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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 {, R1 q3 b5 sBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
8 n) O6 {/ b: L6 IExposure to Testosterone
8 u( G9 H B% @& Y. YSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 z8 \$ D$ P7 w5 y% L$ n
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ p- J+ `" z& t/ O1 @0 A8 G! ^Clinical Pediatrics
5 h, P* t" E& ]Volume 46 Number 6$ _- V4 B' y+ D+ ~$ o/ L/ {7 w' W
July 2007 540-543, N$ g, O6 l. {! _
© 2007 Sage Publications
9 T/ [: s* T& N: K10.1177/0009922806296651- ]6 s7 ?; t# c/ a2 y
http://clp.sagepub.com
! ]2 _8 r# y1 Rhosted at
4 d H% u$ `# Z! Ihttp://online.sagepub.com1 x# q' f O+ n4 Q$ G: q
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,, E' G: |% t' E" r2 L4 H9 {2 S
is a significant concern for physicians. Central t( Q+ q; L3 o. o; C" u1 D
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
- X3 }* i/ v Y6 n9 o6 Pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
. t! h8 T' S! Ya higher incidence of organic central nervous system; U; C3 a) P- z# u
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, J. a2 a+ a! H+ n8 k6 _6 H; `
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic$ x5 n+ O7 h5 s
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* W+ M6 K& ^- P0 p9 Mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We( m5 e: p$ Z+ R' X
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: r: }. ]* G2 p
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 n) v5 d8 ?% m' Bment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ z6 L7 y: V) ]. }% p/ E; qto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
7 @+ ~' D* F5 I7 Y wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 Q7 \1 r! n4 ` A) K! j& j$ Y
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 ~4 A7 m2 ~, E3 r( d! _child. Given the widespread and easy availability of/ ~) j. z; N6 M9 b$ G6 E: h
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba- y# U1 L4 _' k& N$ n; y* W
bly more common than the rare case report in the
3 W1 b4 z$ v1 p& O) Oliterature.42 C2 Y% Z' S: k
Patient Report
6 Z) ]5 J( o+ Q7 ^6 k! hA 16-month-old white child was referred to the: k& |" ^4 j8 U N
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 d+ b3 c K- B8 ]! m# Fof early sexual development. His mother noticed
: w6 @5 R* }, b' i, ?4 O; Plight colored pubic hair development when he was
( S" H/ P* R4 h' xFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! z/ q8 ^# N. H, v& xSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.; l) b# ~" R) b$ w4 w/ u' z7 a& g
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. k$ k% R, E& @+ H1 V1 p
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) e4 v+ A' ]* C5 j: ]Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
6 F! B; L) M3 ye-mail: [email protected].
) u7 U- g7 q3 P3 W& l! y' J$ Rabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
( q( v" F5 m) E4 @, z' Cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( D$ |4 ?8 V, ` A$ u# p' P& Hment of his penis and frequent erections. The child0 n, B" h$ B! }& |" _
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' X4 Z! Z! W. R3 U+ x* `4 G @
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
* m! T& j' O' N) P/ N+ X6 {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( Y; {' C4 ?7 cof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
: {! q) I% _ P1 ~$ L0 J0 v; B, Esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- ]" t @1 q: Xand his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 F) i! y8 a$ F [6 v2 Y0 e; b
was age appropriate." D/ u: g. ~( Z. Y" p
The family history was remarkable for the father,
6 `8 s8 q6 B. Cwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
& l9 e# [' B1 [8 L- Y8 [which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
8 Q/ t8 W1 p! t- C O! s4 Mheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! u/ e/ }4 h6 x/ M$ d) M4 E
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- L9 ^6 l, f+ kThe father denied taking any other medication. The
+ ~( O! T/ v( H) s% ychild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche1 i+ d z, B7 d
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; p1 \" J: \% K; z, M1 t/ e9 P' J
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
; f4 ^. Z: p4 A% q7 scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! U8 x; E) r; w5 V# rtives. There were no siblings.7 R4 K$ @' f/ c' d$ D
Physical Examination
' m6 }# r0 u6 w9 W8 i/ RThe physical examination revealed a very active,3 C6 j' Y9 O9 w2 H0 N6 i/ W
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" |2 i# P; R% F# D$ V" x% ^
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) n) K( U0 {2 Q. d% k j0 T
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
# d+ c! u3 H! K& e- W& _% u$ ^(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
2 e% |2 v# m; ^* V2 \7 P" F0 Qvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* O6 Z# c" w: p1 p4 E. Cthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 l9 S3 a: W9 f3 `$ ^" e9 l# C
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 L6 i% H& a8 s5 ~* j' n3 Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of0 N( b) {$ [2 P: X1 V( k" i2 j
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( Z0 o. C+ d/ d
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 \* g( u0 `+ D* y# ~540, l) A2 ~7 @, W. g# ~/ k" M
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ _* s* E- d/ P7 n) [
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The7 U* p" c; m: _* I5 E) H. U
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
2 Z9 e7 n. ~! G6 a- s" j" MThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat8 J7 O7 a+ O$ C2 W( j! S9 C
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 ^/ r0 V4 k) U: s' c) labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
/ x8 m: N- q% K0 v# ]Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 A* R6 R. O* b5 J1 E" Obilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 B: Y' o# [% p6 c7 u) Bof papilledema.
