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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old9 K; [1 |. Z1 p( V7 S$ r8 _. o0 x
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
# e+ e. V, o6 d7 W: DExposure to Testosterone
- s- [) Q1 w$ G8 TSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,27 l: R7 w; o2 ^) Q
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 k: {" m! k" ~) H* D, l0 H: Z2 jClinical Pediatrics, {6 q" p @( n
Volume 46 Number 6+ ~& Q* }$ U% H X
July 2007 540-543
$ r8 i/ U( b: H$ i© 2007 Sage Publications7 D& X! T3 J( ?7 b u1 m
10.1177/0009922806296651# d- Y4 U7 ?) Z
http://clp.sagepub.com
* l) T+ m' [ n- E9 m* X, Ihosted at
" I1 A8 `# N! | l! |http://online.sagepub.com" D3 P7 c- g; e S+ D# S; \" Q+ U
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 w0 G/ j% \& f" E) _; h% E9 l8 w7 Vis a significant concern for physicians. Central' T3 v, T: \% m3 _
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
" _5 M* q) L+ }; l# k* ]: kthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: y0 y8 r" e! O
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 O, V7 h+ |: J) t
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 o! R& \* p. j' B1 Wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 E2 |" E; _: p7 T1 `( b
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-1 X0 G6 t: Z- V( B
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& @# o: B- o# ~5 _7 I8 |" P
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
% D# v$ L$ A7 y8 ~* c* p9 P, Venlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 v1 J/ M" X, Zment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 k% w1 r4 c; X. t
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
8 V; X) a- s# F7 U) n/ ?the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' K0 S8 t. q6 z' Y7 L6 x* d
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# H6 w! b2 S/ ^ u+ E! M. _child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; W5 p- a; ^$ t
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 p+ ~! ^5 ~: E: m
bly more common than the rare case report in the
8 E% u5 d- M- b8 ^- {3 p3 ^literature.4) H. z6 `* T% S/ v5 g. ~
Patient Report$ H8 H' D! A8 u6 T
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the, E G8 `# L0 h5 k
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' i6 C! M. n2 B$ z7 J' ?
of early sexual development. His mother noticed8 V+ {3 W4 S7 U$ s" H' q n
light colored pubic hair development when he was/ ?/ D+ u' L5 S/ b
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 s2 G6 V7 m: W0 bSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! ^5 T7 ?1 N3 U) q0 }6 gAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," d- C0 `/ w! q
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 S+ T' U# r% Y+ F B" `Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& h* n8 a* \6 de-mail: [email protected].9 t W& Z# A9 [# q3 [ k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: F% s. b! h3 v" Y( [/ l) zdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, t2 z& T6 e; l. b) g$ mment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( T6 ~' ^0 v& T( U
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with$ u6 f7 {1 |- e" ^
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of1 u8 F8 E. u% \/ M6 p9 |7 i! g6 [- r
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, Q6 a! t) M+ E# E' Aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. e C$ \4 c3 }+ jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 X9 X7 T$ W+ i& c6 I2 m- p6 @
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
4 S1 z5 a& ~* d Q3 ^8 [" {4 _was age appropriate.5 M6 e" g1 ~5 i& l
The family history was remarkable for the father,
" s E. |7 Q, ]( R: r/ `who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, R0 g2 u0 x. n- swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 S) g0 Q, E0 ~/ _
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 L" t3 }) p) G/ [$ `, e" Hearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* }- F0 [; K4 y9 N. B" {The father denied taking any other medication. The# h9 s* K" P o! x
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
: Y e) V4 Y, Y/ H$ m+ r' A! Ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet* u8 L; q' C! x; W4 V6 i
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-7 y3 A* V& k" g
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
( C: P5 [# ?! w+ C6 V2 `tives. There were no siblings.; ^/ h2 R! T$ T7 O, y
Physical Examination8 D0 z+ P6 i5 ^. ~) S9 G
The physical examination revealed a very active,
$ \3 y5 n, H1 k- z# e$ h; I# pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; K& n4 N0 S3 b$ P$ v$ s2 L: x
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) w* D( A/ v- V, r( q8 V- a90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: x( E' p$ q/ o; A; e3 N: p(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
/ X G9 H& U2 [+ A; W( evelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 B8 t0 z; [+ y7 f2 Ythe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 r3 e( m% V- B4 ^6 L
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ l! ^- ~" G( X4 S5 f1 Xenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 D' S: b0 [. A* a- i$ @( S8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 X( {+ K+ L1 }4 n ^- j4 I
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around8 H! I! L* o1 q( o
540
! w* a+ Q7 n8 u0 S6 ? _ U7 bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& Y. w' U3 }8 l5 Uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 P( x, ]9 X' Z" q5 y0 e( Utesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) n4 i! t/ `+ j S7 v0 xThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat- e2 J( J4 ^3 ?; d! @
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: R6 D/ I1 ]; t# N
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.5 {7 e: p" R) }, ?+ ?6 n5 E- |
