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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old0 }+ o% v: a% E/ k" {, @' Y6 p! Z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical9 P8 \0 j/ a9 l; ]+ ^
Exposure to Testosterone& B$ z2 w, M4 v6 v4 O4 P
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,29 b! G% `: z4 A9 F
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 d0 u* d' ~4 y6 R3 PClinical Pediatrics, F9 P8 M, J7 o! z
Volume 46 Number 6
7 K) P/ h: W& TJuly 2007 540-5430 e0 l  B' L/ J# t
© 2007 Sage Publications6 b" R. x! L  H2 m# F" `6 {+ D
10.1177/0009922806296651
. c$ s, e2 b, l! H* Ohttp://clp.sagepub.com, ^$ C" |6 h& Z9 a$ D
hosted at
1 Y( g; p# D2 O6 r& b! Phttp://online.sagepub.com
2 q, d  ^! ~5 T* ]: c: IPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 @7 q: K3 D3 T& f9 z" T( d% ois a significant concern for physicians. Central) h& x: X) ?1 |. G7 W
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated" H  O6 O: B2 }4 r1 j/ {7 v+ X
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: c3 ^5 _& @2 @  G) O1 }
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system0 S* `" P7 u5 d1 o6 S4 x( }
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ q( J) `7 ]) `2 {* X" M
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& ]1 T- C9 i5 g& ~/ ?' w4 Mhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, Z. s" S$ r# ~3 H1 v
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We- S2 ]/ O/ K( w" P% s
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! n/ y1 z8 X3 O- eenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-4 J- c1 G. T' C: M
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- `) g0 _# Q, U% ]+ Z" o& {
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ K  U+ A/ t' S0 h. |8 S- Z, i
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 |2 P2 m% d8 b  Qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this" ?$ J7 C: V& H2 |
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of& }# A( C! F8 i& k
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; M" j2 c8 I# H: ^: [9 f1 L7 mbly more common than the rare case report in the% o0 S7 w% `9 w! n, n' ~, G
literature.4
, L% s7 m- T. l3 UPatient Report
8 n1 a5 j  I" ^. v7 u1 U; k; B  p( BA 16-month-old white child was referred to the" h4 H4 N8 o0 T9 T, N  W( A
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% o6 l& O/ U+ E  w: D; j3 Z4 ]
of early sexual development. His mother noticed/ z4 D2 a2 {1 W/ u
light colored pubic hair development when he was# f& ?" e8 V* W6 w+ h- N
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of6 O7 N, h. r- T
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 G& ?! A8 T. s- e. @9 @+ P2 h
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% V4 Q& J5 J2 E! v0 l/ x* D, W% _4 v
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of9 S: A+ c+ p4 A, B# i7 n( T
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
! t+ c& V% y6 z- C8 c% X8 _5 ke-mail: [email protected].8 d- @% b* ~9 r$ A7 c
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 [1 J3 b5 B- k7 {( c" x! `' v
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 t  J( Z6 M+ F5 sment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
5 }- D) ?! w6 k8 @' p! Ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" d1 Z0 ^9 p2 x' E5 @% n. Pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ f$ n+ g' r1 R* ^; ?: h, w20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year# {" X5 ~. Y8 a2 k
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with# w2 x/ |2 u3 `% M
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
9 x, X2 z4 u8 U3 o- o$ q& }6 \and his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 W0 r4 i( x% m7 U
was age appropriate.7 Y; [6 e2 J% `: ~6 F9 Q& c' ]
The family history was remarkable for the father,2 Q3 q. h8 Q5 ^3 M4 v# t) Y* |
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
3 e0 u4 H. ]9 j4 e6 `  Swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 o, H- \  q  D  oheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
' N1 V( u3 H# u4 m- E; J7 K% Dearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.  o8 g2 o; i- @5 I. v
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- v2 r) e2 ~' kchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 d- E2 `# X7 I8 Z- J' zwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet7 c7 d' a/ c2 Q4 [, N
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-! \8 N3 {' ]* u# C9 R0 w1 z
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
0 r; O" [- t: Etives. There were no siblings.0 T; \2 k' `# t$ I
Physical Examination) f7 f1 q/ E! q5 K: w& p! Z# F
The physical examination revealed a very active,5 G  `; u% X7 X! t; K8 [
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" H+ u9 j2 ^- L; X
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. U5 I0 S, |- G1 p90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
/ i2 K' F9 `* K, N* s+ Z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth: y* n4 p% ~7 j  G
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 [: s- j0 s" ?1 P$ H7 a4 R7 P9 Mthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ ?6 D7 [" a6 G( t2 E; l! Q8 H  IThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 p) w, D7 h/ Y. A% j$ Jenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# s0 p( ]: c" i7 [
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# D. _. t: _; B4 pdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 G7 p; ?+ }6 i, o4 z" ]540
' P" l8 A/ V6 n7 mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 C* u) [% Z' R1 k: L6 X0 cthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 H9 j, `8 x6 X/ g2 [$ }+ q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." \: p( N. t& G9 ]
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat, y$ a& N2 o3 T- }
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
, k3 A- ^: ?- c% [; \& _abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' f4 ~7 o- z( Z' h+ W3 N+ s9 H
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 R' ]( n# k, p4 L6 R% E
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
9 a- D! [% ?4 X% vof papilledema.