1 U; D+ ?; N5 a* K( H+ K( r6 uLaboratory Evaluation
0 Q! F# X3 P1 F$ tThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! m0 ~0 ?) X: Q" \1 {using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% t: h, u& { z' n
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: w- T& A1 o4 J/ ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
: E- v. u7 _; L6 K7 Qshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 Z- ^ N$ E% B. D: V5 Hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).1 p4 J3 g( G; ]) N! b8 O
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ _" s; k: o) ]5 ^+ Hurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
8 O+ Q3 z9 v' g1 K8 Y! l# swithin normal range for his age. The concentration& y: t0 V+ b8 |: D
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL; p+ a" h% Y% e* J" f3 `
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: {3 O/ W2 T& Q
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ _3 z& S, G# I0 D7 |3 U
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 b; C1 R6 ~' Z% X! o" R
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 w L* t, z. U5 q' Z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
6 \. _6 K5 Q2 e( S/ N3 _was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( t" P; a; [% X- i
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# h( N: t J4 o3 c8 q) etestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),0 K5 c: n, ^! h% u
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than4 B1 P; H- y- l9 I9 g
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular% x( s* ?! T e7 S7 ?9 q8 B$ o
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; m5 \8 Y! u, U( \2 p3 d0 Vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& Z7 s% E7 F" T0 P(prepubertal)." l4 a- F5 m6 Y6 ?0 m4 L
The parents were notified about the laboratory- v% e# A5 N: Z$ l
results and were informed that all of the tests were
% o3 w2 |0 S7 H7 Q4 x! k- c5 \normal except the testosterone level was high. The
% ]: x& g/ g; k/ F5 l9 w! P& L6 j+ n/ wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, D5 `2 b: G/ q# j# M( q& i7 h) M" dobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 e5 ^+ L3 H2 |, o" p& Q. Q, B$ Zever, the family did not return for 4 months.$ r! m9 z3 z8 O! ]- j
Physical examination at this time revealed that the, v& k& R6 E9 e) V- c) C9 u
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# X3 d* ~9 S# `/ L% a- c2 _( R
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 Z3 ^3 X _& G# iunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
h2 s$ S+ Q& V" npletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
) a" T! O% O7 W8 ?. g3 k9 Bthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2* y+ l9 w0 {) {' t* {
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
2 O: B) _& M C) D' k1 \* `The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
2 r& ]+ e$ `$ k" ming frequent erections.5 ?) v9 `& x: A- f- K& e8 O& l! A5 {6 q
Both parents were again questioned about use of
% u7 g" A0 Z" y- M' Jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
) `7 i3 p% @+ x" P/ k; [: ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
; q; |, C. M) ]7 k0 c. ETopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 h( ]2 U( B1 V3 {" q: B6 ?use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. F) H1 a! p+ Ling over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ I" v0 a0 P' h% i) k- y. xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
; e5 N; Y; W, J; ]9 ^& {, ato disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 M% i/ b5 `/ t* D' m1 i
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido l; {& j' a8 ]4 v' t, B
secondary to depression.
