 i* N6 u% e, S- E" l
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they( O8 [- s. X" Q5 Z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the# ~& q5 k. ^# L; J+ a2 w
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
; L5 ~, o' |" ^5 K2 c, l/ c/ ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ W3 T' v4 a  dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
( z# j, }1 I6 H& Xlaboratory to obtain the test.2 Y2 a6 B4 P; d- |3 ?
Discussion% ?2 {4 t5 b) A  I( c+ h: y. E
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) f: _/ S+ n3 a! n" Csexual development before 9 years of age.1,4' L7 M( A" J( @! G- {( i; `$ c, n( N
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
. W; W8 R* M, ?) E# Q/ H4 K. |it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ @# O" {; s# x0 w. |% v/ O8 {: ~thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
% }4 F7 ?6 k0 D# Y" y& ]: l- imon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 z. P5 d4 K6 D0 |( A2 s4 d
may have a central nervous system lesion that is/ v8 ^0 O0 b0 E4 o
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
, N& `6 h, {; X5 L. Ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# Z: S9 L& s/ `
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in) {7 y; {' E8 [8 U
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-9 Y7 R$ |0 U7 X) E
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 t% T% U+ r' y+ r
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 P4 Q. s( h. A2 {3 R0 lgonadotropins.1,3+ e; v$ {! R* C/ T: }# ]+ W
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-$ d. O" u$ r) ~+ W2 ~
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
3 ~& Y) ]1 i- }" }androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or$ B2 r9 `% ~8 J% F
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
  n+ i. K/ p8 I% ~4 w( Xulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# r- `) q  @3 J( v4 n" u% {
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive$ T/ @5 t+ o8 O" D% e
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious% ?, n. p5 T4 @  d) C
puberty in boys.3,47 {4 C) c1 F5 j+ s( j& S: Q5 }! K& E
The most common form of congenital adrenal. y. q; h1 I2 P: a9 n) S
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
# o2 _- g& C( L8 E  wThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
. N" D# w# z) P3 s. T! Wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,: J5 F2 ?7 T  [  p5 r+ c
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, ~8 J8 h& h% U0 e: o! G# F! u
excess.1,3( |* V, l4 H9 @/ J) X, |9 r
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& l% N! ^% V1 B  W" ]
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
6 a- s3 ^' b( Q7 E8 PA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-4 R0 o$ C: \$ C  g
independent precocious puberty, which is also known0 ]  |8 E! A; |
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a% X- U" s$ @$ F) m- |
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 m, Z# B& o: l) v& g7 M# [3 awith this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 A3 E+ Q. b* T% }including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
: x0 f1 N( c% c2 H* Bwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
) B# ~) z( L1 V# uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show9 F$ T+ |) g) W
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) A! o6 u3 j8 I8 D, Z, hreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% L- J% \- D! u" N* O8 a  F
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 L% P3 c8 h5 F5 r
males; therefore, other male members of the family3 K* Z1 ]6 F# n5 g0 u
may have similar precocious puberty.3
% V4 a! R) ?, j6 V% OIn our patient, physical examination was incon-( Q7 w! l% c1 ^1 z, a$ S
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
, W) W- O+ X; K' V6 f* y! r( ~cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
2 x( n9 g  W/ p  wwas in the differential diagnosis because his father6 v7 K9 O3 ~" c
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,$ I7 k; w; C, `
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the" |$ t, L2 e% W# k6 w
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ l0 Q9 C) D2 l
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our! f9 Z* y# ?$ }+ E5 {
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
7 O( G& N. {+ v9 B; t6 H3 U; neither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; V  v# _9 x( z
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. _6 y6 `9 L6 @, k$ t' P1 F
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
8 a6 l/ A  Q2 I5 ]' v1 M5 UThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, A+ J' R3 Y8 Z  m2 `- ~5 Gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
# B6 v( ]6 g. H: J! b  Tthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-% M2 n; C5 _( ~% |
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and6 n8 \- C9 ?6 M( o6 @0 T7 z
