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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 `0 J, {7 e. l6 E/ e( H T/ m
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical+ ]6 u: c( ~# o* ?/ ~5 g# W
Exposure to Testosterone
* R% ?6 R; Z- G. k$ h7 YSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
0 q: C& |5 a3 p/ Wand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
* W6 t8 U% j& d* h9 q$ s6 x2 a7 DClinical Pediatrics
# b- C5 @ }2 ^$ K; q& T2 RVolume 46 Number 65 U; _+ s5 ?( }6 j: [
July 2007 540-5433 d& |' `4 j( U
© 2007 Sage Publications0 E& U' R Q$ }: Q. H% ~
10.1177/0009922806296651$ I4 m8 J: Q! o+ H) f: F
http://clp.sagepub.com7 C7 X2 z; d1 P2 A' i
hosted at
. P/ _# A3 _* ^! ~/ u5 a; y7 \& U6 ~http://online.sagepub.com
, t4 J0 b. u/ R# MPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,& P4 l4 O, q& ~: _: p
is a significant concern for physicians. Central- G- V! L" z+ P: J3 a# z0 i/ U: I
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated$ O9 T6 e" J7 x F }" s
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; t j/ Z9 J( k- Q+ n' d9 ~2 la higher incidence of organic central nervous system
5 Z) }; x9 B, |lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* Z% I1 f" H2 z9 ~$ Vby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 i. p- X, e$ `5 _* s. fhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' Q, C; w, l( D/ @cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 l& ~' P6 Q" s& V9 n0 Z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 |& Z9 x$ ]" P+ v8 b$ R2 p
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-% B$ A. E6 F2 s" x t8 z5 U4 U$ m
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
4 ^, O, J7 O0 h: H$ dto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, j/ }$ `2 m2 `! n8 B
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; o2 X5 I+ Y; p W- c0 ?mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ k# ~! F+ a; n8 m* L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
# i* ?2 E) ^, w; F8 f# J& \: {testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
* z! M; b" v, B" j$ l, z$ G& ?bly more common than the rare case report in the
! |* H# B& F+ S& hliterature.4
% x# r$ ?$ O/ [& x# ?! jPatient Report: t$ s- b" \! [8 o5 F7 v, u
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the, z2 F% U H* a# h0 v+ g. O8 i
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. h2 k# D: A- z K2 M E# Rof early sexual development. His mother noticed5 r' W0 _* v$ x) ^6 T" @: g0 g
light colored pubic hair development when he was* D1 p* u+ o9 `
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* `5 D& h; T9 l. L) DSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- F0 s7 T2 b8 P6 B* H. nAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
3 f) ]) r1 o# `Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
/ B l3 }; {: J, AMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
4 E, y/ q- Z h/ i1 @, U4 T2 Ue-mail: [email protected].! r2 K* h5 `8 I7 r, l8 Q5 B8 `' i" _
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became: Z$ R1 ?" V1 u1 y
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-8 d2 z2 d" I: X9 X2 _. A
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: [; ^4 z. }( w Qwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
; O+ ]% r( C. V) x1 v+ C6 ja birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
8 D" o3 g2 P1 p% v20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- B3 P9 j ]0 i3 Q% u
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
- H8 P1 J6 K9 P0 H8 I; Esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: _ w; a" d% W3 W9 p" o- {
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 B7 L$ A" H9 n) t( [
was age appropriate.) ~" c5 a) l4 C3 b" b" ?, W8 |
The family history was remarkable for the father,+ Y- L& `$ h1 e' {( N
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! O' e# B, l7 R& l/ Awhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& K* ~3 L! e. ]4 [) s
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" p9 B' X& {% s' X$ t7 z' uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.1 ~! D& K6 z! }' w7 u2 p( }" \8 I, k
The father denied taking any other medication. The
; p) P; Z E0 U% p$ B& bchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 O$ e) h& a+ _# O" _
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet* X8 i5 g- i/ j" Q, X6 I
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
1 `3 l! u9 F/ H x+ n( y4 d2 B( Ccocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& p% M5 o+ ~; Y9 Ttives. There were no siblings.
