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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- W$ w1 T6 I$ ]: f
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
! b6 M3 Q* u/ L( C. w: cExposure to Testosterone
$ \1 M3 l0 b) T3 ]Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
& L" z8 T) W" D% Z) E& oand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ R+ O) R2 g9 e+ o
Clinical Pediatrics
( R( F. l5 Y# JVolume 46 Number 6
1 q) X! Y* N# t4 F2 h; xJuly 2007 540-543
, ~' t  b! Y8 J" R2 x: d  N$ m© 2007 Sage Publications0 d( t4 D) g8 q! [: L% ~& S
10.1177/0009922806296651' t( T! ^) i1 [
http://clp.sagepub.com# Q6 j' Z( R6 l$ k5 a: p1 O6 W, h
hosted at6 [2 e$ [2 }0 p# [7 ?6 K1 Q' A
http://online.sagepub.com
: H  S! ]! D+ |0 k) q4 h4 B( iPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
; Z1 \( p/ ?8 Y9 r( C. Iis a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 E' \! i7 M. [7 E" y$ J9 \4 Mprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated" `% [& `# J  B
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% G9 X* ?0 k3 Qa higher incidence of organic central nervous system) t# A" J: v0 G# B7 k, Q& P' i
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
7 v5 E5 J" s" ^. ^& r5 L4 h& iby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% t2 h5 b% C' K/ U2 ?
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! P0 V8 u& d- ?9 Vcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We: G" v3 k  a( a9 t4 N
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ A2 V* ?% u* p2 f9 N
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
# S/ l2 h4 N' f4 M3 o1 Q5 M! P$ Rment without testicular enlargement, which was due0 T/ e% z$ F6 J) O( `- {/ [+ E* f
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
! y% H( ?& i( e! z  kthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
6 h) {+ m( y  H4 Smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this2 @# v9 f3 H+ C% ]' i7 Q. k
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of- d; ^" o1 Q. p: W* n" e6 a, v! h
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 l6 W6 A: \7 e3 n
bly more common than the rare case report in the4 V" f' P+ O& L' f4 L- P; ]
literature.40 o. }# K  p+ C/ a' Y
Patient Report
7 ^, c% T- W" g& F: ]% w# ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
+ o/ f) D* b: w& v4 s/ {! uendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. z8 R# H  E8 c& i! i& K$ E9 n9 Gof early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 i, L1 Z% }/ P# P- t$ _light colored pubic hair development when he was% K9 L# [+ S; E  M! M, @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: h* U$ m, i9 y8 f6 dSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.$ ?- e. Q% P* N% m( p8 r: @1 H
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,* e9 ~* p  o4 g5 k
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
6 c( P" W& S4 |( X( Q. Y& ZMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;# S6 {9 d* [0 z& f4 P- s7 M3 A$ g" d
e-mail: [email protected].4 T, D+ [9 c  P4 z! t1 m; f# F2 [
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( [  }- f& @( @0 G, q1 s" G- L
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-- [" X) c3 p  ]/ B7 {7 f* B/ `3 S
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child1 w0 b6 A' t3 R8 F; p
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with4 }# ~9 ^  Q0 {" @/ R' i
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 L* H- ~. E& ^9 v6 Q1 b! r
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
2 ^" |0 ^  Z# V4 E# ]of life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ T4 b& ]7 N. q( O( r/ |* k
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,9 H, L5 y# w  `# ]7 b
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
. k' n* F) N3 S5 D! ~, j" {was age appropriate.
2 I& h/ e" o, g/ i5 TThe family history was remarkable for the father,
5 Y) p- e, S- S  F: m; zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ G- u$ f2 T; d0 A
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s$ s* k2 I) m' O* N) x, a1 A. {
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat/ [! x- @$ w: u+ n' u
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' f, p1 R1 F0 z. [The father denied taking any other medication. The
3 E* m1 f7 O; v* n4 K" schild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, @, J7 B' F2 `5 D7 R6 P  H3 d, `
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ a+ {$ [  x" o! s5 j* P- Y5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" k6 E# ~4 D0 t# ^& rcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-$ K6 `( v' k  u; K: @5 Q) N+ G
tives. There were no siblings.- N2 w# c8 X9 C
Physical Examination
5 e; \/ b1 d9 x5 |0 i, gThe physical examination revealed a very active,$ W, e* U2 \: E  C: y+ B
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
, H/ r" \( y4 r% w+ Na blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% r' i* ~. A! x/ r0 _3 J90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- i1 F7 b* Z  o$ p, ?
