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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old% O1 _4 R7 f/ I% f3 H! R$ i! N2 z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
- Q3 \% ]. ]8 P1 R9 D% G5 QExposure to Testosterone
) o" l  `. E! y8 I' G& K: |Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2# V# z( Z% y  J% k+ A9 G
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1/ h$ @% S& j: L& d6 k
Clinical Pediatrics/ D. `! U" T1 f
Volume 46 Number 64 E, C; k5 }2 r% N1 m# ~
July 2007 540-543
* G  L# |5 }( P  l- _© 2007 Sage Publications6 ?* ~/ @( z1 s8 ?/ p
10.1177/0009922806296651* ]0 l$ g9 }1 Y7 t/ L, x+ f
http://clp.sagepub.com" T( \% ]5 ]2 ?# M
hosted at- c- h7 m# Q8 o& f0 A! ^+ c
http://online.sagepub.com
& F# M+ v2 K: b5 \+ DPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
; k: k& H0 l2 b2 |; X) h* t7 }is a significant concern for physicians. Central
: r7 S& F/ F8 z; C/ g# Dprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% M: B) q$ [' C
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 o7 M4 \7 H; Y# |1 J- C; V; ta higher incidence of organic central nervous system, @/ q4 ]/ \1 v$ X( C
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, B3 x, ?$ x  {( l: ]$ J; ?6 Q/ I
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 P( r. M) ?/ N1 Khair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-" ~) {& X# q  ]
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: ]6 ^% L: D4 L' Ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& f# D; Z4 B% z) V7 g+ [2 A
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
) ~. h# B3 r$ H/ Sment without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 f0 G6 m1 R! Y3 M$ ~3 Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
; T& l- ^7 N* E4 x( `( u# \the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ W, P& O) B! G- A7 s( B# Nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' G2 j1 h* G* O
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of/ C3 ]* E8 K/ s7 r9 ]3 }% J3 D
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-0 \- Y1 z% v/ a0 s0 y# t  q
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 g8 X% r2 R" N6 aliterature.4
  A! a* }' W8 EPatient Report( Z! J( ^: g& t6 W+ L4 R/ p9 Q; \8 T
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
6 O+ a& I  ?$ F+ L. r0 p% \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern+ Q; `1 L$ c9 E. e  x
of early sexual development. His mother noticed& _. M! `' O, L
light colored pubic hair development when he was4 {1 ^% }9 b% l; h6 e9 o
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( {( }# }! p: J# x0 v
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* |" r1 w* M) d+ O5 l* \( A- [Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,, z- K$ h- D* @' {0 `2 l2 o/ H) ]* s% A
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ c* W( t6 a5 X
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;# l* X/ Z' A0 x1 @( E1 b/ _2 H
e-mail: [email protected].
+ [( t- M* e- c9 G  z. rabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" x2 N) R  r, z4 pdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ h% c% ]/ _% c2 i- p, y! W9 }
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 E2 [/ Q2 ?; x( S; [/ }$ b1 P# lwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
0 T( j# ]( W& ~  A2 x) ]a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of- a4 E) J+ W- c- z/ i
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year! W+ s+ i/ B5 A8 x  n
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
" I  Y# d! q2 p- Isolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! B" @& k6 }6 x  b  C8 C
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development: A4 G6 |4 b& \3 }3 q
was age appropriate.