8 r7 g8 F6 J/ C1 I; LPhysical Examination0 A9 Y% b; N6 |) H
The physical examination revealed a very active,
, w* t* i6 `9 f* F Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 Z6 f, d L6 d2 H
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 e9 s3 |4 |7 Q) w8 |
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
) \6 G3 f0 m/ _ P; G+ w2 p, y(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 ]# w/ `% q0 a2 o- Q* A/ {) G
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 D( }/ Y" K$ A$ F$ y2 D$ sthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
9 Y( w* t% R' w3 ~, q H5 gThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 D6 `7 w4 @# u3 X) [enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, I8 f0 P# ?3 V; s3 ^1 }8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 ?! B- C* e; F5 mdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, N: }( |" K5 M9 f- U+ C- X# {- @" o540" S3 Y+ h& T9 r, R: [) l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 A. F7 ~8 ^, _the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
! a3 @; g% P8 c6 O) ~testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ P& G2 v; b: d& A$ T! V9 Q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat; `0 ^9 @$ d8 P9 [3 D. s o
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; z; S! p' n/ D4 ^2 \1 b" `: C
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
& [- E9 R8 E9 uNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
/ _% C4 b: x1 W* Q+ ybilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
7 a Q5 d! q4 J; v( s9 qof papilledema.! |4 {2 p* ^# h* N2 N
Laboratory Evaluation
/ u" }+ M/ R( W' s' r$ ?2 cThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 g9 O# `& A( |, a/ X1 H
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
9 d2 P+ e R' C# D$ ~! h1 Rlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ K) c" Q0 y" @
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test8 w' _8 ]/ e( y. `8 a& v6 R
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-1 X, X" D0 F5 E7 w
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)." A+ \5 H2 ?; `: ~
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ ?( H( o8 t1 {
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
5 z4 a8 l5 U+ T3 {, ]$ K, Q# {within normal range for his age. The concentration
, }. o F$ W, d0 }of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL' t$ z3 S3 u6 b- v; \- ]( F* S, H
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% o- I% L2 z# x7 X# q, P; n0 x8 |* Eng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) L4 t; H% |" i ]
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
% O# P/ D( u& hdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to. F# q) c1 {( U6 M( Q
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
! B; g4 Q( G3 @& G) W9 ?# dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( J- A; }+ x* X+ W" Ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
: s3 ?( s8 L# g4 N' Xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
% Q+ R+ w) r2 ]' ]) Rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. f# \, \1 o4 w! V" V$ ?) g
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular1 {0 e0 ~, e8 X |4 h" O+ {
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- [9 V0 {1 Z; E* ~1 G
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL2 B$ Y% Q% q) V
(prepubertal).; {9 V! m' f# A: n: V
The parents were notified about the laboratory
$ X4 H- M+ e+ ~: k- @results and were informed that all of the tests were
y0 t! D- N9 F) m+ `& `normal except the testosterone level was high. The6 g- A" C( _( C j9 h
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
) F. F& @7 s$ Z& ]* a% kobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" G o# W: ]0 [# ]2 t5 i. d+ v
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
3 p. F5 L: b) P8 T, {# o8 L# rPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
0 v# y6 w8 r. P) s4 i- ?child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
7 o( T6 V% o9 M5 Z, h! b2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained8 O; M: \! {! L6 g- L1 B
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-8 _+ l1 i: K$ \. m
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
7 [+ P5 [4 j# c" Jthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 24 t2 l5 ]8 y. h+ m" i8 P
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- @" ^+ ?: p% O8 @; j, h0 e
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
! O! N' O- U6 }ing frequent erections.
2 {8 J0 U6 s( W m! t+ v l' ]7 z9 P: SBoth parents were again questioned about use of
- K" C" w0 h- E5 T2 y) }: J3 Lany ointment/creams that they may have applied to. e$ W+ e7 X O" |1 c
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. L% K% N! |1 z9 k7 r) ~4 f jTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( B; q. G b4 b/ Nuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 s6 ?4 i! U( i$ {5 q0 m
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 @: Y0 n+ {; D! w) u
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. b' m4 |. C3 d, y/ p- wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; n/ x0 k3 ]* h' T, Z6 c
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
: ~ H. }) n) Q3 \9 ` qsecondary to depression.