5 i1 N. C, d4 u& N% t( VLaboratory Evaluation6 V6 K4 [) `" K8 N
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by  w: m+ _4 M/ F, D/ m) Z* O
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% E# o( w0 H* z) s1 L6 ?1 E
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal- D. C) n/ O2 Q( {& U. e# T# I
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 S) n2 E1 f5 n6 dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
: n! f% b) @0 }1 R& q1 Q, E  A2 M  ulating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)." d9 s$ }/ A# Y  H5 z9 B- ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ b* S: y* I  Y. y& Q
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
  D) b* {, \* O% d3 u+ e( }3 A! bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration0 [2 R& F% W0 ?8 u7 D3 b5 p: l
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: m; `: M5 ^! m, X
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
0 F4 A* u' ?2 V1 {* ~7 png/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, l1 }- S5 f% ]3 w5 G" Q1 yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) Z% t/ K! A( }$ i; ^! idesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 D  f# x- O+ K6 ]6 v' x6 d
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
% @5 U) n' R6 bwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-/ k9 [5 j" P& Q5 B
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ U1 e0 a  S% f* R3 p/ qtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. f8 |2 ^/ v% r& O. j6 ^; l
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  q- z, H! a7 R) q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
6 O3 n: W) g* h9 L* r% Sstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone6 B/ \$ Q1 T; r- W
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 Y! e7 k3 q0 K- i3 @$ A(prepubertal)., X" H/ }. `  Q8 S3 u! @
The parents were notified about the laboratory- n, {0 N3 R& Z
results and were informed that all of the tests were
9 B+ @& i$ n8 D  q+ U+ a* ]- ynormal except the testosterone level was high. The# `% c3 a7 }4 p3 U% }, P8 b
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' s- z% Q1 r+ s5 w: z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" f2 h3 g2 S2 B% [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) E/ h9 B* [8 g/ U4 M6 d2 a" {+ `1 P
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& o8 y, T0 R% n% z; Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
8 V7 v. W, h' j0 C% n% e# h% h- {2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) l! E* L) s0 R( s
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. y- T% R: H% d' S
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( p/ j' F7 |' ]& k: z/ ]
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 22 _5 Z) c6 C# U0 H% s
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.9 }3 G# B* A6 p' \- H! u- [
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" M/ w$ d7 n3 E( _  A$ [2 N; z) |ing frequent erections.
4 m- E+ ~* h1 B3 k9 [Both parents were again questioned about use of; Z6 ]/ q0 I* h
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& k% P" V7 A& f, _- J9 H! Ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
6 s. x9 {/ O! F" q! ]& iTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ o4 f* h3 d! iuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
1 t  p4 ^5 s: ~1 s- Ning over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for- {- _7 n: k, l( B; x
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) L5 X+ |* I$ D! |  q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' t7 b: N% j  }" }# [# c! ]6 {$ M
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
. z# `* s$ g! \" \$ m  U3 hsecondary to depression.