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 D2 x( f8 o) c/ t3 ^! I- D1 z$ i+ ^; C
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of5 q8 @* E. J" Q  o" E" p
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
2 V9 B- f" T2 W1 g4 P) hThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 @% d8 t$ p! f5 q, `7 A, u# J
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 L7 x2 v1 b1 j# f6 ^
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
, ]  _; O; I) Qdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ \! E( u6 A1 v' ^7 z
540
2 a  |8 G  u, ~; ^* a+ _0 oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 `2 `0 O! e; C# vthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
+ ?7 g/ h' e# x, f4 X+ o- @testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
, M$ b3 [% @* R+ VThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
5 y6 D4 Y! X5 c% ]/ p6 uoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 @; y, s: b6 J( }, ^abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.  q- c2 _$ h% F4 J; O9 `% `
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 T; O0 B2 F6 W- S2 F" mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 M9 a. k4 ]; ?7 [5 K% D
of papilledema.' e0 d2 T! X* s9 m$ |3 |
Laboratory Evaluation
" }" B5 b6 X* K+ B: |6 r. sThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
$ Y9 P6 ^$ T5 D4 r, \using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 o. M4 K6 u, q* {! ?logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ D9 G/ w( ^3 ^( E8 Dkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
- ^& w! g/ h' T, Gshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-9 J& Q% B$ Z" Z
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
, O% o7 h# K5 g! ^* y' }! d+ d9 IThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood+ f6 V. R6 e& v' h# p/ j3 A- m4 u
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
1 ]9 u  f" t) N" @8 [( E0 Qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
. H; N# X5 P3 I" ~0 {; x2 Yof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, o; b0 j* ?: `% W(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 @# [/ H  W- Ang/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- x' W1 h, h: d3 x
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; ?0 I% Z$ O: h, X: K
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to4 p4 P+ N2 C8 C  \9 ]! B
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)( e: \) i! [! [* Q, Z# R
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-$ [, R9 R! Z7 s' ~! A! j
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 m9 C. v5 {6 E  m
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ H! a* Z4 I0 n2 `1 _. E. U- @9 C5 Yand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 M: I. V9 I& K% p
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 V4 b8 a3 |* {. o- _
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: ^4 t# e: G+ t. E
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' l3 p- s( g% v5 O' H: l, v(prepubertal).
6 p, g  K9 k) S: A0 Q+ WThe parents were notified about the laboratory/ `' {! f3 ]+ [/ Z; F9 o5 W- r% M
results and were informed that all of the tests were1 h4 ]+ [3 P8 @
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ r% \3 B* d0 ]$ L7 i9 {" `follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to! A2 X  t: V0 x0 F5 \3 R
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-) h( z, x4 \4 M
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.- Z. W3 V1 S; Q& d
Physical examination at this time revealed that the6 Y5 D) w& \/ o6 E
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" \1 R3 x& D5 @4 c2 R4 @2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ Q6 u4 D' s8 e/ cunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
; `2 m/ ], c" o# L4 S5 a" C  y- Zpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
3 H% |* ~( Z1 M& Mthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
9 @8 j) v/ l* q# c8 r. |mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.; g; ]2 O+ C, U; k# C8 q
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 J5 a+ m5 S; k6 W, n; h# Jing frequent erections.3 g6 W3 n" v0 l5 ?
Both parents were again questioned about use of
: u+ B% l+ E" Y9 M# F, j1 Gany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
0 K2 Y7 A7 h( k; b' n, F7 Bthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the& f8 t  m5 g& V" V
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 l7 d+ N9 a9 h5 v9 |+ @use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
1 F4 o1 W; N! I3 N% y3 [: P$ c! jing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
; J7 ]0 Q- r1 @  n, M7 ~- na year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* a: K8 m0 m8 {" xto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
% \  U+ [% E- r. F9 O4 h9 h4 lscribed by his family physician for decreased libido2 S1 O4 h3 a4 @' ~7 `9 V
secondary to depression.
