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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old! t; @0 D, Z. P0 O D: C) S/ s
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical# k, c: E& D3 _9 V# Q, `/ ^8 T
Exposure to Testosterone6 r2 h) x2 e" t9 b+ O& |
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, Y9 ~: j5 }4 ?: Y! Wand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ b9 }" M: d4 i' I: `- X3 `
Clinical Pediatrics
3 L5 S1 I1 Z% _5 S: NVolume 46 Number 66 Q& v. N" _2 o; q
July 2007 540-543* p' \- x; E+ J0 {5 C
© 2007 Sage Publications- |" M; v1 B; ~" m! t
10.1177/0009922806296651
& d0 O- A2 D1 r- F+ f' khttp://clp.sagepub.com- a1 n; L* T( L b* X& Q/ x/ i* z
hosted at- Q8 H1 r& t: k* x5 ~2 K Y8 |& z- n
http://online.sagepub.com9 Y$ P0 g+ D+ S7 Q$ ` ?
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,& c+ G2 W! p1 n. w, ~; U8 g" _) i
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ a0 T" T& f a' S- `precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
. q+ J6 I* Q: E1 gthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 N' e$ ^* O7 l& ]9 V* g- Fa higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 F. u( C7 a, }7 U$ o% }) E
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
) F2 R' D G4 M$ {$ i6 uby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic$ X0 F; i f, z/ A
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! k/ L3 U: l9 m7 b4 w& n) d; H
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
7 i% h4 t+ j$ z4 \$ ?# @; Jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" |6 m- M2 p) }& ^7 d
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: B) f" ~# h8 @/ S1 q
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 P& V* C Q7 ]6 Jto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
8 H4 ?( [0 Z% X" Qthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; Q4 O) `6 f7 M7 v" e9 N& P+ }mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
0 F1 q& r2 o& b# U& S9 \child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 {8 I1 o1 D7 ?* q7 g6 @3 Y8 rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
: M* S! e, y8 U6 j( Tbly more common than the rare case report in the
$ x& T$ [/ f$ k0 a5 s$ Eliterature.4
' V) `$ M4 o& L# R4 yPatient Report! ?/ Q0 ^; m& Y$ S
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
& s9 U3 m4 \ m' V0 yendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* d: I1 o. z qof early sexual development. His mother noticed4 |4 U& ]( J0 [5 O5 E9 H
light colored pubic hair development when he was$ ~9 Y! ]$ [1 V/ R
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* B. |# q* Z& I8 ?% Y9 J- [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 g1 w5 ~5 J. N$ u0 [Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,( U/ {! E$ m7 o2 z, F1 o/ g3 M
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of/ T. O' y% r! _; @, h: a v6 c7 y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;1 L) g! M0 n3 t4 B: S; H
e-mail: [email protected].8 S3 r/ F, v# U- e2 n" ` E
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became3 L: t2 _+ |) J& F0 y
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) @( n7 j: F- `ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 T! F: Q/ Y& J. A1 ?) twas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( k( z" G) e6 U+ }2 ~& y/ N @
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of& C0 Y( V4 Y6 ^" j& ^
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
: K# W0 [8 {* s5 e+ tof life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ l6 j5 G* o* S! g, h6 K
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
: j p0 O: N- B+ e' G, eand his psychosocial and psychomotor development) ^0 Z& O2 F7 G
was age appropriate.- d& L, [/ R# G, Q& ^1 w+ |; S; ?& ?