3 Q% I" O2 H% K4 LThe family history was remarkable for the father,7 c" Y9 @0 G' ^& M" {4 L: n2 ^* v
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( r8 X( l# U# y" x2 @: @% }
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 b; L) ^) [3 x. q8 ~9 j
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& u5 F& U# w5 d1 z- ?2 c
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 G* O  q) }9 S$ V
The father denied taking any other medication. The
8 t% u0 t$ S' vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 f$ m: x: t+ ~was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
6 J& u( n0 y- a+ d5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* e! K/ U* y3 w6 u9 j1 Ncocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 D' m: q, p3 T, A7 S$ `- c( q# Ttives. There were no siblings.: w1 m) h/ l2 Q+ B
Physical Examination
4 ?. T: n& D1 i. H( u% DThe physical examination revealed a very active,
! f7 M  j' P; G- Dplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
: S5 M8 ?7 E. u* W/ l3 oa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 M' A# f6 |. r5 F. {90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 O7 I' g( a* K(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 Z" w- q) A, x. h8 ~
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of! ~$ }! Q0 i( M+ d
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
- @- b2 G2 H& K2 tThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
' F/ K) ~, r, t1 W& R# r1 R+ jenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
( L- b8 x# G( B% ?# g$ a9 j" z6 j/ p8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! _( X. T) O+ H
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around% n( b1 d" f; b  [* ?' Q
540
  W' u- X. n3 Q3 f6 kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: i" j% U4 ^) M2 G: b' e
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 w# U# j8 K& p- V! atesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! |7 Y) _! Y7 x1 |6 VThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ i5 O1 D; z/ V6 H% a/ q, U& o
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; ~' a2 }6 u2 z$ J. ^1 I9 R; d4 c
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.) j+ f4 e! l" J1 M
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
0 X7 I! h+ u' pbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion$ O/ Y' Y4 K* s7 o
of papilledema.! q+ s+ p8 n* z6 Q
Laboratory Evaluation
+ Q) y" v1 D' z) gThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
# d' Y, E, h  _: xusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! }5 a) y& G8 n
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 j9 k) ]! M4 ?; |& Z7 gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
( G5 H/ |# |6 I# z7 a0 D6 u4 B) [' {showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) P, [, W! Y: x
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 o3 K, v; }8 @8 D3 G  SThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
0 R: R/ O! o3 h# X, |: `* Kurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
+ _9 x' d8 C$ i$ H; {within normal range for his age. The concentration
! s8 }: }! ]9 o/ C0 R1 ~of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 y# B. n- C" `' T9 W(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ o$ }* ^, }" v/ l* k; ?8 b/ S" y
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-& v$ U) E4 }  e. l
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),1 M) G* [  J; n8 x
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ U! ~! l, i, \/ Z- k49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- d/ V4 @. W# z$ P
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-% w  Z% ]6 C. c2 k$ t+ q" A3 C
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total- |7 V6 t9 A( i8 \( N! s
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- ^/ S2 T" Y: t/ gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
; @. _; t$ y; M- m5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
% h( }) i1 h+ o& a; I9 q3 G3 G& l8 s5 \stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' r' r1 }& m) \9 mconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL( J! F0 v! \1 H/ w
(prepubertal).
! h2 U% O! e- D. L) r' a8 a/ dThe parents were notified about the laboratory
# e3 `8 c2 f* Gresults and were informed that all of the tests were* B) }  r& C. C: m
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
7 ^5 S0 t# |/ p/ k, q# b4 H* C5 pfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
9 M1 U+ l' g& ^& cobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" c1 [, s9 T; \% \2 \& Pever, the family did not return for 4 months.
( h  b* `* z" Q$ x+ h! S, YPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
9 D9 b3 y, U- p: mchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 q) i% f, _7 b4 `. G' a2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 E- d7 |0 ?7 \! o3 y2 tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% G4 z8 y. d! ~7 K5 d2 _
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
8 q$ U; h0 J( j8 q+ z8 `the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2' x4 Q. @+ R5 `0 c: I! f* S) X/ |
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 ^" L/ M( t  C/ w( p
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
# [+ N8 B) h$ i) H) E5 ting frequent erections.! {+ k  R0 b& Y2 ^  v
Both parents were again questioned about use of
4 A) v1 N; f) Y+ G! b6 W1 n0 yany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
# K) ~4 A( c/ S; ^  {4 V( W) Hthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the  e& i' ^0 {2 o8 u& v% H' O
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541% X: g2 W  p7 Q
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. A, t" j  ?! M& Iing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 _5 W8 D. q, ra year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 d1 O7 y/ [6 i4 p2 f5 z5 B# y* _
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: M5 a% `; L0 Q$ _. P2 L( d0 P
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
- o' J3 G" G- ?6 C' ksecondary to depression.9 Z6 j9 W% I; \9 a) S( L3 r! H
The child slept in the same bed with parents.* K$ T/ v! i7 J, p
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his% T: W/ ]) D) x$ O) t* o
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-0 P( \5 |6 [* Y* A: ]
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( O9 I8 R5 P4 E
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
+ k# s8 f5 s+ \( b4 Ywhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ R; G2 u# l3 e: gwas high, he then read the product information+ z/ M2 I9 m  C+ r) S
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-# e; t# w! Z" h: N0 B% S
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 K2 {( R8 |1 e, @" {decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the4 @( X( _, m# U( y
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 F) q5 C7 O# |5 k3 R, I" F. _been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone$ Y* b/ V0 Q$ n
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
  h1 b8 X* \, l  l3 y+ Zlaboratory to obtain the test.