6 a5 ^6 y8 m  [1 g) ?3 s  \% BThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
: q8 n+ l" e  B! `9 M+ zThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ ?7 G/ c* }1 {  A7 Mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
7 }1 |# U0 U& c7 t. D6 Pnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 p; s  c& _8 A( v% c, TThe father also admitted that after the phone call,2 E9 E8 r# U. d, l" K: C
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
7 A5 j$ ]" p) Cwas high, he then read the product information3 _$ I# e/ b% s
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-$ G2 L' G2 h  H  ^; W* ?5 Q: }
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
3 U7 [  G2 g! }2 N; g4 Xdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the# e- g% M0 F5 i8 x3 b
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 U/ y& m: Q# f) i3 d$ m& l& W9 `6 }+ Ebeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone# _# q' s9 ]) w* q# B* h
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
4 `6 j& I3 m, T9 ]laboratory to obtain the test.
: n. s0 N- ]' l4 e% TDiscussion
0 D& h% {# p# x2 {' p# HPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* ~3 g6 Y" s7 i  s  asexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 W5 ^! D" F  g, }3 Z( ZPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
7 C9 S6 t% ^' P$ `5 oit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* ^9 C5 U: l8 p# X* R1 M! T
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-2 N# M+ F' }! @& v" S
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% m, B6 V- B( @) h5 R
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 D4 r# s' T9 D. Gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-7 H6 t9 z  F# U/ [. u
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- @( t1 Q% S' U$ Q& ]sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in9 O/ m/ ]8 Y9 j! j9 _2 L$ B
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
3 f3 W3 l' I% F" j  f! kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-  ~  s3 Z! b3 p5 y
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by( o! H+ |/ {) d% I. ]3 N
gonadotropins.1,3; `( ^2 V5 _2 B+ Y6 T# f5 f
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
" Y" [3 ?! s- n: _5 r, [4 I8 Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
/ Z; }2 T* [2 I6 K" sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 F9 a0 E) `) @' c6 C* W
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-# Y7 o! ?. i  O
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ S8 ^5 \, ]; _7 ?2 U( Dcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* {, U) p! ?! M( Qadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
% Q/ `8 O) z/ r* Ppuberty in boys.3,45 o" N3 ^, n9 D: ]
The most common form of congenital adrenal
; y7 A; l3 t8 T$ h  Q- ehyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 |4 ?0 j! J  [+ i  bThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 d1 E9 z5 U, w2 q# [8 x$ Oexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" ?' K$ [- F1 Pan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 h- k. M# Q) {% u% {5 e+ G3 G
excess.1,3
# S0 ]7 `9 i7 e* mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! _3 D1 n9 H0 p( R542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007! _' i/ V, }9 Z5 W1 v
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 P3 Z! n6 e3 ]. o9 u. l. Windependent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 F: m1 v5 t/ y0 b! ias testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a& Q. n9 r: o" u+ `; k, P9 I  D
very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 D) q- @6 q6 m
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
+ a, \3 i% ?( \, s. L, V1 cincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys0 r0 X) M; w( U# B% O& R- M# O
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. r7 A/ M  E) iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show' q' J% \* E1 z# }3 u# A+ W/ o5 ~
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-! D( t* }3 L' k4 W
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 }& _& x3 N; z2 }; U1 b
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
) q/ J; n8 ~  u- Y" ^! R8 ?9 {males; therefore, other male members of the family' [" V9 x- J" e1 s
may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 ?' ^& J0 c- T; zIn our patient, physical examination was incon-* f" W" J" I1 P( C: L8 z7 e% w
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-4 q" y! K8 b4 J  }$ A
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; ?/ v/ |5 O  }0 `- z& Xwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
) |. y" e* u' `, _started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
+ V8 Q) D' I. e: b' \( @testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 T' l# Q0 P% Y  Obeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( k6 d/ A7 s  e& _: h
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
  m! H1 {5 R; Q& j% n. }; jbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,* I5 k2 B. e/ W" u
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
2 {1 }& B; L- O" a* e+ kdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
2 S% g8 R. v# Q3 a. T; _3 ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- u$ R; B: a$ w! lThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 \& g9 {) ~" U3 J- psuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 Q+ h4 o" f+ _& J' Mthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
2 ]( v. z5 C! J3 f1 Kpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and- T8 Q3 j0 P8 C
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
  T8 M& h$ c9 b: _$ D% G, k0 V6 Kterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' W4 G; [, A/ E2 ~
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 u7 c+ O4 C# t; X5 h! V" ?