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
3 w- v6 Q! R; b9 C) C5 l1 q* w6 J* N9 Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ S( N) _* S0 I8 F; U. b% Iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% ^2 q' F, u3 m) \$ b) wDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or4 `; e8 Z& O; q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ [& c) h) F" _6 S* F) ]6 y2 ]
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
1 j) J" s# K1 O9 A! aSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the3 w% W: O0 u& C& m' x( }& b5 k& u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
0 V, p( d. A/ G5 ^% b% b/ @even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
+ q( r; K+ E9 ?& R7 E- J5 ~5 P7 _6 P5 Lpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-; X0 ~: q( @/ E0 V6 T/ k- }& ]
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ o; I* ?5 s( W; POur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,. t- [) w6 C; Z! L3 ^$ K' C. j
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* Z6 W3 F( ]+ Z0 W
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 c& b8 q' `$ E/ }5 Rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! \- e+ ]! C6 y" P
active in young children exposed to testosterone9 G6 n0 H' O! Z
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 }. i6 L! e6 u6 z: `, C6 g, vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
4 i" H# P1 J: kvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' ?* C- K" E5 E* ?' j9 I# Fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
" @$ R9 {6 k+ y' W4 z! {$ s6 P9 wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.& I9 g% r3 [5 k0 {# e
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
# O# `' g# }9 j( V; h1 aearly childhood on pubertal development and final
! y; V# B# u. z- p# E# Xadult height are not fully known and always remain
' z2 U, u- t4 ]4 c/ |$ Ca concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 u9 s1 t2 g) F4 u6 M. y9 x
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 ?. ]3 ~+ k$ ], Q9 ?' Sacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
, v& C  F  _5 j8 X& bcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; c# x8 J: q) Z  c/ W4 ?decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 b% ]0 y% ]' b1 kThere are conflicting reports and controversy0 y' P  P  z8 X4 B  V2 u% F
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult/ N/ \0 Q% P4 ]; q; E/ L! x
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
: @+ }* B2 Y9 L! h8 padult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  \4 h  S9 e2 v9 H. Y0 D# B$ B
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However," G7 y* a9 Z; H  A5 e
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 m( n& N' ^5 B6 Z! m" kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
6 f* \, H0 A9 l* E# K9 v; ipenile length in clinical studies.' k1 s5 R+ s$ [+ Z' g4 N' f+ U+ z7 d
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 R5 R. u9 ?$ H9 l! y# h4 g7 p' [
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
' |0 O3 j( R- r6 c: etestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because2 t% A2 u8 ^( P3 ^& v7 B0 m
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.$ s7 X0 C2 h1 u1 t+ p& O, s
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
1 Y# n0 x" t) [7 Pdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at! e3 F# t% {. S5 d, f
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult9 Q1 \. a6 f' [. @! Z
height will not be affected.
. {# B" q0 W* p% ^* ^Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-% k# z  N' T2 o& I. S
ability of androgen products in our society may
7 W: C+ m$ X6 N. f+ A: y# I) gindeed cause more virilization in male or female+ B6 z, S. t* o5 P' e
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% Y' X+ G( L" m7 ygen products must be considered and specific ques-  |% m  v) q" f
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
& ^9 z' J8 b' e$ egel should be asked of the family members during
! ^. ?! f6 ?5 w3 Gthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-  ]* ]  |6 ?* Q7 t4 {2 y- ^, @
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 ]/ o% R' u# Z& Q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by1 K& ~3 B% _) ]
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 R% q6 _* H" S
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ C. V$ K' M5 S2 [  s& Z6 |( dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 K/ t% Y; ]) {! }" Q
investigation. The primary care physician should be" {, t/ _5 h" H1 W
aware of this fact, because most of these children5 f6 {0 d3 w& Z2 T
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’! n2 v, G# c9 Z5 Y+ ^& V
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
2 r* B  e* O! d* |5 lwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or4 y$ J3 _; b0 X