0 r' }* c2 ]2 w; X4 BThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
. ^" J7 x, {4 P% W, {9 K& ]2 vThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his! y% d( f7 i$ H+ D' ]# L( X
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 \# a$ Z: z" M4 J1 ^
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.! {6 M F/ ^7 t+ u( [% N
The father also admitted that after the phone call,. W$ O! \" y6 O* k' x
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby( g! K& s* ]9 t9 b) L2 ~
was high, he then read the product information7 z0 N1 y6 W" U# \
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-" O. t# j- _* S7 z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. s. P% g$ }5 S+ P% V+ I7 Y4 W ]decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( _ p6 P" F& k# K3 }7 K
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had; {3 s' w" K( a
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone H* e" o+ Y8 a+ j& ~3 B8 L/ a
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- J: X7 L+ _$ U3 H- elaboratory to obtain the test.4 L5 x7 C! M5 S
Discussion
5 s/ q: z$ _: T$ ^Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary. h$ A0 R1 Q* c8 a! E) C. b
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 [% d6 S; T E! S0 S; b. h0 s& {! OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
( [: }+ x7 n4 D, nit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 s; c ?, E5 U* [, Athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-% S8 u9 [! s$ R4 ^9 }* k( c2 ^
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP7 r& |, s* E4 N5 N0 `% ]! k3 C* u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
- B& V* J( {0 q1 c8 o/ e. oresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-' O4 {. D9 l- B9 m7 R5 j: q
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 p& G0 E1 Z5 u
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
' E e" W5 U) Q0 B! D+ ?boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
. Q1 p/ `* l( [' C2 t9 A0 fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-9 F+ q* n! P7 g8 W, v
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, B9 j! [) f# g) v
gonadotropins.1,3
$ C; ^' C7 Y* d" sGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-( F- Q" r3 S1 V0 p9 N
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
& I$ H) o' G$ o' Bandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
, J; v. B- J* i. z# W, rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: Y% S7 \& p8 X0 i8 Q8 i% V1 N
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ F' Z' Q( ~' o2 ?congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# [- B1 B8 g! L- L
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
l+ f; ^7 a% o6 C- g% h6 @ Kpuberty in boys.3,4' w& [) u. W1 _. V' J
The most common form of congenital adrenal% k& n8 C& S; B0 O) ?+ h( s9 [8 h. h
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. V5 g0 Z/ ?' L+ r+ x. fThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% `: B5 H+ P ~5 z% J) r/ S2 }& @
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,! B* h9 ]$ e- A
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 C7 E+ H% w9 f6 kexcess.1,3; _ m! b. W6 i, W: D) M
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 } a" w5 x5 a E( M. ]5 ]# b542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ Q* q$ ]! X7 v2 l4 N6 r) K! [, z5 \1 {
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( H& t. |2 }3 \) {" nindependent precocious puberty, which is also known0 H; J7 h- t- O Z2 W( Z! B, N3 P6 D
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ n$ A W; b4 a
very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 i6 K" V: C4 ] I' y
with this disorder are full pubertal development,) l1 T4 M8 f. `7 c7 C8 s
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 h6 o7 j4 A3 K6 x& h1 C" _with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
* U7 [; t$ O( g( a fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- C9 b* ?/ F8 u# Q2 q& v6 Dpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-, j! C% F; f4 d7 ^* F1 b5 v' O( Y
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked2 N) E! s4 p& N2 G3 `
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
) ]& ~( j& e/ Y3 \, g b5 C' zmales; therefore, other male members of the family
1 p+ O% P* m+ ^5 A% ?8 G" mmay have similar precocious puberty.31 o3 R8 a8 \, c% ]* h
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
* v# K1 ~( N3 D- J p( i2 |4 Gsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
+ z/ ], @. s+ e( t! ^/ ?& Vcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* b: @* w& E0 b( E2 y1 p7 lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father2 i1 ^) m O# c! \7 E
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% B! ?- {( K; P
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the' R p& a$ A( r; n
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
$ c ]$ m* x+ M( k0 k: Z6 h* bative initial history of androgen exposure, our: \$ R0 V6 u7 z. W. R& b) ~* J
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
# H, j( [7 Q; _0 l% }# [8 Leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase& Y2 R) t' p4 E
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
" i- Y# D3 j( W1 p! E$ King the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& f, E# T1 _# I2 x2 }6 HThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 ^6 J5 S% X0 e' s, _# W+ Z& z
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 M9 T0 ~- R {1 E3 ^+ B) z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 {# D( {% q8 y1 l1 u3 v5 Wpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. C* S5 m% j5 m7 b7 E6 V