$ s# r- w6 I0 J% w7 FDiscussion, e- B6 w; R2 f
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
, ?0 \$ {. R. K# Z: U! `sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
1 ?& ^+ ~9 Q" _$ Y3 e+ k- Q9 VPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 j$ q0 b1 ?! \* _
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 D2 D* k; Y7 ^- V0 k
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ F# a/ i0 Q; h+ ?8 T" {
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP' U4 b( S2 O; N8 ?( \7 F; S6 v
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
. T" {/ m) ^" k5 d1 b( X" J( Qresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-( S! K5 B: }- I, P
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
/ a, D/ W2 r( k! I6 N! ssis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" W& P% [, K; |& h4 V# x8 sboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
7 I, P; Q) C6 a3 @% Hization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-1 }  N6 f& j) T: A1 q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, \0 b; B  h. O9 w( C
gonadotropins.1,3
( @; O6 D5 v, j' qGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" g# W& r8 h- U+ m; @$ }
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
  T0 u! U8 m% G" Pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 _, P& ~  T+ Q7 q. X" _0 t  E1 Mexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ w7 ^( Q2 g/ }ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 q  r4 V6 ]2 L' A: I# ccongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ t$ f' @! }( R- P6 m3 aadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: O& ^3 {" d+ N6 xpuberty in boys.3,4+ U5 i, j! h- v' Z" S0 ]
The most common form of congenital adrenal
4 ?: z' j; R6 r' \/ s' ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.9 a8 m- M- Y) h1 X1 G" D6 B
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
+ Z  K: d- O, j. o- t; \4 T9 f( nexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
# k$ L$ Z! z: X2 A- \3 Ban adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ |# w: I  H$ w) g1 P, v; {, e
excess.1,3
5 c% l( e7 ^& J0 u! n9 ~4 Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
  @% K( \; Q8 R1 P542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
4 r7 m' q' p+ t1 ~% c- B; wA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* e# p  b* m8 r$ L. b# ]
independent precocious puberty, which is also known3 x( ~0 H* V/ D5 M# e# S
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
' d# ^: ~7 M6 S- v8 `% V& v4 L- fvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
; _4 z/ ~. c( X. X7 D1 s5 T3 q: r' xwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, V% W* s2 l6 Q( a( wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 v3 a6 h3 Z: b5 a$ mwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 q: Q3 t+ ]8 T7 K" N) |- w& L/ |: I, |are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! D5 a1 b8 M; X4 K1 f4 u) L  Y# x+ F5 k
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. P0 d$ G, M" o3 V( c( A$ e- {releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 G- m9 [9 M# H# I, W6 d7 ]
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 Z; v8 B3 H  G; d) p" V4 P; {
males; therefore, other male members of the family1 Z: k4 o+ d1 i5 E5 J  D3 G
may have similar precocious puberty.3
4 `! K6 I+ a' L# E2 pIn our patient, physical examination was incon-7 {( b/ t; z; |0 Q, a/ Q
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& @5 O! }' {* ncles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 M- T% J+ c8 E- a- k: s% _1 E/ U
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
% f- L6 v: D3 s/ ]1 \7 \( pstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
: H' r0 q0 \  O7 j# Rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the7 N# i4 n8 J8 q$ F
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-2 |$ m: _1 J5 O
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( U! l1 [5 J: n5 N, M+ hbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, h4 e- G; d8 p' {3 f6 Z' ?