The family history was remarkable for the father,- N k& ~& D$ B$ O* {7 K+ d# Q# k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; _" y( V6 J0 Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; |- H0 T+ P( eheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat5 j R/ t9 C' F- x0 B9 b S) F& J
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 p" q9 W: D, V3 t5 N4 u
The father denied taking any other medication. The0 M2 I8 R! L' @% L# S' H5 e; S. z Q8 F
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche; N4 i5 t6 y0 m
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 a, |3 s l; b( h w! k5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* o, p' q0 V& h( H: R
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& j' r% F" o+ D/ c# X) q( ]tives. There were no siblings.# h: ~: l: {6 W5 D
Physical Examination8 T( B0 n n2 @# F: K
The physical examination revealed a very active,
/ t1 a& j- }% yplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented$ z! [( @( ^+ ]+ o% V
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) X3 M$ f" r h, X& z! l7 D90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" H; F. q8 c6 g. E s(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, \# Z5 r# d% _4 |$ t: g: Y* _$ zvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' X4 E7 k6 E+ M+ J9 tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.2 t1 T# x: U( u8 k" |- g0 ~
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for) p# q u* q' W
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ H+ `- W: n4 U7 g. _: K& y& B
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& Z3 H4 d$ c" S& T$ e1 Cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around. x6 k$ E- o/ \
540* K1 W! c/ ~4 ~) m: i6 Q; l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 J( E* q1 V3 C B3 uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The$ f- l" J1 j2 m) y! B
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& Q: T: _7 S* C5 O% _& a5 |9 N3 t% SThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) E/ c5 c0 y) R3 } ]
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! A; V6 G; f: u5 q8 [. Rabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 G/ ^! r0 u O/ |: l2 u& T
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 ?/ q# d" W C
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) T9 W4 b3 e, c: ? Q$ {& @: C5 sof papilledema.
4 q. O. r* w6 o& ~Laboratory Evaluation: U9 {: p+ O& _9 k' d, {. D* `( q
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
Z# c8 t& M t& J$ |using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 y& c; {; h* z `& S0 \+ x6 U
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
& \$ k0 ]3 ]3 akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" J( H! h. n$ q
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
& Q" P' w( _5 S: x+ X, h4 h8 e/ m" r, Hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
9 n' t( M, R# m8 [, j' ]The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood0 S+ [/ b# _( k/ I- }9 D/ m- V4 e7 I
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were& b. g$ {0 m# U: I/ ?5 i# N0 N) g2 o( S
within normal range for his age. The concentration X' i: q; i4 j2 i# i3 {6 q J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
' Q; e. j& y# j3 g& y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( }) `/ P) V2 a& Hng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
9 v3 q! h$ f$ j/ Y Z+ ]terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL), c& T, F, W/ i0 @* a# L+ d2 J
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
. k3 \& y2 {% p49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 g6 A2 C' g9 Z7 Q6 E2 mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
: D) W9 L7 W1 k' a1 Ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* ]' B: K& C3 Btestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 f5 Q! M6 s6 M8 t2 p" Z9 u
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 Z( Y. E, d2 E; ^8 R
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" A( f2 m4 Y- _1 O: U* A5 Tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
( {7 g' i0 \7 x2 I/ G7 cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. x) U1 V9 R1 U4 s& r* B9 s5 m l(prepubertal).
! g7 N+ I3 u5 CThe parents were notified about the laboratory
" W3 r9 e p, a- r( Cresults and were informed that all of the tests were
/ K0 G8 i5 X8 h0 @2 e, c% A8 J0 I8 k0 Gnormal except the testosterone level was high. The: T5 h- A: G$ T1 T+ \0 e: d
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to2 D7 f9 c7 V& m" M& |, X: Z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-8 i* x7 U, i; U! @+ v0 ~
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
0 h" X2 N; \& F3 ?Physical examination at this time revealed that the
+ Q2 f, c' o: t8 O8 ]child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
) M9 S4 V4 h, L4 S1 I0 S! d4 f( H( E2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
F& R# s9 w+ ~' d) K+ yunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 ]+ N' x: o9 j5 r5 C( Z( E& c4 Epletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
9 n% r$ a8 S" g/ o& ythe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
+ [1 J$ a3 A5 u; W6 N8 MmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 G! B( j5 U. ^+ i
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 ^3 f4 {# `/ \. ^; u2 G% v9 t
ing frequent erections.: V+ t t7 d$ |, P% q+ x
Both parents were again questioned about use of% l4 r' |0 H$ F5 ?
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
6 W4 [4 L# V& d4 k$ Lthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ V( M0 n! V" bTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( B* u: m' L- Duse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 [9 i6 V- Q9 G# N: e M& m% e
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' [- v/ r) j! a5 M* r N# V0 Q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
' ~% p8 q6 w$ ]3 z9 rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ Q4 g: r2 M0 {6 _! s
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
6 Z9 }& l9 j( s' s# O+ m+ p, osecondary to depression.5 ]* ]$ V+ k) {2 T
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
( {$ N. @& U' `' N) b! Q3 SThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his" J2 k$ Q6 G& v7 W6 L9 X
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
5 G+ K' B& ~: X& J0 K0 x7 ?nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
" \' o, I8 k8 S% e9 FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
# M8 `3 b3 `7 W' K5 dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
' w' Q8 X1 N/ nwas high, he then read the product information
0 V1 @$ C6 w0 B4 v) k; }0 y( Opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 K0 z- L# T S# e1 g# hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
! }4 `+ I9 e% A- O: R9 |- q: |5 Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* e+ g' z' \* D/ c5 {father was not hugging him with bare skin and had& } o5 j7 U; M, j: D6 n
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone, u; Z7 j& |. X
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
4 m" N1 q! o' m y! b4 llaboratory to obtain the test.
