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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old/ L* U* C/ y" i$ u: N
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical1 a* C' ]9 h* m# Z- ]: Q! ^) d- t
Exposure to Testosterone
, ?6 [, p# Z% s/ E0 PSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,27 D' O) ?+ ]. Z( z7 X6 R, X
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1. h2 O4 F7 D* C# P. i
Clinical Pediatrics
$ t+ Q+ x( a* l) WVolume 46 Number 69 B) E0 z+ Q3 G- U* b/ b
July 2007 540-543
. D! g7 L0 u8 O& t1 N; Q: L5 v© 2007 Sage Publications
7 \) y8 P" B- F9 Z9 d, S10.1177/0009922806296651: d, I8 W+ G  _
http://clp.sagepub.com, L3 P0 v1 k" L$ R0 x$ d  O
hosted at+ v/ \/ I$ v$ [) D
http://online.sagepub.com" I# [9 D1 c4 D. U, @9 L
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
1 T1 H4 a& d' Kis a significant concern for physicians. Central9 a- _& }; q% m% n' x; f
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- S; C1 k8 g* n* t. k7 p! }
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! h' u$ B- _. U8 Y
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 \2 H2 P" X& w5 \
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 |. u8 V8 z7 t* f
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic; `% M0 P9 N3 U5 o) f7 [
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. a+ Y/ k# ~6 Dcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) d3 M( b! d/ a; @report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
0 @" O6 t- {5 _$ fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 [( \4 m! b6 Z7 J
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due, b6 l4 v; V1 {  I1 @
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by' Y! z; s# p7 n7 J, T2 Z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 m& R* w7 C/ M8 K+ Z- omation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 V6 [  S4 S# L, {2 E5 Lchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ g2 K9 ]1 `7 j$ |5 l+ q
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ P" t/ d0 M$ P- I- t& B
bly more common than the rare case report in the
6 l- o$ x! C0 I6 ?# Xliterature.4
  `' k! V' X+ c5 yPatient Report5 a, Y/ ?" V+ u- k
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
  _' Z% A4 x& t5 wendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
) b0 q2 C9 n( b8 k: }& Uof early sexual development. His mother noticed- W8 h0 Y1 ~2 m
light colored pubic hair development when he was( ^/ h  o* t, O
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 l3 r9 Q& j5 e. i  o; g2 C; M
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.* N: v4 K0 o$ m4 Z; g9 i1 n
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 J) y, q/ J# |. zProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
  g8 W) w3 I' _! M' J4 MMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 V2 ~1 g0 R' t" T( ~( W2 G
e-mail: [email protected].
* K1 R( I) T/ Habout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became7 @6 W1 S0 k% L( X! s
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
! D  z0 M) K1 J1 Xment of his penis and frequent erections. The child2 k- `" ]* U1 ?. _2 s
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
  O0 J; M  t# J: d! e. ]a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of8 k* @9 {1 o- I: B5 t4 k  E
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
6 u, P& e) G* V& R6 b& \  Bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. x. D% f4 X0 C9 Jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! w) B* o- g2 {
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development, D$ I: ~+ a7 K9 A. L# O
was age appropriate.9 _# r* Q( d# V9 K' U. J% Q
The family history was remarkable for the father,
2 p' F1 B3 P5 I$ k" q2 n0 q' g" I$ R# ~who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ P& c) {5 H) Z( H6 x
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, j7 c9 W4 `1 i  z, c- N, i" Q: pheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
1 u$ M1 s8 l3 y* X" ?# L- \early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. T$ ~" s. U. uThe father denied taking any other medication. The3 F, K/ @* n# D2 o- N
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 n  \8 s2 k( x5 N+ @( ywas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet. B$ ?" ^+ _. D8 F& k- \$ x
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
, L5 L* ^2 c; y+ A# S) p* Y, I/ @' G1 }cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-; |) }$ E  e! I8 d2 X+ Q
tives. There were no siblings.