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" p+ b" C. N0 l8 X+ adeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
  W4 Z+ a; v: v4 Jing the normal level of adrenal steroids.# K: h! N8 h: s) }5 W& b
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 h$ s* ~) g6 W: G5 a5 i2 e
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" h$ }' c9 `( M8 O* z; N/ E0 o" N
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-# ~. [. v  T, g# t: e
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' \, C: ?# a) I. U
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-$ o7 B5 W5 }8 O
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
+ U& b" X* h' s  susing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’* g! R. q4 z' t( L& ^- N0 L6 F+ L
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
  b. v4 d: `1 }* ocream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 ^% P9 n2 f; y- L6 ~% K9 V/ tunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
% M* l& w4 O) H! rSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 H; Z1 I2 Z4 n" {- \1 x# n. s$ @
baseline value in those females who were exposed to: m* j4 Y! e+ z* p, Y
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
- c: H! C7 z  j2 n' B0 h4 {7 I+ ^/ xpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 P! B8 @! ~$ F4 {- B0 y- W8 t
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ p7 Z0 r8 a# aOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 p' J) d! w6 Z/ U( m' dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* z" i9 k7 F  y; j% j
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* h4 I4 n. p+ t0 \
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more+ y: ~; B2 Y  ]! x
active in young children exposed to testosterone8 U+ l# W( n! N& F
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% i( ^: T& p7 F* S* r
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( o- b3 [) t! u! r$ I# z
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
) l  `. f% h9 w  O5 schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and# ~  L: ^* e8 m$ P3 i2 g
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.- I1 u" _6 @1 u! V7 M* B" Q
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during! u0 ]8 {7 J/ r6 g2 P' N
early childhood on pubertal development and final/ J9 r) M- i- u2 U
adult height are not fully known and always remain
& i' T7 _* K& b+ |4 y5 U- Fa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' }, Y) L. E* I% cterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, K  I- K  D# i0 O- tacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after: a( w- K) F. I0 O3 w
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ `# s" e* H0 j7 A4 y2 Q) A
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 {" ~) A5 W6 r$ \& b
There are conflicting reports and controversy6 l* o/ L2 \2 K- T0 m$ O, ~6 z
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult' m( h; _3 k0 n/ \. h
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. f& m6 O0 r, o) ?. L$ i- kadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
2 t& o$ K# @9 ~% C8 y7 f! @1 uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: ^& `+ _5 v- S
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
  z; S5 t1 h2 _# v& u* a  ichildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, C% c( r6 S( @" G- q& M* \! E. Apenile length in clinical studies.3 _- `* D; H" X, r: @; c8 I
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 \+ q4 A( b3 ?3 Z& hgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from& Y$ I1 \) C6 x, f
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 ^0 z' R, t9 _' ?. y2 M* @' [the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 c3 M; Z6 ?, S! M( `6 D0 i& x
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ C, w8 E7 D  v# hdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
$ m* F7 i' t) W5 [3 T* Q" pthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; a- Y) x% k/ s; Vheight will not be affected.
2 c. ^0 Y1 o. ~, t: U% I- _Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
5 V2 w* k* q' L: v% k5 Cability of androgen products in our society may
% h! z9 |! J! U2 z" yindeed cause more virilization in male or female3 f! ^% j  S/ W/ s; Q" G) t% d' D# }
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
' k# Z* K: L8 R$ }gen products must be considered and specific ques-9 W- U! A+ U/ I- v' \( h
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 R6 x" w, H% S" p+ X7 [' B/ X. Dgel should be asked of the family members during* g" k6 i  X6 w3 {
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-. W7 G- a0 D* P+ E  S
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; D7 X! o  x% h, F  H5 |nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
' j8 k) S" v! K  r- J6 I7 Xappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
6 C& X3 k2 t9 l& r+ zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; a4 J4 I) t& |result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ |" J4 z, F. g& a+ Rinvestigation. The primary care physician should be& L! r4 n. `0 a3 |
aware of this fact, because most of these children
, O- e, n  H& ]/ ?! z$ Kmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
( H3 r' x, U+ o% BDesk Reference and package insert should also put a& ?! _/ [5 X# k/ U% ]2 o4 p
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or4 H' Z# G" \0 r% R4 U; g1 M
female child who might come in contact with some-
$ b( L2 v& @6 Zone using any of these products.
3 i6 a, @( J) W3 L/ ~( c6 WReferences  S4 q2 e9 w' ?! O
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& l: @# A  ~; e; n. @/ Z7 |* q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric4 M/ D$ f! \+ a7 X
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
9 v$ A4 }/ R- ]- z7 j/ ~- }2002: 565-628.
2 E8 H$ I/ `* t2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* Q6 v' A; b* e( j4 c8 V  \puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
. o: A; @# u# ]4 qBoy Induced by Indirect Topical- [: M6 M1 q% M! S
Exposure to Testosterone
0 e9 |6 q+ G7 d) w/ E% SSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. M' ?  r0 _. i1 Z7 S5 Land Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ j% V: k: E2 B  C: [3 L; r# H
Clinical Pediatrics
$ G9 b( ]: [* _) R, Q9 Q, oVolume 46 Number 6/ Q) U- p" L1 B
July 2007 540-543( C( K/ A, G- F4 I2 b6 ?