8 W/ h7 M) r+ I; K) ?% u' ^The child slept in the same bed with parents.
- \1 Q9 D; j4 d* ]6 oThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his8 F, w9 p7 u( Y7 U
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ ^: M& x0 O& ]) `& ]: q" O! \: U% I
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 x: k: v# q/ [% P: H2 y% z4 G3 ~
The father also admitted that after the phone call,/ F4 e. V5 T. R# p
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby  O4 M+ D, D: J
was high, he then read the product information5 g- T/ R; j2 K' N2 S9 w" L, h
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! z" _( Q4 E: kson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they& i2 _: u; u. F- i) o
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the. T/ b* ~, w6 M% e7 T5 p- ]
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had4 Q8 v/ S8 L$ `
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone/ }& m$ S- U& t
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; C# A3 Z  P7 \3 `laboratory to obtain the test.' x; F3 ^8 P( X
Discussion/ `  b4 W6 W+ {" o+ `5 \: c
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
9 `' B# }. d  ]3 |, Esexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
$ i. s9 u( K5 Z, {8 D1 ~Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 M. P. W! c6 t# h9 p6 c+ [
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% T2 T9 ?& |# U9 b. Z6 kthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
& O! I' L) n  N, Z) ]  Omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% ?3 [0 t8 T5 t+ g. Xmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
+ T% ^: ~' Y0 Y4 eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% ~7 U! _) ?% b
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' s5 f/ |; z  n6 x0 x: Q6 _
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
0 u8 N3 d9 R( O$ s# Nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
1 R2 \# p+ P: ]/ p7 Aization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-4 |9 w3 @) ]5 e1 ?( R: Q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 A0 P9 _% h8 B5 F
gonadotropins.1,34 @' r9 O' _, o" v% D* D& Z
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' G3 B7 b  ~! ?$ z/ Q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& v) [4 r6 f# c
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
  g  @& J1 ]# s" x! ]exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-  ~2 B0 @0 x% b* D+ Z
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" C0 V) R' t6 O$ G: r7 ~congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
+ J# M& Q1 E6 c3 s' m# K6 {adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious3 ^2 p$ X6 C) f' }- L
puberty in boys.3,41 h" l: d' R& s, q3 c1 \
The most common form of congenital adrenal
: m& ^/ p7 u, ehyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
( g( Z. h/ [. p4 Z5 [7 oThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in5 z* a( K/ Y8 K+ C  z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& ?' s8 m5 u2 Man adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen  m( ?' N* U! U2 S
excess.1,3
" f& C: J! Q) I1 I: Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# P- M  z; T% U; m542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& L% [! Y) s' ^3 I2 `
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-% V# [( |" w6 l+ ?
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
, y0 c! J+ q, Das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a  K# Y4 g6 x) b4 p' p/ c. v
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
) s) ?2 U) Y2 }: E# k% F% J9 ^with this disorder are full pubertal development,. E2 ]  P5 _9 L' V* W4 k
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
4 }* M# h. }1 W1 z3 _8 ~with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 h* D9 Z# o' ?" y% nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) L2 b# k  z" S1 v  Q' E9 A  _
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% ^8 ?8 c$ [5 B  u; M, Wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 p( E6 g8 R* J7 w( h7 Q8 y7 ]- n
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" V' `7 [9 Y6 l* u" \( }males; therefore, other male members of the family
4 k  h6 Q! n( U, cmay have similar precocious puberty.3
2 r5 n; ?) j; k6 C# c/ d* |  qIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
# z) q) E" i+ |* M& M! M& }: o* j: T% l, ?sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* X! _- Z2 r9 _9 rcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. e' V* I5 \0 C3 t7 o& B! s2 @was in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 A& U& @3 W# M$ Dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 N# k; q* a  F
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the3 ?) l+ L1 S8 M/ e! h/ N" o
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-  d) \  [6 f) T" P7 g0 l# u9 M
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our0 [; _% ]; C2 S: T1 O: O
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,9 S; b+ S8 v4 D
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
- ]# W4 M' ^  @+ K' N, ]; udeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
4 n. ~# V; J% o0 y, {/ ~ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.- N9 @4 T+ T; i6 W2 e. `" z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly5 _, f* D, q9 ^' G8 M( B5 L5 U# l" ^
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because; Z- s/ u: m" ]* |
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 s1 v( G% v% A4 y7 m. c
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and0 S7 [0 J+ a) w
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 t8 l8 N2 ]9 ~