, l! w4 k" U5 t1 [: X" ~% i2 c) K3 hPhysical Examination8 `, |+ F. F/ j7 B1 m
The physical examination revealed a very active,
* H% V  K5 o8 q& Xplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" q, F& K+ Y+ ?8 C3 Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. e# s) V! m, f" P" }6 o1 u) X5 s
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 n5 ]: _* r/ {(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 v* T' x, d$ E+ L9 [0 O  }velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* N! b0 L- G, W+ D" qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.& z" P3 O" Q+ _' V4 Y, q( l
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for. J! ?( r8 ], e4 {* k$ N
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. f4 u! R6 ^+ F2 l$ b5 Q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 {6 _# a6 z4 i) X4 x
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" o3 r$ ^$ }/ T6 L540
% J3 I& i! R! O. ^2 \. @& K5 dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 g5 ]3 u$ w4 o: n- M6 k  Y" Kthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The! t! ?* j8 \6 ]" [
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
6 l6 f$ ]% c% F  p6 `4 r* mThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
& Q$ T$ `5 ]3 S5 ]% `& f4 l3 Z2 ^5 Ioily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
) t! o# h/ Y* @' {7 p4 b1 Rabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., K; M7 F; t% @! ?' U( w' q
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
: J' V& N9 |6 D2 ~- [9 }bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion7 i/ J4 @7 w0 m% u% W) X! A! [9 H
of papilledema.5 v9 E) Z* w+ X* P7 w& O$ K
Laboratory Evaluation
) [3 v, u) Q; Y( ?The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" t5 X4 @5 t7 q. Eusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! @- M0 k2 _, F' w
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 }3 ?- K/ f5 ]- A
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test7 }$ y) X/ L& W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
, F$ [2 {) M4 @( t# |lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
3 h& [' W1 O2 G2 m# eThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
3 S9 T6 @2 P( O# C- Durea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
* U! Z* b. q' I0 lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration" A  v/ H2 p7 V; a
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) Q2 q/ G* U  C, a8 G  w! W  g- }: d(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
4 d1 }* h4 N( Y4 u$ C- T/ kng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
/ M" H: V  Z; n% G; i! S) Lterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),# u0 k! }3 G0 o- d+ d
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to3 ?! O) q5 C7 E9 a, a
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# I( q$ h. n$ f! p/ o4 _' ]
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-  o6 x2 W: l1 `  x
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" f" _! \8 E: l& Q$ ?testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),$ r1 W+ ^" J( B# D! b, z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 `1 [7 j& ^! u8 _" Y( j3 ^+ H& v
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. p- Q& X# s( n* N! R/ M# {& l
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
  l* N1 j7 u+ D" W7 m& gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL' |; y/ k3 W% Z/ Z
(prepubertal).$ ^3 ^5 _2 [, W' q( |
The parents were notified about the laboratory$ u; P. M5 b  k0 k  v5 s
results and were informed that all of the tests were6 `; s$ T5 `+ o# T4 B$ X# N
normal except the testosterone level was high. The3 Y: r( [, ~& J
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to. b" L+ u" b" _) u7 y* M& A
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( |. G2 U: H( m! P7 c! O, B* eever, the family did not return for 4 months.
3 M' D! n6 `. Z  u8 |/ dPhysical examination at this time revealed that the. l# [' Z) p# k8 ?( }8 n
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained, _8 R* ?4 y& s8 k: |
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 {, g8 O6 @3 h  C+ @: P% tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-  n2 Q' b8 L. J1 k; o/ W
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at) B2 ~3 }& c7 h) O) X9 [
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* |% V; ?& D# }mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 k" A( u7 i. j/ h2 ~
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 `, h9 P) B& x3 sing frequent erections.) y# {& a% k' n
Both parents were again questioned about use of; d4 z8 a# T2 S9 n4 G: M5 T
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
6 i# C: |$ R; athe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ l1 J; M1 z( c; Q! XTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541- C5 U. z5 x# a" q
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
  @+ w& r# p0 e& w' j& v5 ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for$ }4 M$ d, l1 t8 j9 v7 k
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed% m) U4 J$ S9 \7 v6 B, ?$ k
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-3 s3 v! g. v- y. p; X
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
- {/ g: v6 O( k1 Gsecondary to depression.
, t* Y( W+ l1 n2 G$ n; SThe child slept in the same bed with parents.4 e% D! W+ o2 \0 y7 B6 [- X7 y' F: Z6 F
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
; _6 r& M7 n9 w' v( ]& L$ d) t$ l8 ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% ~$ X6 \, S5 O% x
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
+ [7 b6 z6 v. x" i1 H) VThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
# @$ [* }$ \. X7 a0 Q/ [3 q+ jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 N1 e& X2 a, J  W" {6 wwas high, he then read the product information
, z0 c# M' T$ P) G. ^8 G4 u% ~3 opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 Q% c& E0 k; U- ~0 Uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 v6 \2 H' z5 {% f' N: s+ Vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
( w. q% z/ _  k! \5 @: B- ]- Yfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had  l, {2 [* z8 X1 o7 @( x. _
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! E# G) @5 Y; K# s$ P  N
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 ^; m6 l/ t& u2 Q# mlaboratory to obtain the test.