© 2007 Sage Publications1 V/ F7 E2 g, k5 v
10.1177/0009922806296651
& q0 R( N1 J9 M' nhttp://clp.sagepub.com
- _6 N4 t* R; U+ _) uhosted at
/ A( V3 L* \% {7 `3 v; e. jhttp://online.sagepub.com
3 w  g" J0 B  T( i) i$ {Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,( J( b5 }0 L4 U1 F: I
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
; I9 \' z- U2 q2 s  q* P( tprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
  x# C1 O$ N" q- x3 ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
- ?. O# e6 b" ?) V# n  ^a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
" s6 k1 H1 n& B( ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested% O2 x2 X  F4 _3 c8 F% E/ S
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic9 c# ^! I: @8 F' P/ W
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! ]) B! T5 N5 X; e
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 h2 _2 p- ?1 m7 G* N( ~
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) g  C1 H6 {, h: s3 P6 ~% I
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
& X* c$ w$ K% `' oment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ [6 c9 B1 r( }5 J1 O6 e" x" Kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# k0 _( S& o: ^% S, X+ x6 @; Tthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
1 [: B+ U/ L, Gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this6 r! e4 s' ^0 M1 @( L0 k6 `  W
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
% x; N% T5 L8 ^/ |& C$ M; U/ Ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 ]4 _0 Y& P# L( N/ q) z6 |bly more common than the rare case report in the7 f6 I) K- q4 T# i7 H+ e4 X
literature.4- ~/ C8 y3 ?: B4 m" O
Patient Report
+ B/ r* z) @+ ^" R9 O2 C% O# B$ EA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
4 D, t+ q, A6 U6 \8 ]1 Lendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, p  _; ^5 }9 z" k5 x% a7 Gof early sexual development. His mother noticed
% g; k* l( R! E; {" x, L$ ^light colored pubic hair development when he was
9 U) J' j1 m; [# c+ s- w6 TFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. t/ }/ k3 ~  y4 e$ ^# e$ |
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% |; K! r& {9 W, ?. i  z+ @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
8 H4 ^5 i) v0 X! E  x# IProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ C$ B  a; e) |0 {1 n+ w$ bMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;1 r& _9 @3 C9 E$ O  i4 g; n
e-mail: [email protected].) o8 P- ^5 h4 b8 [
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
! g+ }' w( [" i6 {& |darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 f: \9 ?4 M7 S" {
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child$ g& [# k0 o8 {% W- {4 `
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: Y) O* R. Z* f5 F/ `1 G0 W
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; m  Z3 t2 m- J4 }8 |) ^+ X
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 G3 ^- e( o9 ~% k
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ P! [1 a% S! ?) W0 ^/ e
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! g* B2 |3 c( a5 L
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development! t. a  l$ `4 ~+ \# i* y
was age appropriate.  r! I$ }, ^$ `0 O( v
The family history was remarkable for the father,
# D8 Z' a9 j; S* \$ f# G  B5 Nwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,; ^2 f' j8 U5 H' H: g4 e
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* h5 V( k6 o- U. Q1 s9 ]
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% x0 k8 g' {& T$ T1 A* v( V; wearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 u3 X0 X; ]9 J3 H4 o; vThe father denied taking any other medication. The8 }" g: O" \* ~5 n( y
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
2 w: x$ H# [) J2 |was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet( _* V) Z# G0 k  l
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
  N8 f7 m  w, q3 Y* W  c# icocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
* [# t0 l0 s' \! l7 Dtives. There were no siblings.