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' n  z& ~0 H6 t9 Z3 D: l9 Icream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 a; [/ R4 Q4 bunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
0 o9 F3 |1 {8 X" r+ H1 L3 a3 qSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
4 ^/ b. r, \3 p7 E' I+ O8 g" Mbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
  h: c5 l2 I* B) j9 L. I  yeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
$ I3 p$ |+ \5 Z' r0 y" Q6 N. \partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 C! _: O7 q" t  y1 ction site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 N- ^5 h0 c% R
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& x# b9 \* D7 l1 C$ Q' W
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- c+ V8 z; |5 N5 e; f/ Edermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-7 e/ L& ]7 f# p, I# N: Y2 F8 J
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
1 A9 H% S7 d1 [4 Aactive in young children exposed to testosterone1 w% J. v0 F: m( s
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 s3 V8 n( v: c6 k0 k
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  T# `9 i" L4 s  W
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% u6 I, D5 {* w$ s* Y) lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and* T' |3 [' E6 D" Z6 q- a3 K' f6 f7 ^
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
  E+ X7 {+ f9 ^" m, HThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during! S5 |$ t; t2 }% n: o+ ~% c
early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 X, y9 l% s. [) o4 ^6 qadult height are not fully known and always remain" e6 G* O8 c6 f
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
& A" q8 r0 D' W, ~3 T# C( G* f9 Kterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
# [, W$ w6 U+ ]: w3 T3 O' ^acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after( [- z1 a9 x4 F7 q5 ]9 X
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ Z- G. n! R3 y9 k, l% m% e8 n
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
9 V; m6 \- I( t/ g" h. wThere are conflicting reports and controversy& x" R( X/ q+ h0 c$ m
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult1 E# A' J/ a: P3 X; F
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 W$ N9 i! z2 r# s
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. M" R, I& w! r4 A& eulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
  b6 y6 H( @3 ]9 r2 K  T* {Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between& _( H; b2 Y4 |  j
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, s% d% c$ w5 N
penile length in clinical studies.$ F* `$ n7 b" e- s0 E1 \6 B
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
1 a2 K, E- U4 ?: e" @, p3 ugoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
) s7 n- E  |7 ^2 g; Jtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; g6 A' O! B9 V5 H+ D& S1 Pthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 B/ i& z2 Z" c* J
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
; b# {* l) b7 S& f3 B- sdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
: O" W$ p7 l( {) Lthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# W( B1 ~: P: r
height will not be affected.
8 u- u8 z' g2 d  gAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 a: o! d: N6 }
ability of androgen products in our society may
4 W$ G" c* U' h( ], Kindeed cause more virilization in male or female
- E4 h5 }, O3 J4 o4 x, j4 pchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-- j" n% l# E$ U* P9 D- A2 r" }. S
gen products must be considered and specific ques-' T- p1 s& K. W
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 _/ B1 H* c" Wgel should be asked of the family members during& T; X' ?+ P/ l/ Q* j% o% w" {8 Y
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-2 x' {! `. c% v# }1 P
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-5 Y2 d# b  w4 A+ u, w
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by; Y: o% f8 u. c* ?* i% a
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ j/ t3 e: {6 A
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) E- T0 }- K3 Nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
' Y1 `7 y% ^8 Q6 G1 F3 Zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be$ [3 I& D/ M$ s' K+ e+ u
aware of this fact, because most of these children
4 Q& X, g2 ]$ h% N( \. Hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) y! D8 s. t$ o7 i* JDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
. ?; I& ]+ @, F8 I7 wwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or) K% u  J8 s% _7 W; R. K. R+ k
female child who might come in contact with some-0 o$ t1 Y- M" c6 B
one using any of these products.+ T7 x  X3 w# n* {
References
) e: ~% K0 S+ I( B! `4 A& A1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
5 o2 u: n7 J1 j" {! `7 C/ V' Cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 t  S* N* L$ R$ ?% F, a; o
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;$ i6 z, o2 M- I
2002: 565-628.