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
7 m" r! _" l! n. |) G, Tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
* I6 G. {" N8 \9 X* Y5 u- u* m4 F1 rDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" U" j' G: l, {: M1 S
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
" |) F$ o8 c+ U5 J: wunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
1 P; X& M, S* S. [( CSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the: W! w; W+ i* r/ `( u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
% b+ A* Z& z$ R8 j, K+ M. ieven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
- u/ w, G* C& M+ |partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 z& G8 M/ @! L5 _7 @% p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* [* a2 F$ v; L2 S5 k
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ C( t6 W- V/ n- |* m9 t" {
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; l) `( J4 J; X9 t4 Q' n" ?6 w$ xdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-  S: h+ \* U) \, S: N
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more; g5 X/ q& |) U8 f6 J; l4 o
active in young children exposed to testosterone2 x" G% h* U. T4 Q; q! x' M- [
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
, d* m% o: R+ A0 B( V' e. N* Bdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 _1 n( w4 Y- V& f1 O# ^; Evirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in* R  f2 {( G! Z+ a) n; m! Q
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
7 l8 n3 j0 S1 T" A0 Dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) V9 M5 ~+ d7 E
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during2 F, u: z1 ?* ]4 f3 f; a) z
early childhood on pubertal development and final% T5 ~, `+ m1 N: F) G
adult height are not fully known and always remain
! [2 j+ B0 ]3 N" z* ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  f; r( J' ^' I
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
$ T; ^3 u  H3 a) macceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 v/ j4 i: A, q" Q7 @# @! Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 c& X& B# `% L9 C& X- Tdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 W" F9 r, L" c7 p9 F" S
There are conflicting reports and controversy
( \/ X5 O1 K4 K; Oover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
" n: H! H1 R& a, c5 ~penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal7 D- W; Z; Z8 L; b3 a: J* L
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# D% R5 x8 }# vulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, \5 \$ `! g4 Z2 M7 R7 @0 q& m6 Y
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' S' A7 g; |( f0 [
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult# D% M8 Z. |6 G3 L! q6 e$ c! J, Z
penile length in clinical studies.7 X2 A- |& A/ v
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is  f$ G  O( n& ]* T2 T$ _6 A
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
$ I) ~" q/ r- H2 X! rtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
0 }) b$ x4 K# J! ^, T" Gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.8 u0 ]' Z- ?" K
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 t, b& z! M7 f; ?6 Fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ b5 c- x0 a$ |( i$ y- l) i* H
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
/ J& d/ a: I4 k4 [( a3 T$ T8 `height will not be affected.5 R) i( b) A0 [( z( a
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
7 ]4 \4 t  }7 J( {  Dability of androgen products in our society may! p+ i3 A, S( Q1 K! V# H, f% v
indeed cause more virilization in male or female/ `2 J; _' x# v. k  N
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
0 a7 Q8 G# `7 A9 V7 u; x, v0 Zgen products must be considered and specific ques-2 S4 i! n2 I+ X+ M5 c  }
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 }) B7 v/ \+ ngel should be asked of the family members during
* h% U/ b2 L7 T6 O$ Ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-. k1 g/ Y; i- o( L
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-. g5 G/ u: R0 C( Y  O& P
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by* {1 ]2 ^7 Q# j$ o  k1 N9 T# U5 O
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
* {7 ^3 v6 h: M" [6 Y. n$ }+ t, ihistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
( ~3 _7 j3 t! r4 Nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 u, f( o, ]! q8 Vinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
6 s% k( g* e9 C3 v2 [7 Y  [5 |6 [% Daware of this fact, because most of these children
  N/ M  |, f* b5 j0 Bmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 Q& M" Z% K! C( L9 m% ?1 @
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
% r5 Q" M5 y  I: z2 bwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or4 o4 y% Q% N# u
female child who might come in contact with some-! c# k: P$ e( t
one using any of these products.
2 {3 \- a8 M  O; E) YReferences4 d" ^; g+ I: g( E* O. |
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; ]/ B: d( t/ V. y& v/ v) Mand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
1 b# a- A' V! `' sEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 s' a% a2 Z7 V, y, C" ^2002: 565-628.
, k5 O0 q. }5 Z2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: G* Q- Q5 @7 d( A7 M
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 @4 A5 ]2 l$ q, p8 G. X! ^Boy Induced by Indirect Topical! _$ Q, x5 ^5 Y- a0 y6 |! E" I
Exposure to Testosterone1 V1 I5 _6 _& |% ?. t6 r- x/ E
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2' N: G3 g9 i$ K7 s- _- U
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* [2 b) R, l7 m8 Z& Q/ [; ?