* V4 V- o: f+ K" x- |% N' Y }3 ^Discussion$ n9 F# H' N8 n4 @8 {4 f
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) T9 ]/ F3 t4 ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, o0 u8 T( b" F1 k4 F) l
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when. W1 k$ ?7 b6 u0 z" D
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' B9 c- B( T; x) x
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
% W4 J( M" @/ E# Q6 R9 Amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
' K3 _7 A, D$ [& X* |may have a central nervous system lesion that is8 C9 h4 |6 U! R2 z& z7 q! J
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% r" S8 p) f$ D# R3 C% o- X2 M" L8 l
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-, k2 F6 W+ e `, d: P/ ?4 v) z8 R
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in4 E- g% ]: v9 Y( g& B6 U" n, n" j
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
' m" K2 Y9 t8 v4 ]ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-/ z& P, U, d0 X+ ?) y* e1 i
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( D9 ], m) W! W5 G }; Rgonadotropins.1,3
3 D: |" N$ j$ Q( qGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( T8 g# l# X; g% b4 e7 p0 ^0 i$ t" Scious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ N& D% s8 n0 F
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 j* e5 e4 A P3 W( _0 Jexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% q/ \0 l9 n7 p+ G+ R) O( @ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& S6 G8 a: f& I+ {7 q9 ~congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive1 m: T) w. Y q' J4 P2 | F, M" c+ c: ~
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 y, i) n- y |
puberty in boys.3,4: C" t' a. B4 c0 y1 G# h: a4 W
The most common form of congenital adrenal1 M; U' ^% t' l8 @
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# H0 x- l8 E- E1 F( |
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in+ `5 @) k: S: Q' |
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 U3 ^5 d2 q, O& r3 J+ } b
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen9 T; m) K9 l7 M, g" {) _
excess.1,3
9 A6 o7 J! u( R* O/ Y# [; i( _; c' Lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 u0 N2 h9 |8 u5 L6 R- Q542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) F U& h/ s5 Q- W& {: t7 jA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
1 [& n. f3 u3 l! b3 m- jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
' r1 F6 R z: s2 p! o4 ^/ G* eas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
& U* Q j( A* Q: |very young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ }; b3 t* B- W- d* \* Z5 {with this disorder are full pubertal development,
: J# ^: o: |6 Q& R) E6 b( uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys7 r: T8 w& V0 J0 C
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
m! v+ T) I' e. mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; t/ h& S- w, P* Epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-, k. n1 t4 G, x& B3 K8 z
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked! n6 J! u8 g! g( e
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only' f+ F5 }! @& N+ v
males; therefore, other male members of the family; r: f- L" |% \9 P% P( s
may have similar precocious puberty.3
: `' w4 X# g: [6 X ~, z Y3 uIn our patient, physical examination was incon-! k: x, G; c* X+ t, o' }: A
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* ?0 X) n2 |# V
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis7 t ^4 Z8 q# f" Z& g) s9 }
was in the differential diagnosis because his father1 G% A7 ?' i7 }0 X7 [. f$ i8 O
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- C: N. ~4 V! z G# gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
8 Y f+ w: J& P+ B* F4 m! jbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-5 J3 J% }( e' \$ A
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our$ ]9 ~: | X' Q
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 p; Q0 S. E0 Y' @- H( x7 N2 \
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 h1 B. K0 ~" r4 q( T
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-1 V+ {: T+ s* f( i8 H
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! D$ u4 G Q9 o% [+ o( lThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
! e1 h& U; b0 q1 N3 T$ L8 w1 f4 Dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because8 t9 G, n2 }) G, ~8 a* D) u
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( u- f- S$ m6 s& I" U% w: x& hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 W+ q" f0 U0 f8 V1 Ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-9 C2 D' i( m& E, b. g5 u0 o
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& F- ~; d: ]3 ~: N1 C
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! ]; B; |2 d- A8 a- eDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* ]! t! N: @6 k. Bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( B: A# r* ^1 H/ ^' \1 D6 ~2 u' q