- \, l/ \" c- x( l9 [+ Z7 f2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' j9 `1 Q) C8 Y, y+ @8 G
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old) \9 s/ \: @% t  L
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical3 ]6 M1 q$ W2 [2 @
Exposure to Testosterone9 V! ]6 q* b" |; Y7 {0 K" w( k
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
( T9 P0 \$ g+ h4 d* G: r  A. Gand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1% g  L. c0 f! t: V
Clinical Pediatrics
# s* d8 z. b; Z1 ^5 s( H$ oVolume 46 Number 68 m: E6 ~- p1 O& l+ g! w1 l. N2 T
July 2007 540-543
+ q/ w; d7 e' c8 p9 D© 2007 Sage Publications; i+ [6 n0 n- b. H9 }
10.1177/0009922806296651! I, N) a2 o9 H: y: q, u
http://clp.sagepub.com
! x, H4 K; O$ b4 J7 \hosted at6 i. W" Z! B/ Z2 T( r5 B& e" n
http://online.sagepub.com
: @: Q7 }+ o' o, F* [: pPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 c  p. @* }6 ?
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 J0 H6 _* d. a4 s/ ]6 kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated" p7 u+ T% D" Z# B7 `) h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ B" F8 s4 T+ e$ za higher incidence of organic central nervous system9 N% C% Y2 o! s; O
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested. J4 Z4 w5 j5 t9 p6 s. `3 K, j
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic5 a/ M+ ^  C4 k5 s3 G" A; [
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-9 e: j/ d: ^# Z2 j* }
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 }1 W) X8 `: j- E1 p) R  Zreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the9 Z# w9 H# O5 Q1 O5 c& V
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: ~5 C/ t! ~6 F$ w7 `
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
2 {# K6 f4 p/ v% kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by- _' ~& }. N4 Z8 ~5 {
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-  }* f/ y% M" z0 l* T
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 }. `7 N% z* ?- M& w- a) Achild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  \" {3 a! D! V* ~) z" c0 [testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, x1 |/ b. @# l, O6 U6 O- B6 [
bly more common than the rare case report in the3 A& Q5 k$ o0 {
literature.4( \, s! L$ M9 x0 Y( o
Patient Report
& m' X  X1 ^1 K0 RA 16-month-old white child was referred to the5 p) {/ a( L5 Y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ M" Y7 L2 x! j' r9 c) a& h- Mof early sexual development. His mother noticed
) m, Q0 o8 i" n4 J" @& F) ]. R" clight colored pubic hair development when he was
' M5 U& c# |: N& n) ~: \3 gFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
$ B7 W$ z1 E* t) t- _* k. N" E& zSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.0 w; z: s+ e# R# s
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- _+ ]) B5 M& I7 B7 Q2 z# \8 p
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 h1 S# K6 n+ W! j+ W$ }Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
% B; }* j% Q. f6 M+ g9 o. Ie-mail: [email protected].! @" R5 y! `$ `9 ^
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" p0 k+ T% A5 U& q' l* z( Fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-. f3 X. i: p8 n8 K+ f9 W
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( T8 n% J7 j) d2 P2 t, q6 Y# N
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! y% q2 R2 \; I# K6 Z! |: @a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of0 O0 |/ J& _8 f  N9 R- u1 e
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ A7 ~7 v+ S+ iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with8 v* C$ n" \) `! ?* W
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
# I# V! C. E' Iand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
; ~5 d) A( A( }) X( iwas age appropriate.. K# I- P4 i" j. e* ]2 `$ Q
The family history was remarkable for the father,
. \! Z8 N, \" o) Bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,6 Y+ z, \2 _; _3 A) Y9 v$ f" B7 v
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s" D. T& v6 N! ]' y) k; x
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 P. [! N4 u* i$ S
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
; i; g) ~: L' q1 \The father denied taking any other medication. The1 L, S( h1 ]9 E8 B, [* H
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
2 \; o, P! A% q/ l- W5 J0 H8 b' ~was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
6 `' K$ X5 v1 a" J' f) U5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" \' c( I# @/ n% ^* U2 V' n
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
  W4 Z3 [- O/ w4 W! ^7 K  \tives. There were no siblings.