5 ] Y2 w7 U5 k! ~* C8 hThe child slept in the same bed with parents.& J; `! F( i: j0 |# D
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) b) W/ h0 L! D# ]9 o# Tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) |; L; G- W& f5 a. ^* _nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
) ?* e. i3 C( f) V6 lThe father also admitted that after the phone call,3 Z$ o. j% a% u" k. k- _ e
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
. l) s( o: s! ?# w' f5 B( w! kwas high, he then read the product information2 _/ n2 w' `4 `6 E" O% H
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-1 F) a& r5 X) E& L0 B9 @$ x
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. d, W ]( q* `% b# [* q
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the9 W/ ]- ]# O; ?" Z" z/ f5 n
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had- I% }6 y9 X8 q7 Y" J g+ v+ S/ K2 J
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ M% [/ a4 y" y& l# b3 Q. dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
6 H9 h& ]( O5 ~- }. q9 Vlaboratory to obtain the test.
0 L6 Q4 X; F- P4 L* i! _Discussion5 D! r/ [$ x- T& t' W" v
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
% P* p c5 r7 L+ W- Jsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
6 |( i* K/ d4 U5 V3 f7 g4 wPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when4 Q( {8 ^9 R' |- `2 H
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-/ N- [+ n* N! c) b) s( A
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 ?. ^% i2 y6 G( C$ v/ t- cmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: l( t* ~: V& A( b: M) Nmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
" Y: l. l+ m7 o! d! ^) j* vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal- }2 U9 \0 A! q) x9 n
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-- g" q6 W1 v3 b2 }* j
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in( Q9 g+ D8 u% `+ @
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-1 ^1 ~9 v$ T% t8 L$ {, N" R
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 o- [2 u4 c ]( o/ _' W/ P
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( {3 b. a' j, A' L3 Ugonadotropins.1,3& O5 h. p [4 @; `
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-, [& a" H! e5 h# T& c5 `
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. I8 | L' r* g) `/ H7 Handrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 l3 k; o, ?! W" f3 Cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" `9 \- P. Q$ q; v( a! Z9 v- _7 |
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* i3 }. f) \8 |3 d4 {# Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 K6 x/ B' ~6 Z3 m% ^' m! y
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 o5 H( s. z, `- M9 y) ?
puberty in boys.3,4 n) ^* g ?6 o+ h9 g2 B4 s6 H
The most common form of congenital adrenal
/ g5 u) {- A2 g& x" j8 P _" p6 U$ Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency. G* r4 U5 V" p) [5 r
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* {" }& m8 o% l. T; s9 v* c" a
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
5 A/ A: B9 @# {an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
- y6 E) N6 V9 ?9 G* D4 g- Qexcess.1,3
) Y& t- `2 q$ @) i: P0 bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 U9 _* K9 w8 B( I+ J
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20074 N" K7 f# D& \- m
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) E% r9 Z* t( w8 }. F6 \independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 T. `1 o5 }5 K' S& H& R) gas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 D; t8 @ j8 a1 X1 T0 Wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
) r/ o; r* S( B: D+ }0 P& @& dwith this disorder are full pubertal development,* Y- c2 Y! m/ Y* d) z
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; L2 I: n1 ^* Z/ `0 r8 ]with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
5 y% M& F+ f/ Z6 ?are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show% I3 W9 N1 p7 h8 ^
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ L) N; H, Q" Y& W' Wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
3 o, D3 l) q; ?6 k/ e: tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" o* }1 |$ e$ bmales; therefore, other male members of the family
! F9 g n: V& {3 `may have similar precocious puberty.3( v0 O2 ?, E" R6 U% Y0 A! v. |
In our patient, physical examination was incon-; {7 K/ C9 F2 ^3 [9 b3 T( K
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 D X! Y1 ?2 \: E! G5 w# O. e1 o& wcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. Z, ^* y3 [: s( \was in the differential diagnosis because his father" s$ X. _+ w A' H% h7 _7 @) {
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,$ \4 B! U3 v# y+ n$ J3 p
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
]) h& N7 Z5 b+ G. s9 G$ Xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
5 @+ D( r, h; T6 H& q/ k# _ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& N' B$ K# V3 c. u& J5 H4 V5 dbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, \* d" v+ s' a# ^2 @6 J
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
5 Q u7 _6 {. W) |7 d4 xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( R: l; x/ F' \/ cing the normal level of adrenal steroids.) M" k$ R9 x+ Y6 x# M
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
: t& e7 L; y7 _8 l! Qsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because$ S# V1 R- N( L2 l5 e
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 ^; m8 [+ {$ ?0 D6 L5 mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and2 ~9 g% j; m4 F1 y4 E. z