female child who might come in contact with some-5 E7 i) g/ `2 F" r3 G, D1 O, {
one using any of these products., W: _( ^* d0 o8 U
References
" R" |$ f+ G; {1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 Q" l9 M, k: K: v, i3 P5 O2 L! aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
% k3 l2 I$ Y/ L3 f% h8 S  JEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
' t/ {* e% J  D2 ?" J2002: 565-628./ |) b8 _, x! x9 g  D% V# a( y( {
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 a& a9 d/ G+ \5 R7 {& ~. w
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 S* C/ c# ~2 r7 [3 U, x
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical' r% \9 G( D+ e; t7 I
Exposure to Testosterone
4 A  K4 y4 M9 ?; kSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, V2 Y( L3 q# P9 v- sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  I) j* G% v/ R# `4 r  K
Clinical Pediatrics3 \" Y$ {$ k: \! _6 r' s
Volume 46 Number 6* Y: Z: o9 c* P; U% Y: V6 g( a; |
July 2007 540-543
2 f5 o* @5 E2 B© 2007 Sage Publications
! u. W4 k0 J$ F/ o10.1177/0009922806296651: `9 K  Y4 m. j
http://clp.sagepub.com9 _; \4 v7 b$ Y) X. j0 P- `
hosted at
+ m/ y$ _! {, u, Bhttp://online.sagepub.com
+ c' @+ p& L1 v: w5 lPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 P; o+ D+ [' r" Ois a significant concern for physicians. Central
: S" y1 c' \$ Eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated! T8 @0 x' C- q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- d9 b" i; Y8 Z2 W
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system; n3 g4 j  ^5 t7 Y# q' L: b; M
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
1 u6 r; ]+ e1 a4 O# `by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
) A/ K& u" @2 xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 r1 m1 A7 ?* ]; j3 H0 Z( P
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& P7 o4 a% G! d* W
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! t- @! R! l/ x* d4 D) i! ^enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 K1 e, y6 R# t7 v4 _
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% M! c0 h, _! z; Q/ b0 sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ Y9 v6 A/ {1 |( Q6 o" u9 Wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 G6 u) g1 o- P5 ~  c
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this! G( h9 I3 C9 P& \7 K0 I' C
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ P5 X  O' T3 j) l* I
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
6 d1 b9 H% S* Vbly more common than the rare case report in the2 n, I' \- _3 r8 Z" I
literature.4# ^" p2 R* q! F! E8 A+ {
Patient Report
" t7 E# h$ @$ \6 yA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
7 P/ S6 F, y) o: Yendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern5 v9 j- r# ?; e2 n
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 R. p1 Q* P9 E( ]5 O+ j
light colored pubic hair development when he was% h0 T) m* s5 N: a
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of& d% z6 k+ i$ |5 a8 P4 C8 G
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, x3 J( Y' @* |! [  }Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
" V& y  h2 a  |: \, J1 G) wProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& g6 r7 z. v" R
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; R& g: |" |6 t* Y6 P- m# Pe-mail: [email protected].
6 S. r0 x0 m7 U: A) qabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
1 \6 U# |3 r$ m  ^  f( Fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 |0 X% C5 G" J) Z
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child" s3 ]6 {7 Z' f8 b: u% W
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
2 j, }! Z0 s/ ba birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of  y  c, V9 r  S6 m- n. M$ T
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year8 j" r* S; D3 D" X
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 g1 ?  T8 Y; q5 bsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,- \0 C9 y# n$ N* g
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development- A' I) e+ B5 S: ^7 _  m: R
was age appropriate.
! X# F1 W+ q# R* p( E$ S7 UThe family history was remarkable for the father,
; q; v$ j" X& ^who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ O. G6 n. @* v* b( g; W4 R: `' _1 q
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% \4 n2 x# \) f: [# w4 y8 U% P0 h( s
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat- C/ l8 U5 G: z5 [( j
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
4 w8 V; h" ~5 h8 [( eThe father denied taking any other medication. The0 N8 d8 S0 b, M; J4 a
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% I. P8 W, }; i0 hwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( Q6 T) ?6 {/ z, j5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
' s! r7 u) M4 D( dcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-$ M8 I5 m: T& E8 {
tives. There were no siblings.
