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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old% ~8 c/ C2 V2 x3 q) ]+ N
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical1 X( o/ [" |: ^! H+ `% b0 \  S( u6 A
Exposure to Testosterone
+ H) r5 M5 {' tSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,29 {! _6 X  c3 |8 i
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 d  \4 D# e! ~7 R/ o2 o6 m
Clinical Pediatrics
9 l4 D6 k5 P+ i+ ]7 {% F' }1 FVolume 46 Number 6
4 ]# l. _5 M( s/ CJuly 2007 540-543
: T: a& F7 _0 r4 d  M( N$ f© 2007 Sage Publications
' N3 `, y- w$ b9 P' Y10.1177/0009922806296651
2 h  Z- r2 k3 S, R6 Y9 Thttp://clp.sagepub.com
9 n) v" F* @) Q1 J/ ?hosted at1 W  X# b) r) K# D, R
http://online.sagepub.com
: O0 M: E7 q) _4 L0 G6 ?Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 o1 t; @. }( Y( M! ~is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" P6 c: Q& a$ Dprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' e$ T2 s; t+ |; t% n( d- Cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 r7 D7 D! M& Q8 T( |0 Q+ Va higher incidence of organic central nervous system
$ m* t" l9 N( s2 C3 A( ]lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 x; S- O2 B& p  t6 _1 D; i, l9 L
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic- ^+ s$ e4 I5 S! t# Y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-; \" T& {& k+ L3 r; j  j: a
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We( ~' l! t/ G3 b) ^5 ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" C3 T7 ?2 q, f  }  u+ ]1 Uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
4 b/ ?8 n: m( w# X4 nment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. m2 x# Z  l+ v% b( j: jto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# m( n9 ~6 Y! x3 |
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 h; W6 T4 w* w9 v! z! S0 i2 cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 ?9 F1 a% e: H5 u0 [- P6 rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of; \. v( F. }: `& }" P$ ]1 e
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
, I' ]: {* l  i  X2 g  cbly more common than the rare case report in the
: U1 w+ k& q& ~8 [! {2 mliterature.4
4 H; \" J1 @" W1 d  {0 vPatient Report: I- ?9 ^  y  `$ w
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 C, F+ y: _. @endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern, g; X4 {7 K% y9 M9 M; b; d
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
- ]# ~5 O' A" m8 I7 ?light colored pubic hair development when he was
" @% s! {- X4 ~8 LFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
. s' x) J3 _7 T8 r; s7 z9 ^South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 y! G: g8 Y4 ^6 B' P  U7 S) \
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,) `3 G1 N0 x9 N7 [
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ h" ]# g) x4 w$ l/ {Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 X! s  h' Y- n( M- e* Y
e-mail: [email protected].
0 i& c9 J& b% f' sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became/ S8 e- L& Z9 |2 ]  }5 L* h  s$ T
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
- o  f+ R1 F5 o7 d7 S  f9 [; y* Q! Hment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: \: D1 _& }& V' E) R6 g- ^was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% x& a6 D* f# u# b2 I* ^a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
$ m7 k6 |  P; T6 o! r20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
6 O) K, e3 E4 [8 c4 v: mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 j0 u; ~3 d0 ^; q4 V9 G- k7 N/ ]solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
  n2 D# U- d( [- O5 I" Nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: y! n0 D" O& ^: P2 f9 nwas age appropriate.
4 f" u, A! E9 B& ~7 ]  Y9 jThe family history was remarkable for the father,! M" W5 N6 S: W. D8 T. k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,. L( S% e& a* N+ Z+ P; h+ W0 B
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; {6 n4 T1 P2 I  G' B4 w) s- a# I
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat/ X6 |! D. |  ~. {/ v, S$ {
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
5 K! x% Y9 }0 g' U5 h# k( K. HThe father denied taking any other medication. The
: f6 f- W3 N2 A6 J& bchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche' x8 w# m* o. C4 @, ?
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
# y# g" I& Y+ I5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
; `$ a9 A2 V% @/ h( vcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ b7 p! Y2 i' A& _tives. There were no siblings.
9 \7 {% _$ A7 u! W) G8 GPhysical Examination
9 }0 }/ h0 E$ p- g, r6 I( L6 ?4 wThe physical examination revealed a very active,; y; h- R* p+ V& v( ?% n1 X
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 p) R- h8 a; U2 V
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was; Q; H% s- ?* y9 E+ S
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg6 X( L/ i! q5 ~6 K! X
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth2 N+ R/ {0 ?6 ]$ a5 N+ l9 p2 h- X3 a7 \
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
+ k: K& E* C' O" ~' lthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
- i4 h) X2 H2 n$ X/ @The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ H) T& k" n6 Fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 o  }( @6 e0 ?  }' C5 W5 y" K8 I
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
( p. ^! o- Z5 e3 H8 Kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 s' }# |, N5 j7 F9 _9 N0 C$ D2 Y/ ?. q540
/ @& {$ u' [: ]% ^0 \! f7 [; V9 S# u, Gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 p6 _3 e) ^  R2 a( i+ f+ |
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. F2 B; b& b5 m( t  }+ S# L) c
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% J. b$ n1 z' P9 i
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat3 e8 b8 {( F0 k' p5 g/ \. q8 D
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
# `  d# E5 Y% A/ H5 ?+ uabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
* j2 R7 q3 C  B2 B6 w( SNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+( @  i+ @" t8 k* ]
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
- w( X. n" X/ u4 V. hof papilledema.