Clinical Pediatrics
# C" k. l6 D6 Y  o( W- VVolume 46 Number 6& t3 A$ h- b3 p, q: c2 ^
July 2007 540-543! |, ]4 V3 J- p. V# R% c$ `$ I
© 2007 Sage Publications) @8 d# r9 ~. U9 J4 u( L! S; M
10.1177/0009922806296651
3 Y& Z" b9 V/ {9 n$ ihttp://clp.sagepub.com- Y! ^* B7 L/ X* @8 D) p
hosted at
% e- \3 b  e) J# dhttp://online.sagepub.com5 }& ?# p. n, V4 S/ n  o  @
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
0 ?8 h6 c3 p8 N0 a# `% a- G# Dis a significant concern for physicians. Central
) g& \5 W4 G! j. |4 U+ q; Oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated( \- G' z% Q, }  g
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has+ ^+ x, q( A/ E. r5 y, \
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
5 t7 w9 F6 a% `) c2 o5 h, n) llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
1 c: t: b: U  t9 j- |by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
; K% ^0 f) V4 Jhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-3 \9 h# y) g' L
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 u) f8 I# v3 [1 Zreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, |$ a7 L5 o5 u: q+ t- jenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
% m& e% c1 z1 r# T' L1 fment without testicular enlargement, which was due. Q9 O1 v0 O: s( p# \
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
7 c6 H$ n5 E  r% V( R6 f( s' Cthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
# G# K, O) X, v& S3 J$ t" Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 j; P$ p. X# Y  G, |  ichild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, \1 V' y( \" T9 Gtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-- W" M! Q$ z3 Y& T
bly more common than the rare case report in the/ ?2 Q0 U( \- ]1 \, _9 {5 ~2 @
literature.4
: v) v( U( u2 u0 y1 x4 x  V4 t( Y4 ZPatient Report1 f3 a) e+ O( g- f7 x( E
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
, {; ?/ o: V! ?4 R/ Pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
/ m0 Q4 l* U$ A7 lof early sexual development. His mother noticed
" \* C* j9 U3 S% T- k  Klight colored pubic hair development when he was
# u  E7 E$ V  v, P* B8 q  xFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 x, J4 @  C4 g% c+ y  ]* ISouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.; E1 T5 e# _6 `
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,6 t0 u# [+ d6 m. d3 V  l# G* E( J
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of* `% ?4 t; }3 x
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) o, n' f( {) h2 r7 I
e-mail: [email protected].+ E! o* k. b+ f+ t' t
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# j6 C0 @; i# E0 ~1 Y) ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ L" u7 E# H# V- }: ]
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( |. F+ L; u$ Q3 \% g; o
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
9 o5 q# K$ }" l* g- \8 r' F  Ea birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) b, {- ]/ y8 Y2 m7 s6 R
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 e, K* h- |; N2 p
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* M8 X7 p: ?' q- \solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( Z, ~2 A3 H1 f; f; `6 U
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development( H# v7 a, n4 [. D4 d9 y
was age appropriate.1 S) K# w- t- Z# I/ R
The family history was remarkable for the father,$ B. b( u6 {3 V5 E
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: [$ R1 @( ^0 ^- d7 z% twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; g" C5 A. H  E6 l; i" ^" rheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat4 z4 `% a) r" b1 K7 \& U( `& T" k
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
9 q( z" c* b/ N4 x+ zThe father denied taking any other medication. The% j& E" k1 t7 q9 I2 L. R2 E2 q
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
5 m! @; c5 Q0 y; M9 mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 p% {' Z- R) [/ ]& B% `5 s5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
  I1 L0 S( v& N! x3 zcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 m7 i" U$ R7 S7 R+ Otives. There were no siblings.