, V; O- @" ^. [2 |Physical Examination# h! J, Q1 W9 H
The physical examination revealed a very active,  L, t, w6 ^2 ?- u
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
: B1 m! ?% t9 s& I! Y3 Ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 D3 |3 w2 s7 S+ f! o3 O, V90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! g$ |/ C9 F* n5 n! j
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) u. E; ]$ ~6 T
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
( |$ e& r% v& q/ v9 `, q# Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
8 H7 ^/ e# Y4 a4 x- F0 r* a" ]The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! a) N- W: I- Zenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
% l. H  ?% Q# }! b' H8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 L  c3 V. k3 c  z  m/ S! Q' i0 W
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around! T3 ?$ o# Q6 |; t8 |% B8 N9 y
5401 C8 v" Q/ d5 V7 ?% V# e: S1 Z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* ]0 [! R( r# d1 |the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, t1 z3 p& D. V) Y. _
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
7 V; d. t( g0 t8 g; |1 ~: ]" p. O0 d2 MThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat' `% h) [& M4 K  k; W
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! n& f- \; z; V; ^! u, pabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- z" l( {, V" K# R  n2 V$ [" |. KNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
8 E- R# i; K- Ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion2 M7 {8 o5 ?2 o2 u  A# U. t
of papilledema.
  g4 H1 z0 W7 u! wLaboratory Evaluation% o0 Q1 {3 A( `# n! C3 b
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by4 E5 {7 U6 @( V
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 r. z2 b3 c& ?$ i  w8 `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ D6 l" h" t; |& Vkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
, i; L$ }. Z/ J1 I- i# E  ?showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-; S9 Q, K5 k3 L, h, f' r
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).$ h2 ~3 A* Z, t/ S
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood8 s" x  o! J7 D6 _& A% t
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
/ D! v7 {; z/ d  W5 z- Hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration' S% o% F9 Q' H0 q+ [8 Z
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL, p; y+ O8 K7 m" q! v. V) F4 w& x  P
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20( K7 \: j" e. ]2 k! N  _
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
7 T  j+ i! {: \  \! _4 x# Kterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 Y) r, Y# L5 @' udesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to4 F# U8 ?# J4 p8 u4 ~6 `; y- X
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)0 h- S& F* \7 V
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' ?4 C, ]- S4 S
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
: e) c7 b6 A7 K2 L* X: b2 V6 o/ itestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),$ e3 g2 G: h6 g+ G' J  Q; Z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. x7 j( l6 w# k. L) J- J
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
7 V9 Y. U8 B) I7 U8 c6 R3 |7 Estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone) H# q* i- S4 I, H" X% O
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% A& Z- [2 T# l+ E  T/ i: A
(prepubertal).
& m: b. ]. B) D& M. n* bThe parents were notified about the laboratory% b8 H) _7 w9 V
results and were informed that all of the tests were( R5 t, z, A( a9 Q) z% u' j
normal except the testosterone level was high. The: @6 u0 S0 I) h  J
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to) W/ z! s. V/ u4 I( W1 ?
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-/ Z+ E! o5 t5 I
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
' u7 C- L) A, }: YPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
) _$ N$ [  `. U* |% o# Achild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 G! U) L  _1 b- h7 _
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained+ s. A4 Z, ^# C1 s* q% j" }8 {
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. w7 E0 W+ K$ z: Z$ \$ D
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at9 U# s: ?  }" N9 G* `- U" w
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 25 T3 a( V7 W6 j- \) d' \! q2 @
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
! y; y- c' W+ ^1 T' n' D( [  ]- ~' TThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 K* l0 H1 `* u* b5 Ting frequent erections.
1 p; j) {4 ^8 j0 ^) h: ?6 s  xBoth parents were again questioned about use of# [& k: X) Q6 Y: B, Z
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 p+ |4 r  v  C1 k2 b5 a
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
6 ]* b5 u, H/ r0 n' z$ F# bTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" z1 C1 {. I/ H% xuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& B/ R8 N$ m% {
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
7 U+ q/ }) s$ ?; h3 fa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 R  ~1 i+ e: c: f: h; ~  \4 q; yto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-, b+ y  v5 G! {; F' F
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido3 w# {, [: J4 R2 z6 o7 U" v2 ^
secondary to depression.- O) A8 D/ m5 o5 e+ l
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
  @1 k4 G3 `' y' D; p$ t" y4 y, F; @The father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 B% F# C; u/ `6 m2 k
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ j- i7 b& @; C3 A7 c+ A
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: W6 }8 h$ |8 e7 ]8 _
The father also admitted that after the phone call,1 o. ]2 W. Y0 Q: j9 k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
# n8 W$ f. S2 G, q1 C' ?6 s5 N' S1 ?was high, he then read the product information
% C# u& N; R' Y6 Cpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
  R, K8 X. |3 N3 O. F0 i( qson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 E7 d) [9 q6 ~: Z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the% G8 x' G0 G& Z4 [1 T
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' _' Z3 ?! K6 j8 L3 Obeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
( \: w. h7 w+ }9 r" Dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the( e" k$ A" p& u- t9 N: x; C% E/ O4 n
laboratory to obtain the test.