! i1 h/ ~' [' u2 n( GPhysical Examination
% g) `$ P( q5 k9 Q4 E+ yThe physical examination revealed a very active,+ C. f" @7 {$ t) E
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
% a" o5 S" E: \6 ?' @a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: b$ S" c1 I( f& n3 v- A6 G2 V
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
( a% h( s- r0 v/ F(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth& h) u3 k& ^$ |- J# ~- C6 G
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of7 @; `+ U( Q7 H
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.9 v* t- C$ |* F' v6 I
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ j/ e; P. c1 d# ?" j0 k
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ q' [3 l) b% n+ n& k2 j6 Q- p
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well6 u: p7 O9 c( e7 [2 l. V
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around" F3 p# a1 f( J+ M8 H( [
540
1 j. P* J4 G; |1 z* U5 mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- k! ^: d: X( x* i  `' d4 Othe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# |( c! {6 Q9 T5 htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 W( ?3 S- y* u6 K. zThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 @. H. f0 c" l; A
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
+ T$ y2 a% t: \; a- M8 x% yabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
/ u# n& u( M. O4 r- b; E% }4 uNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
6 o1 a& }  z( f* Vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# C; r( v. \! I; Q: _. e2 L- b( y
of papilledema.9 m( O/ J8 Q- o$ _( P4 w% f
Laboratory Evaluation4 e0 ~- V6 X& u6 \$ @' {
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by! F% J9 r' n$ e& U2 b2 @: u3 o0 l
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' T4 \9 d" B5 N' D; i2 m3 N3 Q7 klogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
5 ?: {2 _# o: J) y4 T" r) kkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
8 z& h) J: H9 N3 M* O$ A6 a$ G% Eshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
( o9 `& g* r$ z8 e# O  ?. Xlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).& G- q1 t% d! i+ s$ A
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
& ^$ r9 t* c# i& N) i: m" |. Gurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 t" K4 P. X: m! A# M
within normal range for his age. The concentration
5 Q- t9 n3 K5 O! f, rof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL, J. r% e# _- y! R/ s. v- u' T
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
/ j! ?1 p" t/ T8 I( i/ Sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) X# y7 U$ x  P- L+ Z
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),2 y) a& |$ Q9 s. D& h+ k6 z
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
7 v( G4 p0 f6 r4 {! s& W* y3 \49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)  c' q* U% G6 n4 t1 O/ b- @7 L- N
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-+ f) o6 S. Z. H
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( Q* M# l$ ^" f  R* w- Z1 P
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
& F& |, C5 f, M  j. L+ k8 ?and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- E; U- `6 L: n$ U
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular1 y  j( H1 J6 A8 `; M$ \
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone4 u! {! \, m( `6 t+ }& j; q; l
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; {: q4 b8 [( r5 C4 _0 r9 N( e(prepubertal).4 T9 n% ~+ ^4 z# E! V
The parents were notified about the laboratory9 w& A  C: _9 I
results and were informed that all of the tests were
% T0 [2 I/ o6 knormal except the testosterone level was high. The
* t6 |/ d; u, i! Lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to7 b, p/ E& L$ ^3 n: y9 I  v& z4 p" E$ T
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( c- `+ N& O+ f' B- A- z: kever, the family did not return for 4 months.
/ K' z1 V( I- ^4 Z! s3 w  L2 lPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
/ a% c8 H1 O' J& d3 ~child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 y7 F  }0 Z( l% l9 H; H9 k1 N
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 v" p; q" P% q0 ]* |unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-: F, b) L1 J9 q' Q8 ?. s2 _0 X
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
) a% ?( a# F. |/ tthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 C( N$ ]4 r2 [# U
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) q# g, L, ], E# j1 S8 W0 ^, u" ]The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-! A8 ?& w( \# V) M1 p) d
ing frequent erections.
) |0 c% n8 Y; ]' p( Q3 W# T: f, V1 sBoth parents were again questioned about use of" ?( ~* y  C3 l. X( z' d3 D
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to( T" n) i1 l: n$ z& x
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
3 M9 ?3 u8 Q/ ?Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# Z# L4 Z$ `0 N8 U, suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
* h. t3 r' P- a& h! J5 ying over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! C  Y- @3 C  ?5 E! C
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 ~; \6 h, h: Q$ b5 jto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
1 o  }5 B4 i: Escribed by his family physician for decreased libido% h' Z# U' P1 T# b" O% w5 i9 Y7 ~7 @
secondary to depression.: o' `% e3 E3 B+ p  I" B4 P
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
8 s: v' H- `8 X1 wThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his) c0 r2 i5 }3 e- h3 q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 r; h2 w, f1 O: m3 `% f, Knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.# [" g1 v% g$ v. |
The father also admitted that after the phone call,* H4 D( e4 ?! {: ]- [* o- h" d( [6 [; \
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby2 h+ ]( {8 e$ \; s; v  G& ?