) G/ x( _; |  c8 {0 E+ C9 \Discussion/ z* p$ ~- H% b; X' L( b5 l
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ O7 z6 _' Q% @. h7 x7 h: o1 U
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,49 x) j4 O, @) J' x
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
7 i/ o) Y: B+ Nit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 U, q+ j$ |/ i$ p2 m) z) `5 E+ w  H
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
  D+ P8 w' t' ~* l0 M$ Umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" @; L  Y" T* z6 e+ `& g: l4 d; Jmay have a central nervous system lesion that is( x* k9 I' L$ w5 [8 E  Q
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-& [! W4 g' _' s) e- P
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
1 [7 a8 a$ o6 V* ^+ usis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( B* S+ @6 K7 N# x* Aboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-9 Y+ L% h( Z: P7 n+ X
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 Y# l# @6 Q1 {# I% v  W8 {
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by  A3 o- q- Y8 G" w- e% G, \+ t7 P
gonadotropins.1,34 k7 u4 A* S# s* x, s
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 _6 d) @6 i( A* @
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( Y# P. V$ @$ H( U& dandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 ]7 W. B9 P. B& ?) C1 j/ aexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
: w5 @8 C3 c' p+ i4 X% @6 L+ \ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
) z* K9 i; q& O5 {) ?congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% w4 P2 h, V: Y; j: q7 @adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 u3 m4 c3 |7 H# \* ^puberty in boys.3,4
7 D- m: x9 f5 Q- MThe most common form of congenital adrenal
" S# a  p8 d" X3 \' vhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( i: c" @  y% q! f% ]$ m" c
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
! a4 z5 z3 C( F: wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
0 B  q9 b+ E" x! Can adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" O5 L1 _0 S5 S- rexcess.1,3
- e$ j( L8 F  C/ z$ m; D* bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! ~/ V$ J& _: {542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) X0 \5 X* Q# u' |A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( i2 N: J& K2 j
independent precocious puberty, which is also known3 C* L: N, a  u6 B' B+ L
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 w( M0 y4 ?5 d* {very young age. The physical findings in these boys# A+ r9 N6 u, s& k
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
3 g7 g. i8 @* `5 |9 g; ]including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. W# t: W/ }+ c% iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ k) R4 G$ f- m6 ?) @
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show  x0 p& q1 G5 a- O
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' Q# ^' V  i' X7 X, _
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# j: g: `7 y; L+ d$ vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 a7 H, H8 k, q% h9 n, m% V
males; therefore, other male members of the family
& Y+ F$ e$ e# g, Z+ M; Cmay have similar precocious puberty.3
, F: A3 f- v% D7 o# V, M" j) _  TIn our patient, physical examination was incon-5 H9 o) W/ I' T3 A  B( z
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 m) A& {' L) r1 @3 Z
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 D1 h2 m1 I+ g& z. P& twas in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ Z' W$ `8 w" ?! M6 E( x' @6 Tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
) Y% t4 a/ s- L" x( qtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ j( I. y% w) {" ^beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
% d  U$ [0 T! i& e! v5 s3 iative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* w% Q% I1 S% p* E6 Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
9 q+ D' ]( M" ~! j6 k( Deither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase' x7 I& `4 ^0 i0 z6 T
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-8 G8 l! E, i: Y) o2 t9 X
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 p9 d! _* W. S0 LThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) S0 R1 k7 G3 K7 ~! @" t+ t* Fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
$ l' r" q& f) ~  dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-" Y+ t3 M! H$ L& s: w) X% Q
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
/ @, F( n* k. s# Idecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 r8 u+ j+ p) h3 q
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