  u  ]5 v' ?! _8 M" @) V8 _% XDiscussion4 |/ c- F% N: F0 A0 u
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary( V4 ^( ~; V" ?' e$ q* c6 V* Y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 S2 B: ?/ o, i* p0 _$ r8 ]
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when6 K1 W# {3 |0 {2 j& I
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-; C% U+ p' o5 c6 P& @: n5 C
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. j  Q( m/ T$ S9 a) p2 mmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP  f+ |- n# Y9 r# }2 t# x
may have a central nervous system lesion that is1 P1 c: a: \' a+ B
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-8 c) v' T) a  J: Y4 s+ F2 S
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' N1 b9 ^  ~' P
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 E$ R0 c# J5 p% z9 c" O
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) c8 S1 ~3 x) H# O( }. W
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) l+ N6 |5 c9 F% e1 a- ^rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 B# l; B5 R: |/ ^% n
gonadotropins.1,3
2 a6 x  L' P( m2 @+ JGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 E& ?+ T, S  Acious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' s0 X) z. z3 ]# \6 r: k9 c0 Gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 ]/ C* U, F& b7 r* g  A
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 @3 f- G1 ]7 C, U* o4 e0 Lulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! j+ \% ]/ ~( Rcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# ]! I+ P0 a& q$ j% O7 wadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: i# a! s, p4 r- Fpuberty in boys.3,4
5 e/ p/ u& m* |+ h) M" kThe most common form of congenital adrenal
& h( T& H& e$ s" r& E3 Zhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
1 q5 e6 K/ n, _9 Q5 n9 PThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in/ @" k' U9 q/ f4 z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
8 m$ V3 Q6 [1 v5 l" p# pan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 q# n" r( p3 S! P: Q! sexcess.1,34 c! f# ^& g% i/ I' o" [9 N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: M; h, A  |# D1 @! V( ]542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
* ]/ ]( O9 o- SA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
3 h" s! K( @" y, A( L" E( ~5 R4 Rindependent precocious puberty, which is also known# M' D, y/ N% }8 w1 {: G
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
4 f/ Q( e0 Q9 @) b% v5 D/ Kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
' ^) t9 N; E2 }) o: J6 zwith this disorder are full pubertal development,: r; C" {/ T- h5 ~3 D
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
, Z8 h; T" x$ P" twith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
( l# p7 Q- M" [1 J# Z7 Qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
% E' q7 i$ m. d# E' j6 V! k# Xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 }5 B! D1 S, Z0 W/ H
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked* m( T1 P# z" u: [5 `2 ~
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ w8 ~* `% g; d0 [5 j
males; therefore, other male members of the family
0 ~8 o& `- W3 ^8 k: _+ O) tmay have similar precocious puberty.3
6 D  K4 l: y& K% t8 E6 ~In our patient, physical examination was incon-1 S/ U  ]5 Q3 U
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-; Y* v3 P0 i' h9 p
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; S+ q+ n; `: Z2 bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
' \# M5 v  a% Bstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
" @9 p# B0 C1 l5 O+ i  ~5 [testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
# K# r5 j, x! Z# Sbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! Q* l4 N; D9 w" z8 K+ e7 ~ative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ ]$ M% R$ I/ x7 K  W; {1 j/ C
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; G5 C! l) x/ H2 m2 H* K
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; i% i+ R3 I& ^
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
" ]" D1 z; i% h" Ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 N3 o# E5 J! [# \2 I7 ZThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) b; T. ^* F4 J4 u3 d, ksuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because4 `9 F( V9 \. O, \) n
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; n$ p' r3 F& s" n+ `( v6 m+ rpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( n& z  ~- i, k8 _* Cdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-  }% ^2 j6 L6 g
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ c2 G# B+ q" S) V" ^using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
8 e6 e& u" F* ]4 A$ j, XDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
& k9 s3 f4 }1 M( c4 C4 Y& e# Pcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
+ E  z' d& _1 U4 Hunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ [6 H! X9 c$ jSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 u# J/ ?3 \: Bbaseline value in those females who were exposed to1 @$ o' y+ z: I1 g, m. B9 J