was high, he then read the product information
2 s0 u) c* O7 A3 _* f5 r2 }packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 x* e2 y# a, u; R; Z, j6 S) I
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
3 W3 y. m5 _4 a7 Pdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; q8 r! E. q- c$ O. Y! [! i
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
8 G0 c3 X3 P2 c% K* X/ \) Hbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 O$ o; z! A3 t: W, M
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the" }* r) A% p6 j7 A
laboratory to obtain the test.0 ~: B4 z7 d- v7 r% I& e
Discussion
. g+ ?( x8 _, y6 K! TPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary# Z$ ?9 ~$ Y  Q1 M5 R: e
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4  d$ X$ N" ]. N) n! O9 P3 R) e
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 |* f- P+ h5 D8 `9 G1 C, m
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' I( f& E. f; G, ^" W) m4 l
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) c1 t. B0 {/ V6 s7 Imon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: Y! q  F0 t  R6 h  N0 ]9 H: ^
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 O. T: Z' x! D# R. C) ^4 vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
3 E  g7 B. `1 b) @amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 T; q1 h+ v1 C) ~
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in& A# z8 J7 W# D$ h+ f7 u
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-! j- B0 J8 |$ f* [
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- Y+ Y. V2 K1 T/ _
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% W4 b  e* C. O
gonadotropins.1,3
. i0 }4 k. m) Q4 kGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-4 d; r+ [6 P, S
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
/ s# R- `& C2 I8 \! g1 _androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or7 s; b( w6 F- }; y% w
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 t5 m# ~$ g1 v: M' r, P4 L
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! z8 M1 l, h# N; q# ]- l8 i' Fcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: v& f# p8 `" x7 `7 t
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
& t3 @/ O3 s  ^# D" Zpuberty in boys.3,4
) b2 b9 y4 M, ZThe most common form of congenital adrenal
: @+ E3 a1 k' l( Uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
  L( \, e8 X6 K" [The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
' [% `/ l0 q& g8 C) }- Texcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,+ r, e) G; a% _! Y
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
9 F% u$ u' z% y5 _excess.1,3% b$ |8 F" j3 U- f# N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& F7 B$ K! R( t. S' k! i! d
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
: c2 |% Z; T+ d& A5 b: QA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) u0 Q0 @- r) X; |8 A
independent precocious puberty, which is also known+ k3 L" x0 X" I, ?8 R: O
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a9 k6 m/ Q, |! J* J2 m$ e
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
. b/ e( }/ M2 ?3 i' e: Uwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
8 u, x: ~, o2 c. A+ Dincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys( G) V4 E5 g: ?4 M8 ~0 i* g/ }+ G. a+ r; W
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder" {/ n& Q+ H+ a. y, V
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
) O9 w9 ^. J# R. I& Jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
, X) C% I6 x- l; Wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 q  K. P- i% D" P% uautosomal dominant disorder that affects only6 \! W% f- Q' U  J' _9 K
males; therefore, other male members of the family
2 f4 `5 Z4 Q) d$ o& {+ Gmay have similar precocious puberty.3
2 y3 ^7 I$ m! K" LIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
; V/ C, t2 x3 b, r. k; N& rsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 d% E) A5 f& w+ Zcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
$ m/ `5 X- L# I8 H# Vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 [7 R. w: D. P# J9 Cstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
; ]3 l9 x& f- U# qtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
6 l, }/ J. m# @0 y7 o9 n& I) lbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ {& a7 V+ x2 A% tative initial history of androgen exposure, our# }, Q1 z' P. u
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,8 e/ c1 L* I" i3 M! p; u% b
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
2 _9 e9 s: U: [deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-- S0 T. e6 i  X2 N
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.! O: f) |+ }9 g0 v7 {8 ]. V" Q, \
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 V/ A$ m& f/ N$ Q1 R4 g, h# ^suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 ~8 K  l  w5 e4 Q1 Y5 J) l; m
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-3 |8 X& `5 T+ [; {& H
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
6 `9 o) X: {+ X; w5 ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-. ~# u& q( B' z+ B, m$ v; y
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was$ Z; x3 e% a. }) K; |3 a
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- L/ F6 S4 C! ~. v  h, S" Q