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
" X% V* l" b V" J' q4 m! qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
# {' G# t5 Q9 Kof papilledema.
% H2 a, _6 E- t) d6 }Laboratory Evaluation
; o$ b! e4 G4 Y& u4 H6 ]. p! ?The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* m& l1 K: ?* f4 L9 q9 Wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-9 n7 @; e& k b! u3 v% @8 k, s
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal I3 |( i1 \- M8 y! S
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
& {0 A$ ^* a$ S9 U! t- Y! Q7 Wshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
# Y- B0 ]/ \; t9 C' }- X8 ^: ]lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 q& h$ K! H: \; {) b1 xThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. P) n2 i, |& i" G$ Curea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* r( b& h( r1 K
within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 _. [1 P8 C, w# i0 Cof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
! @/ m* {7 y6 W# B5 M3 k(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20- j7 F* K1 q H
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, O# c0 U2 M6 ?) q7 q/ d# e1 m$ iterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
5 D! o( t; f* ?8 R. F* Y) m0 Ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to. { X6 [% Y; e1 [
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
4 C) a' x' d" ~was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 ` o+ P! v% S! h8 [4 s$ ~
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 f+ ?* z9 _: K2 \# }" xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 d1 i r4 O8 _% ~! J: N$ R1 |$ r; \and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than2 |5 t" q8 s2 c1 Y k7 y" A1 k
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
* C. b- H, a3 |4 @5 C' H4 X6 G' _stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 h& n! s, M, ]+ R9 P5 L8 U! d$ ^concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 ]0 o8 x& @. p% ~' q) k# c+ P- Y(prepubertal).
* Z" U" ~* P/ X+ l2 r/ TThe parents were notified about the laboratory
1 `$ S. s) L4 r) f9 I# ]8 Eresults and were informed that all of the tests were6 v, R: Z) L7 ^8 p6 p, X. ]
normal except the testosterone level was high. The+ A% C" m/ R9 b d4 E
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
3 B6 K; D0 D: a7 X4 V( {" xobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! |" Z8 D& F; R8 L* J- U
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
8 D% Y4 K" Z$ ]2 g, W" T# U( jPhysical examination at this time revealed that the8 ?0 l. n# R4 T/ A% @! g( B
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 F9 \( L l7 Q. u5 w2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 Y. x+ n0 M" l) F1 Wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-; q2 Z ^) f0 e' u4 @
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# q5 u) @4 x( m) ~- b1 u
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2# D4 _9 r" B% M# \% W- P1 P$ Z9 @- b; c
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 l3 Z' g) ^+ q* |" k% E1 D7 ^
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
v; ?" E# h: f6 o* m/ Z+ W1 [ing frequent erections.
9 Y R3 s! @& x; K- b+ g0 ~$ VBoth parents were again questioned about use of: \% Q- H: B" ?2 q: k! t
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to% V* b8 T9 {. b t; ~; Q- A5 y# o
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) J9 |, `& V: n2 ^7 {! UTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
/ E# a: y, |1 q! nuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-" x$ ?1 r% G% o& |
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 _7 N7 S1 x2 O% f5 g* c# ba year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 e, ~7 Q* T- s9 a& ?+ b+ V
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 k5 D+ v$ |" k
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
2 ^3 _8 k4 f. Xsecondary to depression.- ?2 y) P4 D/ J2 D6 \( r
The child slept in the same bed with parents. h# o5 e ?2 D7 C0 D9 E' K9 Z0 e" P
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his* c; |8 F1 o6 Z7 W# x! w% p* z
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
v0 r, w5 u, R$ Y5 Bnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.! s4 ] A6 O+ A
The father also admitted that after the phone call,% G- l: F2 _1 N$ B1 x9 A
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 P8 b0 Y. C6 M' A
was high, he then read the product information
+ f/ ]3 L. E' `) ]0 zpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
- j" V! C: x- G* X' Yson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, r3 r6 `# ^ w6 f8 Q- Z; Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the" m% }- `$ c4 [( G% j' O* S
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 F" `3 X; m. M( \0 p: L) k5 |been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* s9 |* l+ {( L. C7 {test was ordered, but the family did not go to the. b* U) U6 H' J7 N' d3 Y( Q8 |
laboratory to obtain the test.