# O1 U% n- M, Z6 O/ Fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ M/ l% ~- |; k/ S5 zDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ i, Y/ w) F- z+ H: Z; R# G
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ e' n; M4 r# y& _( ]4 }+ d
unprotected females through direct skin exposure." s+ g  M) Z, p. J) C; f' x
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 ?" Z  }. W7 l4 C4 b
baseline value in those females who were exposed to1 `; \6 ^: D$ \3 a# i0 j2 o" B( }
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% S2 ^/ h- v& _6 h( Spartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. d- |. L! o: B2 g
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
3 T" v% z0 \9 X4 Q4 {Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, \+ f2 p% j! X3 w, \2 |% M( O5 Y
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! X6 C& y' z4 j( l" j. t
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% A% V! k0 @* ^) P& f: o) u4 Q# x! `( wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- ^6 P1 E3 E* {: N+ @; U" O" K& c
active in young children exposed to testosterone
. z' O6 [; ~# v. C) _. |9 Lexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
6 o: W" L, v$ S) q) q5 sdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 [8 W0 ~2 e7 L. K3 n4 J& Yvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
: V2 b" Z" }8 N9 ]9 f% C% e$ Q9 {children results in an increase in growth velocity and% w" j' n) D3 s3 [0 m
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 T. ?. _' d9 M' p- ^
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during" B0 w& d; ~2 s3 p) O: Z0 _2 m
early childhood on pubertal development and final9 Q& Z: ^$ w: d; }5 i
adult height are not fully known and always remain
: z9 [7 L) }8 [+ y3 aa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
6 D% v8 J2 x8 B6 `terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some4 Y1 A$ W  i" [/ s3 F& X) P" u
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after8 T- a: v$ ~! y" p8 P" D8 k4 I
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! f" r# i! N* P. r/ Hdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
6 F( ?8 {7 R6 ~6 Y9 }) _There are conflicting reports and controversy. h% R" I7 F4 M4 e
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
7 h+ g6 a* i* {0 j% u3 `( f( i. wpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal" v6 E4 a5 K* z5 A$ k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-3 u/ m! B; T! A8 I1 F) \) _* \
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However," C8 B! V! J9 R0 R. Y( ~
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( R! |7 J4 b; w$ h8 {" x
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult. g; A$ ~% a0 T+ P. p! d
penile length in clinical studies.; M( j* Z0 G2 W
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is  j0 M9 l* Z, n5 T' o
going to experience any of the untoward effects from* k& W# V6 q' ^8 ]6 \2 `% M* u
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! m8 Y& `1 S9 U6 y' c# V, s! z
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 A  p* j7 R, s& mAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of% I3 |* j5 W) \
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 s: [" c5 y! K
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' A% ?2 }! q7 Z8 b: p5 Yheight will not be affected.% `+ j+ c2 }& x4 ~. u* R
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
3 T' |: G; {7 c- x* Y4 ]" Kability of androgen products in our society may
3 W- ?  }1 o9 v8 jindeed cause more virilization in male or female9 Y+ c/ g# K7 W& s
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
( m- j, Y! l/ Zgen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 B7 U# ~% U% Q  `4 `+ B  |' vtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 _' `' ?2 `8 K# M0 e" z5 c. ?gel should be asked of the family members during
# U1 _+ @3 B( _" O2 F" Y! othe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 `0 a4 [0 c+ Z; u  W: gilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' U5 W$ P& o: C" M; V, ^) n
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by: i# V# S; G0 C' z! O8 E6 M+ F
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! _( S: g9 h4 xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may5 c  W: I: Q  V! G' ^* d
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
0 {! m0 M1 m% j  ~' winvestigation. The primary care physician should be9 Z* P$ Y( W) s$ B7 J+ ]
aware of this fact, because most of these children
; T. X% A  J  a* b8 Rmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ ^. h) z0 w1 }% A- h! \
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 U: I( z: f0 x8 ]+ Ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# G/ I7 k( e) t' Gfemale child who might come in contact with some-6 V6 Z* E+ O& t" g, v
one using any of these products.