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ V. O4 Z, o! I. g' E/ q- V% |Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 y# S! ]' {" w7 n6 Z/ r+ `
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 H5 J* @0 m$ t& M0 z/ Leven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male" Y+ A/ d6 ^* _: b( Z. d/ A
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 P! |5 }6 s( T V p6 F: e
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.5 x8 k i8 r' J9 H0 f8 c8 Y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
9 V) N, K/ E/ \9 s% a& gwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
7 x9 K6 S( b0 L4 Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 S: Y( ^' O% _7 G' O& o
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ b. F; p, P4 B4 Y9 \* d7 z# a0 \active in young children exposed to testosterone1 L" v/ l! I/ Q0 N3 K& t( B+ H
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ V& c1 ~% p" Z; X! x4 P: _! S l \drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ {7 [4 p2 G; b
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 w; x* I4 C) L2 O9 kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and) C& |& U7 `, e$ T: `8 M- Y
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient." L: Q3 T' p/ k9 z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 O" i- A7 B* k8 P4 p
early childhood on pubertal development and final( u0 v6 D# {/ m W, w
adult height are not fully known and always remain
+ c& b, G0 ]4 t2 {2 w2 A7 ca concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
6 s Z5 o: T" R! f; |" Sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& _8 f& P9 d5 q
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 `" S+ E1 b: _. Z3 f: xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 ^5 L9 w" _1 X. \% zdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
+ _* [4 Q% {9 p' i0 SThere are conflicting reports and controversy5 k- n: q1 z a& s! T2 V
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
0 ~$ H# n( G! K$ Tpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 i4 t5 f9 {- G9 A. e# x
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& \2 Q9 u- |- g$ L# X; w; _
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 S) W6 a% A6 kSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
% z: O* Q$ d: j; W1 |5 p8 y" fchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult5 D7 |9 \/ U( D, h
penile length in clinical studies.
! o3 V3 [* w" G1 ^( H s5 MNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; q! [3 b. T) F9 c2 igoing to experience any of the untoward effects from. W4 }/ V6 A! M4 s4 c& z8 O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because8 S6 V; I* g4 ]) S0 z3 P
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ d1 U* `' {) ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of: w3 D* c6 w% A1 w1 C
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# f+ I) k; O5 f/ h& V* jthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
s& \+ v/ W" `. z1 Kheight will not be affected.' K$ e& s; q$ H5 a
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-* [2 }* D( Y( R& p. n
ability of androgen products in our society may. H7 V1 O8 g3 I: J) {
indeed cause more virilization in male or female/ [9 E9 T p' U
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 q6 Y! l" a7 Xgen products must be considered and specific ques-
$ Q1 R, {3 q+ y6 `6 j6 P. Y- {% utioning about the use of a testosterone product or) Y, o4 y* G9 B: t" x
gel should be asked of the family members during# L+ b( @/ U7 e% \: h' f
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
9 t0 ]" O9 `6 i2 o4 G" r) yilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
) Z! L$ R# M8 z" Wnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ f# N! ]" h8 U. `5 T6 P$ ~' Fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ g9 J9 g/ p4 phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
% `" N0 r8 Y8 Sresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
0 ~8 E; R6 ]$ r3 qinvestigation. The primary care physician should be+ d& k0 H5 R I+ Y) V
aware of this fact, because most of these children% C" w6 g9 h# _# f
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
- |4 E" L9 b, V! KDesk Reference and package insert should also put a0 p d5 R( p/ H* o/ c" t
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( n X, G4 }( \female child who might come in contact with some-
j7 L; v) W: hone using any of these products.
" G( D( K# K6 W" L: L# mReferences9 {' V. }0 {& \- y7 R7 U
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ k9 `) n# S2 p; O! R0 \8 `
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric" P$ Y; A8 |$ `7 n7 t
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* v" K# S" c) o) ]) p8 r) l3 W2002: 565-628.9 r% z) U( Z; d/ i
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) N$ c2 w a9 z9 Q( @puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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