- b, C: n6 S! R* `; m7 M$ k4 M4 |/ N6 fDiscussion
) X% n" h' T. M( l0 W3 t9 DPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary2 A* [2 }+ y2 e
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 b w" Q# |2 s/ c" YPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 E* D' x: w4 h2 G6 g; `; M7 Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& q8 M" B0 R" M# m" p& M$ X! C, Z+ xthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-* b7 c# w t# a. g0 r3 t+ h
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP4 O# O) d+ ~/ T/ y. Y4 s
may have a central nervous system lesion that is' X% h' G: Q2 R2 }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: q: S1 l V$ ]# h* i
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
U' }. B- \: u2 n4 lsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 F. C+ N7 K3 m2 o8 }
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# b2 t% u/ x5 x) o) X
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 f% D+ R$ ]" |
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: B! X" z5 U6 m( D6 ? A3 ~9 K. Z4 rgonadotropins.1,3+ @6 j3 |, ]( D7 r
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
. M7 I% H: a7 a" I( ?* Jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate, P: k! R# N8 y6 ]& |! t/ _, o
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 U. w* E7 y* w* N6 h
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-5 O: u3 N0 l' H3 m, M z8 w) A
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
5 a* W _5 E8 w% Y% Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
+ h/ u2 w$ J; a$ m. [' I% Hadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious; {' i5 e6 D, X7 u$ M% d. d
puberty in boys.3,4( k# D! [' Y/ k$ {1 [: {: {9 o6 Y
The most common form of congenital adrenal
; n) I0 v$ D8 ^0 p1 V% G3 Qhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& D' a6 B$ }, R9 A2 X
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% `5 |$ d2 l+ _9 G1 S
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 f0 I p) `/ m, u
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
9 m6 }; o! R: R% ^( L' E( W0 ]- X2 Gexcess.1,3
- h! X$ l$ z1 S& Fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 ?: u. e* K: C: B$ G5 s0 [542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
! A: n/ k5 y' Z D3 n# b- e4 B6 O ]A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-2 i$ `- T% Z% H0 ]( W' k7 j( Y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
+ ?* t7 f- ~: aas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# B& O& F7 v0 x1 y% M* |9 g& Wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ S( s$ {. b+ B5 M3 fwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
" U- p! i! k5 q4 j. Z. y* [8 @including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 a# b2 o1 g, Bwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder. `! H2 R* Z5 N3 T
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, B2 k" [- s- Z+ n* I1 L
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-8 w! I x* }" l& A
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) D* B& U2 l' c ^" Mautosomal dominant disorder that affects only3 e( `7 h! O8 `- |
males; therefore, other male members of the family4 {6 s# `' M7 k$ J! l* _3 S- d; W7 ]
may have similar precocious puberty.3" n0 I, s! a. x% W
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
2 t0 ^4 s; t& N2 Q! V. O$ asistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% b" [5 J6 t* j; h; z3 u
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis s3 L- N( `: k% L1 U. n
was in the differential diagnosis because his father+ x e. d( b( n6 u1 j. K
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
5 c l! F: q; Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 K n x/ s$ U3 i4 F0 f8 r m# Cbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
% r/ h5 v3 ^* I% t5 ] }ative initial history of androgen exposure, our z& y. t. |' s, [6 I. y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,( T, `, C3 s2 Z" H
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase m0 V& D- U% B. p! V
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: A9 C- {, L% V+ {9 L6 S+ ^
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
8 F' f/ h1 j4 I: `$ n: lThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, i0 \& m+ ?5 k; esuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because _5 O# D9 m {6 M% K# }
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-* Y& m2 }0 Z; u8 M# k) G+ o, x
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and2 m* b8 t/ Q7 f1 ^3 [+ `4 M2 y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: O r: q) e V0 H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
' S6 y2 z* f! g* gusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
- \+ V" `" P/ B% g+ K6 NDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
! s' d1 E. q8 O! N4 wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to# E. a8 i/ H3 ] K, J