" d, y$ T% E$ i  R& H$ zPhysical Examination7 F2 H9 T9 P  s6 Z6 l: w. N$ {
The physical examination revealed a very active,* U/ r9 _! z+ H5 ~  i( z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* r4 y% u. Y  u6 S- ?: M) B4 f
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) C2 n6 z" ?. h8 V: r8 `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
( ?  D' K$ ?$ E& {(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth  c; w+ o/ M/ a: Z2 A# E5 d7 ^# ^- @6 R
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
, N  P1 i- ~5 b( K. Y* N3 kthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ f! J; }7 A0 F- _2 P' c
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for. ~* N. @5 a6 Z7 `6 f' t
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of2 ~* h7 k3 w$ v9 Z7 g7 L- J
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well2 U: n# J9 @0 F1 v: x: \1 N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) {. T* A7 `7 o8 F4 R4 ~, c
540. c3 t1 f6 j0 w
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; c( I3 Q/ `' R$ j1 v* {3 mthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' H8 v  W& u4 ~- u6 ]+ mtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ x% i" X1 j- [& c. F4 N: y4 d
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
7 c' Z, U- B7 g% Z3 Uoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 U' L; @9 D5 M1 f7 j2 {: ?abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; |/ g- R' e  ^7 d
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+% U& ?3 o" n8 N1 `: _' Z- i. [
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( Q- H! j; V3 gof papilledema.
0 L4 w3 V/ N8 ]1 Z5 o! U) ELaboratory Evaluation# F  Q* A1 M6 Y0 y3 K8 |$ D
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by1 E( Z: E1 y" j
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 y; s! p+ v- D: S' E9 nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# r# O! n; r2 P" b6 Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# ~# k5 W! W8 n: w# i* [showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-& J7 x0 V) A4 E0 `  K' m
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
6 o" R+ r: W  a# dThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
; S$ C# Z" w- Z5 ]* purea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were3 S8 `5 T# y' }
within normal range for his age. The concentration$ n3 n3 l, x5 x1 |- t2 T' P, Y
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, s" V1 O$ [5 q  _! R7 @/ J( d(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
/ R( ^) f% z. y5 |# n9 @$ t( xng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-  t( E( S: y9 U
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 Y6 Y: |# i8 K2 [6 ldesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to5 v- }4 X8 b+ b" N  Z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
% s( s1 R# \" Fwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-% D7 D8 _2 @# Q% D3 A. `
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total8 F" c- m" {2 ~8 m0 Q' h9 J
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ q8 Y( n+ ]) |1 rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
. x2 [' x5 J0 q  D5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 V* c- Y1 _1 J3 h( N% Q4 H
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone9 S) ^% Z. |( L8 [
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
  v* T: i2 w) j: W; T. C; g3 q(prepubertal).
/ M2 u+ P# W& pThe parents were notified about the laboratory
  m7 K0 q- @& h0 ^% lresults and were informed that all of the tests were1 f5 }0 {) x3 ^9 s2 R4 D0 d$ _
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
* c% W1 K7 u' m2 s/ ?: jfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ t7 y+ N( [# P' W
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 F# ?+ C8 _' i8 never, the family did not return for 4 months.
+ k( p0 \3 r  w5 HPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
0 V' u/ g- C% i: d; `5 _9 [child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
- {& E' N4 U2 r' ~4 k- @2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained1 e! c7 C% _0 A% y
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
& t! |* C" [6 |: t7 k' [pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
6 ?& M: ^* {( @0 V  H1 h) Vthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2" C, |+ A" P  g5 C& m! V- L
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 W7 H0 s& j% \3 U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-6 B% X" G3 i; [; M) b! G
ing frequent erections.  L" R7 P9 a6 f* F7 l0 n$ T6 \
Both parents were again questioned about use of7 W, B' W/ L# V" [% I  T
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to$ U) Z/ }( i* c1 E" s
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 Z" }" h/ R. I% k+ aTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ u! w% Q$ W$ a2 Z. D9 [
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: f( j0 J5 H6 ?7 V: jing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for+ E- ?' B8 c1 K+ z1 k* N) z" R
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) y+ j2 G: k( B: X+ {
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-3 n; b7 g/ s# H0 x
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido# O0 s- J8 I2 _1 f* u+ f$ W, j
secondary to depression.6 C+ b2 |4 m, E' M: T( R# I& @
The child slept in the same bed with parents., }/ |- y) q5 H0 R4 y  G5 K2 S" u6 N
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his3 k! k" F- |3 V2 b
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-2 [" ^% K* V* j+ W( s
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: ~/ ~0 v3 ?/ l- I8 @& D  {
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
. J' |' }3 s# K) Y  k& Wwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby# G# p1 @, [# d: W
was high, he then read the product information* X% w0 P$ T- E4 X; J
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 {" c2 u* n# Q) e! C5 y
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
3 e/ n3 ]& x4 ~# k( i+ K4 S) @5 jdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 p$ t0 G# X5 z2 @8 \father was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 p& ?# ^# {- }7 S% k# f
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone+ }: G# h# Y3 |/ [" s
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the- l' u+ Y: o3 \$ a; R
laboratory to obtain the test.