6 k8 ^: m; e+ @: F! R9 ^Physical Examination) I7 u: m' x, @+ R. _" F
The physical examination revealed a very active,/ ^! S" V4 G* T) Z/ S* g
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 z7 }* r$ M( K" f, \! d- x
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was; D' v* y) I" A3 K& y, s
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg" ^0 f# L# i" a% p) _
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth6 S5 U( w$ n1 ^. U
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
$ z8 X3 m$ H8 Tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.& D4 A6 n2 y1 n* I  X
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 q9 I1 E) @0 y7 l& X! uenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 y2 L5 l* z  @: i1 U6 ^
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well  r& W) [3 Y' T7 O0 Q
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
) E! i' L" X# [2 X* M# l; V/ y% V540* ?5 c7 D& e% B) q/ v+ O7 l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 f+ d5 S0 _8 D6 x# H& ^* H, Lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The( ]' r) {6 Q  v0 e
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
' T( |1 I% V3 t: Q' w! X$ y& ^The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& m3 S3 R+ [* @( ^+ z
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! K9 }1 W- V. y$ e
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.! z4 _  g! |* w/ t4 s
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
- F2 X) K  g& b( Q( H  ?; }- B- e5 N: ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion/ t; [6 E+ f$ Q4 D
of papilledema.
* g6 B! Y0 X2 O  W- p4 ]; i# [Laboratory Evaluation
+ l/ l# z# ~; U( J. _. E+ XThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by! S( \0 t) z9 o6 p2 v: _) G1 }  A2 i4 |
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
: F$ ]% X" s! [9 Z& Alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
. v) z, _2 u) {) qkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test( T9 V2 b8 T: ^4 t
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
, B  Y' ~0 \; {4 x# Alating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).8 D" S& O1 W% H8 }
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  i6 X' ?& o0 L* Curea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& N5 g! ^% z% t8 U5 swithin normal range for his age. The concentration  g& n& w7 c3 f* s$ i/ n: b1 }0 o9 Y
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 [6 l" k0 {! J(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 201 E4 y3 V/ B1 ?( S
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
+ S$ S& Z5 r" v% F- G. |terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 j! f0 d" U5 p2 l4 D. B. t
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ {8 y7 \) L6 y) F& c, N7 w
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; K* S4 }' |6 E& z# Cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
5 v  a3 z1 F2 p; P6 ftisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total  q; H% d3 H: G0 b
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 ~; H( e/ O: y3 f7 j5 dand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 w6 f" i, L/ Q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular* k' j, c2 h& A4 y
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone% x6 h0 z! b$ F" H. F4 e3 n- T: X# g* G6 K0 T
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
9 |4 h& V8 }  M(prepubertal).5 e  E( }0 u6 F1 Z
The parents were notified about the laboratory
+ c  T, N, a5 e, x+ @5 U' ^results and were informed that all of the tests were* f7 S# m4 t9 r5 k. f5 y! i
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
8 H: t9 H% C! q0 p+ F, o; Cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to. a* ^6 w1 q  q
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
% b$ s7 z' a& S+ ]# @  R9 jever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 n. ~; M4 o$ v" S5 A7 ]
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
2 J/ U2 s  |# p, J0 |child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! A* |2 E8 y; n; v9 P/ e: Z' o# y2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 p2 T: V6 N3 ~
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 T1 a3 z& x( x! S; Fpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 a1 e' \+ {/ a9 N) d2 D" K
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
9 `0 G* w& L% l. `0 pmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
- t1 G4 u" l* J/ l+ Q; HThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
  ^, U) \* J) I' |( Jing frequent erections.
8 r5 x$ t" F5 x. B9 aBoth parents were again questioned about use of& M3 W3 f6 w( O/ t& \8 e
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 V' i6 }+ b+ c: b) t- H( Dthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" M" U' Z- D( ^- t1 _2 P, [Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541  |  B; h6 w. B! b
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
; I1 M6 {. i6 u' T% Ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 W7 Z1 y4 E% J6 ?8 xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed: o) H2 k( d4 z9 v; s2 G
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-. z: B# M* z0 T* g  M+ w
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% h0 X: g: {; Z) l) csecondary to depression.