- d$ D: O0 S& W- v$ t3 L7 z# a9 L$ e/ kReferences
. h3 F$ P! U! y0 V1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation3 R% H$ \6 T: X- ~+ b+ }
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
2 O: k- D% ]4 U- @Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1 J) I% Y# h% t9 _3 u0 x; ?
2002: 565-628.( O) K% B' n/ i/ K6 M
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 M3 s: r& G9 J; _7 E" ^+ j
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old" a: w  i1 j/ {  n. _) M! R
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
' L8 Q% w4 T# C+ b  t9 n1 i8 W5 I% WExposure to Testosterone
( U  \. ^2 B  W8 P/ B3 X7 ZSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2, s/ {# ?) F' z% s! [2 c8 s
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 ~" |8 {4 r3 W$ g  L4 oClinical Pediatrics
: F' L/ t- ?  a' u( Q3 {: ?3 NVolume 46 Number 6
/ I6 }" c9 L* w2 D" @July 2007 540-543
- B* q8 L, H# F2 w! i© 2007 Sage Publications6 g" ~$ M1 |* q- [
10.1177/0009922806296651
8 i/ S4 X- f# c* ehttp://clp.sagepub.com
3 I: f9 H3 w; q% @7 N+ Ghosted at
' y8 r# \6 @3 @1 [2 k- Ghttp://online.sagepub.com
  A3 R5 n0 K- r" C" U, Q! lPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
. S. {# K! A: ~* o5 s. M+ His a significant concern for physicians. Central7 r5 K/ |% y8 f% e# l! t4 o
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! _. j0 E) f4 b2 S' |through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
" j6 F/ V9 D7 d- ^) v2 W7 za higher incidence of organic central nervous system% `( N( b5 z. J9 {
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested8 i' q! P- ]% B! T4 d- c
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic& o; k2 X9 @/ ^% r/ z
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ [7 I" R6 T& q. w7 M8 |
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We( L9 j. y" x  d0 A/ _
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the2 j0 p% p" m' _4 U, L
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
6 @% D: p+ Y- xment without testicular enlargement, which was due& \4 C5 B& n% o4 S
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% O, a' }+ s6 I- i6 Y' }% mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ D6 ]# O8 g9 b& A
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& w( F4 W) a& pchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 B/ P) b4 N' h, F! q% Etestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
- }! B$ i/ b, j* zbly more common than the rare case report in the
7 \9 ]/ N* Q+ s7 eliterature.4
$ v( B7 K) X, ]6 Q* F' rPatient Report( E( Y/ [- }0 B! ]3 f7 }* _# P1 O
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the, p5 ~: ^& p0 F/ j# _
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern" K& X' i. e" t3 U- s
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 L5 V7 J( N) ^" z/ P+ l. Blight colored pubic hair development when he was7 G6 M* Z5 ]- K6 {  F' l% H3 h
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( E7 k9 ^' f- b% `2 `) g) y
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
5 M1 Z. [; Q7 D9 g) {4 F/ dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,/ U# a0 C$ f, `  R
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
' D  E; a( Q- S1 S! n, kMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* h* ^. G% T- K9 y; J$ r* b6 o  J
e-mail: [email protected].9 `" g9 Z6 Q2 E" l# \0 t  c
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
$ W; f- G0 [) C8 G5 A+ Xdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: ?6 L! s6 k% \( ?- fment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  O" @+ L' M$ e
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
* F1 s/ h4 ?: q' z# A4 La birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of$ B( v* H' c3 p" |
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 Z' }' d/ B& a+ w4 `
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with- A' T6 g( D7 l$ F; {
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,- a2 f9 Q2 R0 I, [
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* c' G  m+ ~5 D6 D9 Ewas age appropriate.0 L, m  [  P$ w8 m; F
The family history was remarkable for the father,% w3 ^' o+ R+ U2 p! z7 ^
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; \6 P3 H  ?- O! N3 W6 Nwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
0 G5 }! W1 V' y3 Q6 V" R9 T4 fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% O: O1 }& c3 T2 zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 K0 {9 j# Z+ |$ n/ ~# }The father denied taking any other medication. The
& }' E' u; L! w) r, |) echild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 s& t7 E( w9 z- c! t% Gwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet7 k# a: u- X( ?( J/ M6 K; u
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-5 F8 L% u2 I0 Y4 A3 `/ i# r
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-& E. X( O" ^2 k1 f0 t0 Z
tives. There were no siblings.