5 D( s6 [2 Z0 m: [6 GDiscussion
* @$ _3 Q, _. s. L4 X, JPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! p9 T- A: D" ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4: `7 W2 L! N# ?  C! f+ C: o) j. q' h7 F
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' w5 R2 T* V5 n- N7 R, Zit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% `% _; P1 g# ~. K: U! Zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' X! j+ I+ [" D
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 [+ S0 F2 ^3 `& [$ K) O- N
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
5 c$ i  }& M5 k; oresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 t. W/ G  t6 U$ ?( J1 \( damic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
; u8 L: v+ u. @8 ~) D6 P" f, j0 r1 Tsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, O4 C3 j1 A9 {- M' D/ z# K
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-2 B" Y% n, V" L
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 @9 J) z: U1 A3 c+ a! B, C' I
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! o1 Q' R1 D* w, I5 o. b: J8 U
gonadotropins.1,3
$ |) Y6 b+ {. z; [, h" M2 AGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
/ H9 h9 D+ L  E: Vcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ R$ ?9 |& P& h, b. o5 k$ Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
, F1 m) [) I9 [+ W. o8 ~exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 K! |4 T3 a; R8 t: S( c/ n3 f4 R1 `ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing' y: R" _' x7 x7 f0 z& a
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. A4 B* N4 u6 J6 K3 c% S$ W( Sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious- b5 ]4 C, A; c5 \1 e: W
puberty in boys.3,4) u# |) _4 O& S& x+ y2 ]* B* {
The most common form of congenital adrenal
. p- J. b* O0 V# P+ ?% c2 N) E$ ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.! O* v8 ~* L% M  c4 Q5 F& C  I* B9 Y
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in8 ]3 `& Q  B4 k
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,' O( D& J/ _/ |+ ?$ I6 e" D) V8 j
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
. l! {  ?( K/ V9 Yexcess.1,37 [6 h  G' A& i
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 P& _7 j+ P# g; W5 g* A
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
# H+ B* l1 ]" I/ CA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* {1 u' H9 F0 E. y9 |! d
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
  m5 ?* w1 M+ O, h: x5 Ras testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, I  G# F; ?6 _/ t+ ]( F5 G7 gvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 R* H. ~8 s9 W5 O' twith this disorder are full pubertal development,2 Y( C+ G) l  H; \6 L( N% s2 Y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. y+ g' k7 V8 Y7 l8 L
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
2 x# k1 T2 b# J2 v9 R' U3 W& pare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show2 u6 F8 h6 u6 R! U
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-6 p3 m( x4 r7 w' w
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. i' l8 M- t8 Y1 |1 e+ h% f
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only" l6 {, g; y/ o1 I( [" \
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 J! i% x! {! I1 \% Dmay have similar precocious puberty.3. M3 b& U4 T0 t7 V. G2 h) y9 x
In our patient, physical examination was incon-, k* Y$ L! Y. n0 l. d
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
# k  l* R9 F( a% Dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
7 {( W6 k8 g8 ]# I8 l$ Pwas in the differential diagnosis because his father4 d( c6 K6 C- H
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
+ _  _/ P- }) T8 Mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
. L$ L9 z' m8 |8 B) cbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-5 Z6 ^2 b% F$ i* z- l0 i
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
/ `! S+ ^# f+ R/ b$ ?biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; D% z( L7 R6 w; D6 b. keither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase7 N2 N5 ?) k; ?5 [' i$ _& U
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
/ I. _8 k  `- ]! V8 g( @ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 E9 [" H" N' W- a
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  ~6 L# \( C/ X+ ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because& X+ @# j* x2 v6 S
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 V' \: Y# o. X* E8 _pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
" G* H, X9 W3 g7 O- r; A  |+ }7 Odecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 b5 T" z4 ]7 `0 b2 `
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 q6 p) i* `6 o+ x; {using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’+ Z- V( T/ k: d$ e
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or5 |6 \( o' `3 ]1 m+ T; p: n" j
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
( M$ z' z3 w( @2 @, c4 i4 Junprotected females through direct skin exposure.5 _3 ]# b; u9 e" J$ ?7 _: H