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-& j7 p, _7 z5 W. x; f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ y! }; W& N% zusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ y* Z& z0 D4 K5 E; E4 fDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
0 A' s: \& S' y2 s% Zcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
$ ^+ d5 K& }/ x1 F F. Aunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) [: L7 ^/ P* J1 }# q- DSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
- V* m6 `# P6 j9 B9 n/ E Ubaseline value in those females who were exposed to" |' `' I, H, I& E( N5 T3 L
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 B- R9 J9 [$ K7 r2 ppartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 W9 O8 [! p$ N- J7 @- i) z0 H
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. L$ \1 Z6 D' }Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
9 o5 f" R# ]* D3 b3 j4 R2 q. Swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
0 @8 s1 U9 N6 I3 G) J9 h: kdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
V& ^5 m- A9 s2 k! p; R- aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
, p4 i9 s7 U8 U T. Yactive in young children exposed to testosterone, }( t# c9 Z2 z' Q. S2 T* w
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy- |( L1 G$ e# X) v+ X: G# M
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 q/ X; h' t2 Z% K% v( |* H& G) J8 E
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ a9 b+ j2 K3 B; q3 a) ^: O) Ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
/ z, M# R, Y9 _1 o2 `advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' r2 _6 @/ _& ^. F
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 g* s! J5 m7 o) ?9 c! C! _early childhood on pubertal development and final! a* A d1 g4 p+ q( ~' D
adult height are not fully known and always remain
) p- P* @/ F- Z# ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 n4 z/ H; Y+ Y E& K' @! ?terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* w* j, l# [; W+ p) F
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- O8 z% d: S9 o( G' P- g
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ Y" O6 \ t- _- ~
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. q/ Z$ m& {! b0 g( j! q# u
There are conflicting reports and controversy, q4 R1 H5 y, I8 N1 f3 ]% f9 d
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
1 a2 m* X( T. Y( z" h9 O0 ^7 @penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
: L1 W+ \, Q# m! i+ ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 a J; }9 ~' _! m6 J
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! E# Y1 z& u0 X: M+ B6 ?
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 j; }2 P9 m6 ]6 B5 rchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 `1 |/ v; o5 S" j! Wpenile length in clinical studies.* O X9 b( c6 b: P
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& o" n- d7 V/ ugoing to experience any of the untoward effects from7 }6 [, U1 i7 O% X3 E% F9 P7 f( ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
8 R$ f1 q3 p' w) o0 Wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 u& b$ l' ?' F+ U' g3 d1 j( w1 EAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
& A/ Q; ^9 C! s6 Jdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* x' f7 ~8 @3 ~0 I5 b& z, b8 G
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' ]7 l' U* f5 p( v7 Lheight will not be affected.
, |( q7 }% N. t% D) u, k( e$ eAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-0 K( B( u8 P% @- L+ z
ability of androgen products in our society may
( A# e& Z; @0 kindeed cause more virilization in male or female9 h% v3 q! Y- Z1 Q# p9 }% _+ {
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
( g/ C/ _2 s3 `% Zgen products must be considered and specific ques-9 f3 L' ]2 u# K! R' D/ c6 g
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or, @$ w' d/ `( Q$ k# ^& O4 S& X
gel should be asked of the family members during
8 S! p7 [( F& O2 dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-3 v3 V |$ Z6 i2 b0 I1 m
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-4 M9 K. a$ u; v5 W/ v9 N
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by4 p3 O, U% w m% W' ?) U3 p
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a% N' n) V5 i x* ]+ N% W. I# ~' {
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may* \3 m5 N* x4 \ \3 u
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ m) G1 Z$ s" A( T. F7 A
investigation. The primary care physician should be
6 _4 _8 t/ C. maware of this fact, because most of these children0 f4 e$ g( B- p& x" {3 @7 h
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) J: [9 s/ m! V7 W6 m1 J& g7 aDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
" q+ o2 c; u9 _* K: Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
* x" F0 S8 R/ C/ |female child who might come in contact with some-% f; |5 J: i8 S. I; f
one using any of these products.
' J1 o0 `5 E( n: b) _; t2 S! CReferences* C" F* l. w( k; D- Z
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 t3 F+ ~% t4 s* I8 @7 _: l- }and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 k3 [+ R; o( \3 HEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) F1 U5 ^4 p8 i: ~' ?
2002: 565-628.' r7 g. h3 p9 U# Q
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
% s3 V7 r; @ m% R7 E: \puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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