' M! Q2 l, j# p' P4 o% }Physical Examination
8 T" D8 `4 ^8 a+ a' P, W7 |5 SThe physical examination revealed a very active,
0 R5 F) o4 @. I8 w. Y8 H: Splayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented9 `$ Y3 F/ u  b1 m( N, M
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
$ P3 k1 b  n9 F$ p* t6 ^3 x90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
, y0 ]6 ^. H4 e% b4 D7 B& m3 X7 t(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth/ _  J3 p9 G. |3 d# U- l
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' ^/ f% ]) F4 [
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
2 X0 t; [, V  c* y, Q0 Z0 pThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
% g. U- _4 \( I: q/ @. W( \  A: Jenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of2 @; X* s  s3 i# u7 L; Y
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, ?  D' i% F" O& q* J
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: p! p1 c: z4 B% i& j
540! z, }6 s# w: r) [+ p: p# M; V
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: n! O) z3 l$ n2 z5 j4 h# }
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
7 f4 k3 Q' _- p" q% G# W5 J  Ltesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.8 a- h9 y9 Q5 i3 G5 b) q' O! C
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
8 ~8 Z) ?( A. l% ?* s& l. Hoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 @* \( K  @2 z
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 J  w/ b3 _8 x! N: v/ fNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
6 j# H  r0 T4 T) K/ bbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, g' Q( [' i& m. R
of papilledema.
( [, y  Q; `8 G" H7 `' c1 HLaboratory Evaluation
  e  y3 v. h0 \' a" i# L/ iThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by, P. ^' D; v3 b3 W. Q' f
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 O1 b! U$ b6 D$ @2 @logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ \1 @. L; F% k) }1 C4 X3 T# J( r
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 y! S) |4 x1 ~3 r) Xshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 v' ]& C9 Y# R7 D. _2 \- m( klating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
( A$ v; ~+ R* S4 l. c( d+ c+ P$ jThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
+ _9 f- F0 w/ k& durea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
0 b, P* U' I1 F5 a) E5 _% owithin normal range for his age. The concentration- X1 m; C& K4 B! E, s, D
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL& P( M3 ]9 }+ T- R, [- V' G
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ P5 c/ i% ]! v9 L$ V9 [
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ @6 ]5 q' z! t5 D9 D+ Z
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
" C1 Z- L1 K, O, V0 idesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, }4 w$ A2 d& M) O) g3 b9 m( T49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 q* S- a# C% n' S" X
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
) r/ e* s; O. g. m1 [; Ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total8 E' z3 @: A( D  A( A
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; Q6 A7 {+ h, Zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
: @8 y( s" E- U, J1 U5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular: p- V% L- P2 M6 }
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- P  k9 i$ Y9 {7 K3 _
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
7 y7 e& i& L0 @0 v6 w! w1 E(prepubertal)." `- f9 M& \( N- O/ ^$ p/ i9 X3 l# l
The parents were notified about the laboratory5 T# ^/ i4 j# x% a. ~
results and were informed that all of the tests were% ~7 Y1 }7 g! S$ Y" W3 S7 E  ^
normal except the testosterone level was high. The+ a8 h, y5 f# n! I) z; M5 k& C
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to* X( L7 s8 e/ c4 D8 v
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-# O: q6 X5 Q( _
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.+ z3 k6 p, Q/ V' r& v1 S" Q
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
9 S; R: S* s! v+ ochild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained9 c" M; [! X$ I. e2 k" }
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( G$ P7 ]9 X. s: ~unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-) B, T5 r9 z; N  O( }
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* D6 V2 E- ~) n: y! r
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
2 M! `' b. u  S, L) V; kmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( u8 V2 y! G) U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
# g7 U" e4 D" g2 Qing frequent erections.' G& Y% J  u( s# t
Both parents were again questioned about use of
) D; p: j8 f. X9 x1 o1 i* ?any ointment/creams that they may have applied to1 [: J1 s% m7 x0 Y. }- r5 I
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the4 o- Y2 i; l: ^! v  B8 R
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
5 h$ T4 {) h+ K% m, E9 j  C' muse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, o/ |; [$ f7 Wing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for& j" g. L  P# W# W0 d" {1 j% \* Y