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the' @4 X: m' l' v% v# `
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
+ ^% u  K! ]" G/ b; T' ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male  H! ?2 y( d& A8 Z. ]
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-+ b( E1 Q% f4 K* F8 O8 K2 Y
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
* Y4 I) X0 |/ AOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,! l9 |1 X1 {) T0 {
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! o8 o/ _# i8 f; R; Y9 Z" [/ \
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% ~9 U& g" M2 s! @2 J8 Sterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
8 L. a- W7 P- v2 x, `active in young children exposed to testosterone
9 l& Y* W, X3 Y3 }  }. Zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 a! U& v& K7 k/ L* W2 b
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
( l/ A$ |5 I5 ?6 m5 Ivirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 G; X! G. Y$ ?6 X8 Dchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and$ K4 g) }, n9 u% Q
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
2 G0 ^# d% |$ aThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
1 x2 k; U+ Q/ D# }+ T7 s/ ~early childhood on pubertal development and final$ s( q7 v+ D0 x( I+ e
adult height are not fully known and always remain! E& [3 |  o! K, U" o
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  k; {% c% e8 Z& Kterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
5 A6 t% I- D' m! o" Zacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 n4 P, P& d6 X6 c. Qcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 |0 |4 D( c$ [5 U
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9! X! T! r  h: `& e; w
There are conflicting reports and controversy
6 ?8 h  a, E. D$ zover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult. o: ^9 D4 D, P) v
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal& J. m; s5 n+ ^8 f
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
" @. I4 n8 {, Z9 W) D1 Tulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 a. e0 W+ \6 z+ t2 oSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between: x' y$ W/ I. J* P1 _
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult9 c( N3 Z9 [2 i6 O" q
penile length in clinical studies.+ t# @% C4 Z0 q2 f/ Z4 n
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
( s* @3 |8 O1 h1 \7 J2 X/ V3 x9 J, @going to experience any of the untoward effects from* T2 x4 |+ y* p
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 ?" g5 {# j- b9 T/ Ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.; ]* W$ B. q$ Q6 K" R. |2 U/ r6 V# D
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of: A3 @; e7 v+ ^* Z' H
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 o. K4 z' i, `3 _7 U2 A$ h
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
1 N- q% r& F4 q. e8 m* lheight will not be affected.
$ y- X* U* ^3 n. O3 XAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-# b$ V" l  l) O7 q! F
ability of androgen products in our society may
3 a2 b: A4 l) ?$ ^% o0 w5 O; Q; Vindeed cause more virilization in male or female# v7 @: k8 |$ S) x" p* S3 R% \3 t
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ u- X* t2 B/ e' D" D
gen products must be considered and specific ques-0 N6 u( I! t. l* v# o) {- |
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or5 O, p( K, M4 ]) b( |$ E/ @! Q+ b  x
gel should be asked of the family members during1 Z% @$ m/ P0 _9 I- `* }
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
/ ~- s4 `. G5 v2 s6 p" B* ?0 r4 V. @ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-7 j  T) e; Y  e- b1 q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
! D* b, l$ R; r8 F6 V& |appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
* ?5 u4 `  e1 s$ u1 U' Lhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 j  b: H! \+ W7 r8 f
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! k, {, k1 n) J' D  P% yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be$ }. B# V4 Y. z
aware of this fact, because most of these children: [4 i; k: M9 E/ ~
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 e" r# m3 A. T& m8 K% XDesk Reference and package insert should also put a# q( K# o9 ^5 ]7 d- Q0 A! r
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or# f* U$ D/ r4 s1 d
female child who might come in contact with some-7 ]  P7 Z, u" s: m: c
one using any of these products.5 \+ [" T7 L( |1 p8 B9 g2 q
References- B# u) l6 y! E
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' c# y6 |8 W$ m" n$ \' f
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 X0 A% T! Q4 ?8 N
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. x$ |+ q, z! ?5 [4 T
2002: 565-628.
5 ?1 Y4 E, `% p) a1 i1 S" s2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
; S% K/ e/ z  s, r4 l  Kpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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