$ l$ b  q4 `8 s+ N& HThe child slept in the same bed with parents.) p7 U' x6 P/ w" I+ i- g4 E! I
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ c9 @5 J) ^) S$ q  pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 u# q1 J9 c& l! T( Z$ Z# jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.$ R  R8 \7 _, n% A
The father also admitted that after the phone call,3 T, V6 X* ^$ i9 D3 |
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; e, l  k3 i" g& O  s: a# |0 N
was high, he then read the product information
  S* E% G* k/ O$ ?packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& K/ p; |2 ~- ], k+ \
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they- y4 X- @$ N8 F. x7 U, [
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
9 A  _. Y% N# p9 V' Z. X, ifather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ W' q  O  ^0 j/ Ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ _0 U7 k" k/ Stest was ordered, but the family did not go to the, {' X( g) B8 }. [' l3 @
laboratory to obtain the test.+ ?  u0 H* ~0 d4 a' ]: t& \
Discussion
: S( u2 J+ k" T+ tPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary8 D+ i; X& c5 X3 u. p
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
0 h1 Z+ [' ]9 d0 E3 qPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
, B" b/ F5 ~' w8 u0 ~3 jit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-) F' [4 K0 T  L0 I9 D3 C
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
3 L, _# p/ Z! V3 Rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP7 g5 A, V* a) k- b5 o& T
may have a central nervous system lesion that is' q7 y# E) N# E( r3 d
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 i6 W8 ?( Q. D- Oamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
" T3 ]# b$ Y' l& Lsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, G) ]- `5 S  l+ u+ Y+ F
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-4 g; Y/ M' w3 Q6 n4 K
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. p( |3 @5 n7 T- O5 ?# v0 P
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
+ j2 J: i5 k! X4 U  wgonadotropins.1,3
! f$ V7 _) I4 I! Y$ OGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 b8 X) @: S" H) d( T
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate3 n: `: ~& Y. R. y7 d8 g
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
9 Z( H. j, _: dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 k4 |8 L2 K- h0 L3 \( t- ~ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
, D3 a' I. \' Y# b# Jcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- s' Q7 u* I+ p: z- W# O' oadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 s# b+ X: y: G1 b& i$ A2 Z' ^5 zpuberty in boys.3,4
) h5 _! |( `  k  J8 X/ J3 J$ O( y# EThe most common form of congenital adrenal
5 W4 Q  C, W2 [8 P6 E1 u. Zhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
, B2 V- x, b9 n, [1 v* J* f) AThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 F$ f; F% d( t
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 Y% k4 d3 O* h5 k' ]an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen  f) [$ u" r+ y/ a
excess.1,30 q9 Q' d2 y( O
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 \$ u  D# f6 M
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ k- S( [5 [. R) D' {; `
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( l) {- F6 y7 u1 D5 i( Kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known- ~1 s8 l5 A0 O" u" u- I
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 t9 A" ?7 M" p) U, q( Bvery young age. The physical findings in these boys' B! G) ~2 b: x
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
! [" d4 f# T7 k" ]0 k4 a! }% j4 ?+ kincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys( e! U1 c5 t5 k0 a2 {
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder$ W# n1 b  V1 G# q) G' ^
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: }7 v0 _$ ^. z& [1 j# @) L4 z. `
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
* J! U# {) W/ dreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
; D9 A8 y/ t7 P' _( vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 _% _% Q/ B/ L4 I) M0 N: s3 v5 N8 Smales; therefore, other male members of the family
, j8 F7 o7 T6 I4 Imay have similar precocious puberty.3
3 B4 z4 ~, ^( PIn our patient, physical examination was incon-, |' x( ^6 o# e
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( B; E6 J; j* N6 X8 Q
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* `  v, p7 M/ Y6 |! G
was in the differential diagnosis because his father4 o4 S; L2 s, m+ [* G6 B
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 k& l, Q( G+ q& x- T
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 W- ?3 C- Z7 n, X" C; Wbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
7 {/ s) v% m* o" t& b+ G7 [ative initial history of androgen exposure, our5 U8 C) J' T2 H, g9 @8 ?