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed; S6 }" p  J4 a1 v
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
3 P- T% x: ]5 _& f. A6 j8 cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
) b5 ]  b: E: k4 _& m6 j6 Ssecondary to depression.2 i+ R3 I- f, z) `& R4 h% E
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
3 e1 C/ }3 ^9 v: iThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his: c9 O% J) P& s& W% Z. j
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
+ K: P+ r) q  Q2 U% t+ tnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
+ ?5 @" _1 F& Z) c# {/ MThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
  Y7 K, \# A$ v8 K6 n, ?+ R& Cwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ p7 G8 \" T! k
was high, he then read the product information
: I, @+ Z  Y; M( [) K, N% J3 u) Zpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* F1 K" [2 }9 X' k
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& i  d0 _" ~" q% v1 a, h% g6 G9 edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
) t* c3 a; J- Kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had  V3 h2 {" O3 |6 t; i2 @+ w8 B
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
: m4 t6 j0 L+ N! mtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
" W5 }0 s3 o& ^, ]laboratory to obtain the test.$ S3 V5 t& N! f5 d8 s( Y
Discussion
" H, C- @( g+ LPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
7 Q& J& x" D& f9 ]sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
' |; v1 J; j1 G8 N# ^# nPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* s4 R8 K- t8 @1 o* J
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 [+ c) U$ d4 Kthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( m( f% T& C9 r, r# j3 Hmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 |/ B3 g( j- `/ y, W1 T: `may have a central nervous system lesion that is
( _% s5 W* t, k; S" W6 Mresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% v3 u( E  @* |. F; F6 M& Z9 J# I
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
5 w8 |% A, V! t; Ksis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in) o3 }9 q: `1 k4 n
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-7 e2 L0 w" Q2 Q& X
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) D, M6 z1 G: w" P1 e2 O" Erical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
) n$ i& Y5 o! C- H% U# ?gonadotropins.1,38 h* m9 h* f) E7 G
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; ]# q' M6 f) ?. F- Y) b+ g+ R0 i/ u, l
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) X. k; [$ E+ M
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
2 w/ h- v& E1 K/ Hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 e/ F. G- [* W1 p$ |2 }ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
5 d% C  f& K0 ccongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 e, ^1 m4 l# d, F, M
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) A# d2 e: g; {. ?
puberty in boys.3,4
; K. |% u( k9 J; rThe most common form of congenital adrenal
+ [. m( x* X* W6 Shyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 i! g& Z% g& j( O
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) ^, b. R$ @. u; q% S5 Nexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, \9 L% v5 U" i( M5 ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( \# K$ Z, q& O; y; r+ E: Uexcess.1,3; S8 [: F6 S& \; |6 o9 r
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 I2 A% r7 c0 b. f, _& P542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
: K8 h4 W. J9 l- y5 _A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" F8 {* X7 b9 Pindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
4 C6 C- b2 j4 G$ oas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 J% }) Y7 q2 Z/ [very young age. The physical findings in these boys; O* N$ m+ J7 g, o( A+ L2 J
with this disorder are full pubertal development,: E( n* d8 v3 T5 q, H  z3 T0 T$ q
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys0 H  v& \, c/ \1 J7 B
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
3 |! [4 D6 |- W' Bare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
9 Y4 m' s+ q0 M/ t: N. qpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-  }$ C0 K; |' g  _
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked8 h, q* U% ?# ^6 M- w' `7 J: c
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ c: ^6 w7 t  F* B
males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ Z3 ?  n( w/ B; p( o' c5 _! b2 Gmay have similar precocious puberty.3% b( }+ M) m4 ^/ a3 Z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-! {; s0 r5 G- ?" C& Q/ V. _2 b
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-, }$ S8 a9 u2 j# `6 r2 C
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: Q2 m7 ~; {- Z1 ~! G: R6 m
was in the differential diagnosis because his father4 W) H0 w3 H; s
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 t' z' Q1 e2 _3 b; L' Z, b* rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the: r/ o' _9 `& Y