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
* r% a7 t3 a/ ~. c3 b- R. Y6 lterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was3 z' ?9 ^' d, j% A! ]
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% e3 I8 I. V0 i; s% C( a' a: |Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ l! H r* S: G" bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 U7 Z: a, W, I w+ aunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
" c! |" m! l4 LSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the0 `1 }) U4 X. ~
baseline value in those females who were exposed to5 @7 i6 m4 }# l4 s' F" M- K
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male$ D1 C* J8 @9 F) ?# Z6 I8 U
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
7 o b% @4 p9 e4 S. q' {2 }& `tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.. k. g9 V1 L3 W( T) j
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,+ d5 H& Q) h/ A4 p( `
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# _5 P" q2 k, l8 ~dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-' I, O5 t1 V2 K$ o! G' j
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 x0 O4 Z, P$ A2 M$ E+ D4 K- o
active in young children exposed to testosterone
0 l$ P$ z x1 b. T, v \- Z& A; {exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
# H8 P) G; W4 g# A, e( pdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' A* I. @ q( ~; j# Y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" m' }5 ?! j, O8 h, I7 l( R0 ~
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
# O; T/ F \9 Madvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.# D5 | d$ S, p7 W: h. v
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during, n) J# |$ R) k* t% _! u n. T
early childhood on pubertal development and final" t J/ O, n$ b
adult height are not fully known and always remain
, [. {: @8 J% ^6 W& x% G2 La concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 n1 n( p2 ?5 i/ Nterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 U$ S A$ \7 J% w$ H- Z `
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after* T+ f- w% N% G. y3 a1 |
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
" h2 f: O4 T) q, ~1 K2 r- C6 ]decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) \1 i% M6 F' z6 I2 w5 { `, b
There are conflicting reports and controversy
+ W4 l1 W& C$ S) m; _over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 n% l) P$ d6 n" i; O
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 J3 l* I2 f7 s8 uadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) B5 @0 B/ ^( I" Tulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,' X4 U3 F. Q+ G( W: d1 c
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 J& I( ?; L; `6 S" }4 F
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) I4 F1 z1 N* X2 k; Z5 ^penile length in clinical studies.
- ^( `' X6 R8 h0 F. ~' i! s9 h$ vNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is5 Z+ Z' t3 d! f
going to experience any of the untoward effects from* f+ i: f8 c, j4 y4 O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; u. w& }% s3 H. ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.8 \4 a! [8 g4 ?, q
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 Y5 A/ A; G' `4 k' L5 \; ]- e1 Ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
! j, n' V. w1 Y9 o$ ?; cthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult$ y J( Z* [" k- S5 S$ j: q
height will not be affected.
1 K3 F5 O$ s4 W* e0 G1 q. J, _. tAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-3 }; M& F+ q- s( @, ~
ability of androgen products in our society may: t: n! c* E% W8 {0 x
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ X( J$ e' l) t4 E. B0 c3 mchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
' E4 z8 W; L: j$ r) k4 mgen products must be considered and specific ques-' |7 K% A* w [: T; B
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
; q( }- Q1 a/ ` ^6 n0 Ggel should be asked of the family members during
7 j R9 w0 R5 K% h. g9 a: Fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
( z/ u. c- Y: v6 `2 U% gilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-& W! ]7 b! I- {) i+ S
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: M. b' F$ D0 C, s6 `/ gappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
3 ?$ Q4 Q1 \- shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! T0 L. X2 H; f; e. q" n; N; o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive4 f, P. o- L5 \. a$ t
investigation. The primary care physician should be
- Y; P7 S3 z3 a! U3 faware of this fact, because most of these children8 ~# | L* F O( e$ z: |4 Q! F; P
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
0 |- Q3 k3 R: z+ R' t' z- @+ F; W+ XDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
# R& x$ k b5 [warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
* h$ V- O4 B6 z1 C* ]- l" K( q8 ]" yfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 w+ z, \8 }& s
one using any of these products.& T' F& k4 R# c: \0 Q% ~$ g6 }$ {: g
References
2 |1 ~" U# ~+ g, d1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* c S2 q5 r( G4 U7 yand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
9 n6 I4 G! R; e" tEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
/ N0 W1 m. w5 D3 ~2 }4 `: g7 E4 W2002: 565-628.- i( V4 q E# F. y; h1 E2 n
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
/ o3 q) F. Y, k8 E& {% [9 q/ G+ ?puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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