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 ]4 F, r- M1 X3 t0 f8 T' _& H# FSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 q; d$ N. t, x' c5 j- i! Z/ _
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
% w, N) l( n/ L; h1 N$ X# {1 d$ Xeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 a; }$ Y3 |+ Y5 P" w8 n
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
2 s0 Y+ V) P6 \tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
% i8 o v' L8 m8 P9 t, UOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 Y6 H, f+ s6 |$ B- i' ]9 t
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- M" j# \" P, W8 N2 Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- S3 f/ e. p. Rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
: }; H0 H& _" _& P+ `+ r- `+ Qactive in young children exposed to testosterone
: M; x4 i* W9 u$ M* q# Aexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
+ P' a" @$ j) Z4 E7 I7 x# Vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to8 |' x: H% }2 M4 ^+ B9 f
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in- [) N8 P. Z9 d* ]$ C2 V
children results in an increase in growth velocity and4 E! Z3 u/ o' A
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 j- o( x/ a: ~" O+ v1 U
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 S! p; x1 w7 W- L9 Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final# a! E: \( _5 ?3 e5 @7 l' x3 j) N: U
adult height are not fully known and always remain6 [" B8 p% v7 B* x
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 [6 x( W7 V; Y7 T/ f8 [terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some4 V2 G' Z% n0 a- g6 _8 |
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 Z5 ]% ~; w1 y& Pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 E4 H- p- s) a# l6 t
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9" `0 f- g l% b- X% y+ j8 h+ q+ n
There are conflicting reports and controversy3 j9 }" L' \- ~2 [
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 P( v# @: P! J8 t7 Y
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal& E# J# L. Z) ]/ y& E
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 q9 b# Q* O8 L# P( Xulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
I4 z- m, ?/ W0 B. g+ H& ^Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ N" ?, p$ Q. F' l$ N8 {childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ I1 Y7 [; Q- D1 \
penile length in clinical studies.
0 F7 `3 P4 [% [) I) D$ k$ f2 {Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, }: |( T4 h+ G I8 }1 ~going to experience any of the untoward effects from
- H" Y; y0 |; I5 P9 ]# ztestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because6 |# F4 @! M, r7 Y
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; V* T# y" f; o, _( V! T2 MAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of1 i E0 o2 w1 t6 ^( o0 P
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ i9 v" b% V& M1 [
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult' | l0 a! _: I
height will not be affected./ { q: u- d2 J3 ~. E% [
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-2 [/ y" N1 y0 W2 |; M
ability of androgen products in our society may/ G# w$ a, M: x6 f) k
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 U( k! H% H- Dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
, g# v; I8 P; Z' J/ Mgen products must be considered and specific ques-
" g: j1 f0 V" R0 B5 p" v+ Ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 s$ E% K2 r# M4 a8 G
gel should be asked of the family members during' T$ R0 J% R6 A$ c" L' d5 G
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
7 b1 d$ Y% x! f2 Z5 I9 [& ]3 k* B' pilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 ?) a# T( D2 Q! `8 ` xnosis can be established by just a few tests and by# l& |. ]- C: _' k4 r
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
e! N) L( m$ vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! Q) h8 c$ X2 h( t( X7 M4 ^5 y( c/ T
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive+ R. |/ k3 O' a o ?6 k
investigation. The primary care physician should be% G* J8 d" W$ q
aware of this fact, because most of these children+ v& p: A2 m5 m2 A( f. T; `, H
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
8 G& r6 y, t: p, q. R' C+ z/ H. `) m+ PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a4 B* u2 e3 ^ S& j
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# j+ L( i2 k1 T; L6 J- Sfemale child who might come in contact with some-$ B) W! d; c2 G( s. M' l( Q S
one using any of these products.; `, W0 n" X f$ R
References
# ^: q$ W, X) z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: i, d. b, H$ T8 S
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' m: a4 x1 m: \4 @! @# Y
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) a8 V: `, |# e. }: ^
2002: 565-628.& Y( ^$ |1 j% F- a; A8 a
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: I+ l8 Z! W/ L9 K$ k9 Cpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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