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
9 O" V4 n& E1 y9 i& f# f5 Eative initial history of androgen exposure, our" A  c4 O. l. V2 A! K0 c# c0 ?
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. @4 ~: P+ a: o1 Yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" l$ Y' J: F( c. j  E
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( D" A9 |; X+ F0 Hing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& W+ C. b& r' N4 }* e/ hThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly4 s0 G* B2 ~. D5 ?: v6 G
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: Y. f2 Y2 F) q3 e* L: `/ E7 W
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( v  Y; v0 g: X, n0 M- c( d/ Mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 Z7 R* C8 J. t$ ^5 D) Z* g; Cdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- n, n0 Q1 Q& H. E' c3 \* C3 @$ a7 z
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* S2 U8 e9 L' |$ z! k% x. M2 H" _5 z6 `: _
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" Q5 T$ H! g' o5 }$ y: q4 EDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. _- ~9 @) }3 q; \, J1 `) Y9 R; U6 t
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
/ |  B9 P' @% L& @. v: T1 Dunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 Z% m9 _3 w! c$ I5 @Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. b1 Y6 z  U7 }
baseline value in those females who were exposed to5 L! j2 T; N) r% a# g' d
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; Z9 p' _2 d9 `partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-# W2 j: a- c2 B% K. x; Z5 n
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented., U, D6 Y5 h, Z, W0 }% J
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 @+ c1 K5 X3 [3 T3 Owhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
% D, a0 o6 |& i  W! @dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 o# O- b/ @; l) [1 \
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
' l7 V8 r! W& f9 e7 pactive in young children exposed to testosterone
/ a" Y) }# ?! @/ i7 N% pexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 c; r  m. D9 L7 z, J3 k9 N# _
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" t$ [9 G1 S! v4 \* X. zvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 b6 Y/ F5 P" k0 Gchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and3 j/ B3 w; H* ~  V# D
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" i. }$ ]1 o% B7 LThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
& \, n$ I2 ?3 I* T. N& G, jearly childhood on pubertal development and final2 v0 V' r  x& t  j
adult height are not fully known and always remain
9 v* m; Z  L4 }" ^& p$ q+ R- aa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 I$ K7 ~+ K/ Z. _5 p/ G3 f+ @/ fterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: E+ V  D3 ?4 v; vacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 f( _/ ^! Y  W  b) b
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& M4 I) `$ M" ]decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ @3 i+ R8 u- w& c
There are conflicting reports and controversy9 D, e" L" k% C0 v7 p6 X+ l' @
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ p9 q( T! H8 f3 v- Wpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
% S# R. o: D% U( Vadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ k! E4 M' g8 b; v) ?" Uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 E* o) D' I; ?" n
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
% o/ v+ S, o' i! N, f* J2 B+ ochildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult" l% X2 ]$ b4 A/ b. p$ g) p: k3 ?
penile length in clinical studies.
  n* H6 s: P. \5 p& b2 e% g4 {. fNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is' A% ^5 H0 X- I, T' I- o" I) o
going to experience any of the untoward effects from4 P( e+ M; ~0 l
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because9 _0 S# ]6 t& W: g& ~& d' N
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 w: p; S9 I3 t  q1 M+ v; q( s7 \Although the bone age was advanced at the time of" z7 Q; y% b0 Q- T. d6 A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
6 L/ _8 l- u/ N& m7 Q- j: l; bthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 `1 O1 H; g$ |$ `height will not be affected.
& [5 q5 k/ K  o! o5 l! mAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
3 f) p, Q$ m" ^3 ?* Y: Lability of androgen products in our society may2 D5 u1 A$ B% t- ~" q$ X2 o
indeed cause more virilization in male or female7 T/ h4 b: o/ P& `2 q8 j5 b+ }
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-  G1 @' Z5 c# G3 m" [* P! q; d1 @
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
) M0 o. X- q/ n+ X, ]tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
+ _# Q4 Z  z1 n! Ygel should be asked of the family members during9 o+ J8 c2 u* @' w- g& o' n& M
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
7 K8 ?9 P& a) G  Bilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 `% u( L/ N, ]9 V( ^7 M# I6 c
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by" C6 c6 G4 L# @  k  O4 U' h
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 B, w1 J/ G0 s* [. l3 T7 Z) Jhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may; N3 e0 P& P* n" N
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive% z: B6 u$ `0 m7 @' f/ `/ P
investigation. The primary care physician should be3 g) ~+ v) i7 `: u" R- H
aware of this fact, because most of these children5 y' w( D( R1 T
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
, |5 j8 N% b6 H4 c+ bDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 f! N7 i- D+ w1 g, B7 r! hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
; k3 l* ?* t. X8 C: m' ]female child who might come in contact with some-
& y, c2 v; H6 F% z3 Z5 Sone using any of these products.
9 ?! }% q9 g4 n/ `( Q9 M9 G+ Y9 RReferences/ `0 F! U+ x$ I" {
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation3 `7 Y$ @1 Q1 n) @/ u
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ p' [/ `# F% Q5 _+ r8 wEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
6 }8 X/ \+ k! Q& V7 o' I2002: 565-628., F0 T9 c' P3 v9 ~5 g
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, k( z/ N$ }$ H) R8 m9 ppuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
% v! k$ t$ @: ]2 c, ?5 O- _
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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