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or  s, y6 {" G* x' P7 u2 ]
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
9 A, u5 h& Q/ L' B, V+ k( {& s9 Runprotected females through direct skin exposure.$ X6 d% f' l2 T1 K) C: {
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' N( I- v2 o/ L9 o* h% b( z* Ybaseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 d( I4 _( X) m" |0 xeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: h! H+ h  [7 h3 U* J
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
& r* f5 c! L: D8 G( w# R6 O: ^tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.. {0 i) _3 n+ ~' V& L$ `
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 P5 q# P  i! H8 w) p, K3 N
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
% m8 I- B/ `( W2 a( ydermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
/ H- ~$ o1 \+ m, n. Gterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more* H3 V& F+ d' O
active in young children exposed to testosterone3 c( Q5 g/ h6 Z9 y: `2 m2 S0 Q
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
) Y# K3 v- \- q/ ^drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to. X& K9 O/ b# e: r0 {) J! }- X
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 G' D7 R. C' I& F7 |children results in an increase in growth velocity and: R1 h1 x: b$ ~* b. H; f. K
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ I/ I1 G& ^8 {) Z* {- j8 f
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ a3 E: O, A; J# i* u" @1 `* A( `! F7 a
early childhood on pubertal development and final+ Z! e! A5 p2 r
adult height are not fully known and always remain6 u4 L) a- q' a, L& n$ j# T8 V5 L
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-$ d, h& U7 i) W  q: A, t
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ {# X0 W7 {* [3 j) B3 P* o6 qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
0 W, S! N7 A# d& w6 S& h0 Scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 h; ~) N& s& T) H+ U9 Y' Z
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 z  Q& @) a2 H9 p" I# \; kThere are conflicting reports and controversy
* w; J3 X" @3 G# ~2 f. D. S9 rover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, ^4 R4 U& c- v# O$ p1 T7 ?penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ \5 w1 W$ c7 c+ t6 Z8 [adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
$ S% j5 G. Y# gulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* |- `& A4 _+ i% s- w9 cSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
0 T! \0 L3 b+ Jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
8 s6 b5 g/ _) b8 F' j2 Y4 cpenile length in clinical studies.
2 f5 H) J0 K. aNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is) H- t( t8 q  R4 d& f: `+ H
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
6 k' Q# s3 C2 k/ S& {testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; k: j/ N8 u* m/ Pthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) i7 J9 T5 q9 Z8 p+ D8 [9 @, tAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 d7 q- l- c* B) odiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# L) h0 n6 _- F7 bthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 z9 @* b5 {& Aheight will not be affected.4 K/ K2 V7 E3 Y7 T
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 w0 |. q/ t# Z2 ?* D
ability of androgen products in our society may3 O+ J6 @: b2 c; j. v
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; H3 \4 M5 D2 s- M# h( W5 o! r+ p
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
' x' e. z1 l1 P$ {. K3 {6 g; s" T7 g: D& pgen products must be considered and specific ques-- q% A8 k+ A, j) u; ?
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or9 H& P' t+ g8 M+ f
gel should be asked of the family members during% w" r7 P0 A' K7 S! _7 H
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
* E$ a; t* L3 W8 iilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-: [) k3 J0 _5 g: U4 m* Z$ ]
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by/ p' D7 U: R& Q0 i6 N# ^
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a! N9 t/ N9 H1 e* m" a
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
2 z% Q+ Q! d$ fresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 ~" e, @) j8 S" h1 @5 Dinvestigation. The primary care physician should be- v) y0 s3 s5 n' Z7 C/ A$ p
aware of this fact, because most of these children! u! M, @% H( s
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
, E" h2 b4 |4 ]/ q$ W) O; P! j1 k! NDesk Reference and package insert should also put a  ]( V: ], @% a8 P* r5 W+ l
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& F3 P/ A$ v/ @3 Vfemale child who might come in contact with some-$ |) B& R! o4 `" K4 [/ J+ j& X
one using any of these products.
4 U* Q! v! v. wReferences# C$ k7 ^- X$ r: O% B9 F2 i
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 S0 G+ @1 p- U! a- N9 y# r
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% T6 Q, L& r' A5 _* X, g
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 O- a6 t# ], t* a/ a+ ^+ \# U2002: 565-628./ a3 x/ W5 f, b6 \
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 ^1 c- X9 }: f) D9 C2 vpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

8 y  [3 g6 j. I1 ~精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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