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& J; F) r. V4 veither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase' W% X8 \0 P* P% r5 `
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% a9 X" t6 l+ W% z( w6 m) X) f  Sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 F. x# _$ l: ?( m( W; Y5 sThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  J. u4 b6 T9 ]* [4 M$ W3 Jsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
! q" ?- [3 n  o* k: }. T0 ^8 M3 zthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
2 X* \* n2 F% Z- s6 X1 S5 Cpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
: G( [9 K7 m( u$ c2 L" Z7 d6 p" ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 N5 @8 l% R: z. H' v
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' T( ?6 i9 o( n- \- N# n
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% g; j1 `0 V+ W/ j3 x3 y9 h7 ZDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ L; ^# m# d0 `/ h" `8 ]- vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 Q' a8 R$ \9 k- Y& a& B
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
4 T, ?8 e: F- o+ O+ I4 JSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
) K1 _8 T0 L3 Ibaseline value in those females who were exposed to- {1 w, v5 X5 z# N
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male$ t$ c# a7 d; ?3 f" t4 D1 |( f' d7 R( N
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* U3 }" E. h# i/ ]" V) s- C
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.& m9 n6 G3 A1 h# l! c! L6 v
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ Y5 U7 a5 W# [- a, O3 }
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
5 q0 {2 P3 |' R+ E; f( s( Bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-1 \! x2 S; B" Q& B5 I$ }! |
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 k# r* P/ R& v8 {3 xactive in young children exposed to testosterone
/ m& N; n8 ?6 z5 e* V7 }exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-& d: I# K1 {( b0 ^7 f+ c. O
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
7 [) C* F5 f1 _virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in  l; ^3 {2 z6 F5 a2 \: D1 `
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
" \# B* \1 S" S1 M- Z' J7 \6 @# Sadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.* v, s  c4 O" _$ [4 _
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 ?. r9 t! H, g9 ?$ F: S- iearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& o+ N) J0 ~. ]0 ^# v) A3 ~+ j: jadult height are not fully known and always remain4 A: B9 ^8 L- j5 E
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
& O6 {: E) F) `# H, A3 zterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
) H7 e6 d6 [, D0 X$ x  T- n; p' qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ h8 t6 ^2 a8 z; q/ H1 F5 |
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, V! C& c, U/ qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,96 ?8 s) Y: m( W* H2 c- |. \/ K% w
There are conflicting reports and controversy  y+ [7 u- a! c; r
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult2 l/ T9 G7 C5 N# m& l
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
/ Z  J8 C/ L. O4 l4 x! i' ~adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
  ?7 B% |5 S6 B; yulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
, W+ U! N9 Y5 C& y7 q, t1 YSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 s& u- [! X% ^4 Y8 v5 i4 {( T. ^
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult6 E2 _$ V4 Z* H) ?- x
penile length in clinical studies., V8 R, c+ c. ~$ n8 G( [" M
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is" }5 E+ q6 W: ?2 R, s. M
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 o! }  B4 Z. X/ E# A0 p; w# Htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
! p. P2 t. Y8 V2 H$ L: Vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 y; T" U+ c' B/ vAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of7 H  P/ s7 \% d4 d4 s6 A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
+ G4 V9 f+ T( _0 ^( J* Nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% j5 B8 O% ~3 H  E
height will not be affected.0 z* t- u  n$ C8 f/ D
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) j9 k- }5 e3 F0 V4 q6 nability of androgen products in our society may
" h; O$ Y  ^0 F1 Y: V7 Aindeed cause more virilization in male or female
( n8 f7 X7 s8 `children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-- a' _3 G7 H" \9 P0 ]  J0 T
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
' J+ W' s" h5 q, x# C" ^- O4 [0 M! Mtioning about the use of a testosterone product or8 u$ H* m& Y& H) |
gel should be asked of the family members during7 z* R0 E. w" K5 N0 A8 E/ d
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! a: o/ F' v/ t) N$ zilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
9 j+ V0 I$ Q% w; E8 Z; ?nosis can be established by just a few tests and by2 s/ |+ K/ ?2 M( v+ @2 ^9 I9 x
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 {3 T1 \9 E- I6 L- y  mhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& q+ p9 P! \# V! @% Q% M7 R
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 C9 A9 e: H4 h2 i
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ m, \' _; Q0 y# Y8 S3 y
aware of this fact, because most of these children
+ f. l1 t0 C  {. t$ ]( i) D6 Q! K5 M1 \may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’& D: k6 @6 R( m# r' T
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a1 Z# y( ~! l& m  r  q
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or- t7 L, ^" l$ M3 I+ {- ]- \
female child who might come in contact with some-
# X+ ]4 U- J5 R6 j  Aone using any of these products.' t4 h7 N' A0 V3 p
References
9 `' m5 _2 N0 Z' O4 r2 m1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 v: n. x- C' |) Y. R  rand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ n! Q) H" |8 i2 a5 K5 o3 _" Q0 D9 mEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;% R* O& ^" M" n, N* s
2002: 565-628.
+ {: f: ~# m! p3 `* g" v2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 p2 k: \. O4 i9 {3 [# z, a5 B3 [
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
4 W- J; C9 A. q! y# n( q9 s- s7 F
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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