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; H6 J, J$ Z) I" y2 v% A
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: d% c0 b% y4 g" J2 E! Y
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 G3 V3 Y! G) r  TOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
3 _2 }% M- U3 P# g, swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
" o& f+ |! C0 |! v! ^; Cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: i- v' s: R5 i6 U8 x: K- C0 Wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 @" u- d5 _1 a3 m# x* ractive in young children exposed to testosterone  u. Q6 f- e8 s+ P$ ^: |( o' }
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-6 n; N8 \! v, r9 r2 u& |4 Y, B) x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to3 }8 M5 p7 H5 B( E/ ~5 \1 k
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 D7 {+ V4 y3 ], Cchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and/ x3 D8 ^( B9 h" E0 C) l1 n+ ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; j) c- b: `7 r
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( G7 i3 a% O5 ]4 Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& c) S' P& K9 A7 _* @+ w2 wadult height are not fully known and always remain& R6 G: W1 ?' o3 g4 B9 u
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 e! U2 S, a" u
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
. P- i& g: ~0 N2 ]) \% {3 R: `* |) lacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 G7 ]5 n. R  I% k  \: @cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation( ^; ]& g& }: S( C9 L
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
+ c+ a" a; ?- t. J3 b, h0 {; GThere are conflicting reports and controversy
- K  `; o# z% @. T/ W+ u/ X+ kover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ Y. W( J6 @' W- t! X, rpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
8 \% k3 I! m8 A6 A, e5 u) Z* @adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-* a0 \9 ]: D# B8 c8 N
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
" f/ q" A$ @7 DSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between& |( N  b/ y, Y; P3 O7 p
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult) R3 v* c, O! a
penile length in clinical studies.
5 z- f: f0 X: P  W. `1 O: _Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is5 W+ O" T5 P; v+ g0 g
going to experience any of the untoward effects from4 ^9 n$ _8 g) |5 }. Y
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ h! F4 b4 R/ R  Zthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.6 p. |4 u, g' m
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
2 O  S) s6 m5 ddiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at$ d  S: S5 Q" b/ ^
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
% [, q5 `& a) c! C) n0 q% E7 y! ?height will not be affected./ h: v* p' ^, {: s9 Y
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-$ B, Y9 v' ]. T: C# [. {1 r7 m
ability of androgen products in our society may% F+ D  V3 T1 |0 G5 a5 \4 d$ \
indeed cause more virilization in male or female" M' T  u8 P$ o( o* P0 n
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
0 _) G; E+ q0 \- `* kgen products must be considered and specific ques-
' W+ E  G* U2 l, X" htioning about the use of a testosterone product or* C9 [6 e$ p% |2 W% a& c+ y
gel should be asked of the family members during8 j* s( u8 S3 Z
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 F& y7 p1 P: e: U+ Q' }
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 y; f$ v2 `- ?# a6 h  Cnosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 b9 o6 F6 w0 M
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a6 \' k) w: l% ]! ~5 I9 B8 B
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may6 \; w% [, ~9 w1 T1 r9 ]
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ }  @, c6 E5 d* T1 Sinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
/ r. n4 Z! L6 x: U2 ?; z+ t: g5 jaware of this fact, because most of these children
* h6 p, C+ b! K( W3 M5 |- d- smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
9 l- Y! q! A0 \8 w) h0 b. c# o) bDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 T: O: |' o) V9 q0 r# u5 A0 Mwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or1 V9 v- F' z$ [8 ~1 {# L
female child who might come in contact with some-) c4 d! r1 i9 m) C% v, x  m
one using any of these products.' R& P5 @8 }4 a
References( q' e/ S0 g* \! C2 Q1 R( D
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation! t: A; z. \# h2 p; l" ^) `( f
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric& I2 P( s0 f) U. D/ G, l2 W/ Z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;% S6 ~) R. Q2 O5 P* v3 r
2002: 565-628.
9 [5 L7 |$ S/ y" C0 N9 ]2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
& x, {( W* ~" Xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

& M. g! e1 g- G" s: Y! ?3 k精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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