- c+ q  r# u" ]* zLaboratory Evaluation
8 T! W& e7 w6 b1 k' x# F& F  GThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by& n6 d3 f& \/ X9 M2 ^" K
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% D: M# a5 N/ s; Flogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# Z4 N. J5 j& r# L* s( F2 f6 fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
) M( H9 t- V; x2 |showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-+ G! \5 d3 m5 ?0 x# Q: ~3 S
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* c) z$ M  v; |
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood6 m  I4 n/ Q2 O. A. D
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
4 s( T( H6 ]: r! [. G$ gwithin normal range for his age. The concentration: l% {) i( Y  P, r$ `
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 f, l; @! P9 z# ?# j(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: a& ^; s* W; @" Xng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
* d7 \+ ~: K0 z' C- _, j) O4 Vterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- {' E6 C, O+ v1 m. t
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 b! F' x5 Y, l# f. e3 G! X5 @
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
2 K7 Q) i7 V7 q+ q" T7 n9 ]7 ]/ Swas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 f- L. x+ i$ z% I' ftisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# f# D/ T- e; @  f
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),8 E( z- r2 y. I. ~$ c, E7 P9 q
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' W+ T% X# Z. U6 \4 A
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular2 |- b0 R5 r- e! u4 a3 l
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone+ M& J1 t9 s: M9 I1 f) _* R
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
( s0 O0 N" A/ }0 n(prepubertal).
8 b  S: W0 u. F( d9 W" YThe parents were notified about the laboratory- R4 y( }4 ^" x0 _: w. T, C
results and were informed that all of the tests were# x( \" v/ u5 u  O2 p" W6 W5 R7 w8 l
normal except the testosterone level was high. The1 z( M7 S- A" f! q$ {  q
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
# G$ C7 k  X9 C6 @obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 o9 M# y* u: M* P& l7 U7 j
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
- z/ A1 c: e7 {+ J* ?5 |Physical examination at this time revealed that the, Q5 \- M8 y+ A, y' ]: P$ l7 |
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
; j5 e& i$ T& P- F. R9 y2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained9 n/ q( `  k+ t; q/ a. P2 J# f# n
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-7 ?& I) I3 ]+ u
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at8 ]: r) d! l% b( f4 C. S9 D( t2 }
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* h" r. P; }6 N! k. d. x# G2 [. ]mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.2 s* h( b  d& M4 V& J4 d! R
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
' _! S3 n- U) G- j; \# l5 u$ ging frequent erections.! n7 p  y+ E. F9 l$ o0 t: i# I
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ t- U1 b: K  c6 S/ @
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% b0 J8 R/ f1 y0 B8 Uthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( P; o/ ^( d& Z1 i0 b
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" v: m( h. ]2 T) I  q: uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-# ]8 Q1 V$ Z# H  u* j
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
# `% ~3 T" r) h' g! R. ma year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed! A; s8 Y. F2 X/ x9 R2 d6 m
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
& k; d0 q; k9 h, Iscribed by his family physician for decreased libido) O7 B! L; ?6 ^
secondary to depression.) `- m3 |7 U) f# n. N% M0 J3 A
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
) u5 ~- Y4 z" PThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 I0 x- v8 s. Z9 Q8 T
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-5 t1 `" V0 Z" }8 g
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.  H* @/ b/ e0 d7 Q) g0 d0 X
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
% G/ C3 V! K% T" X6 _3 dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby9 d3 {0 {  ?+ |, R: |( M( B+ J& n
was high, he then read the product information4 L; z$ r4 H$ F/ a
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 X: t( t# e- F& ?7 C* ?son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they; t: H3 }' y( k, v5 B7 E  p& D
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* g% U% ~# P2 s  J2 z3 Y' p0 s( ffather was not hugging him with bare skin and had* p: G- B0 ~  l  Y2 W
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. F0 N! f" N( k2 N3 C8 I7 z6 b. A9 Ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 C5 _! y! {* H$ y+ x* {
laboratory to obtain the test.
0 t% i% z1 H; NDiscussion
9 k4 C1 i5 ]0 r* b1 Z1 sPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; ?+ X! U' N6 Z0 Vsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. f( @4 d( V' J- _$ h. S+ X; X
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when4 q9 F1 Q9 Z+ @  T
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 N2 i/ n; B% ~0 t
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 D* r2 i6 b& h- i; K
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
$ [: x3 b* Z5 O5 E; h: r0 Y; imay have a central nervous system lesion that is* S- C/ S+ x$ K; j1 U7 a
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-& T6 T; s7 a3 ?" |7 A4 b
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
/ P7 k; G3 U* qsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* D! J1 i4 ^$ U+ r3 N  Wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ T! H9 |5 V! |8 `$ U
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, E' c! ~' X& Y$ f) f0 \1 B
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by3 D) ~5 p  i+ ^' `% q9 T
gonadotropins.1,32 `7 Q% d. X9 V9 e
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-+ A# \* {; O) H
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 C" A% y5 n- m; h" E
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or8 e, a6 I" `7 f4 N6 S3 E
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% n- l$ g) _8 ?7 H2 eulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing! c- e  b+ [. M7 h' ], o4 D. T
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
$ u6 v( ]  \% ^# h  k7 w! X; Madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 e  @5 L1 p4 q* Ypuberty in boys.3,4
' c; Z, q+ c" x! cThe most common form of congenital adrenal; ~! }  G1 ?, g0 i9 m" P, d
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 |9 z; `( c8 r6 d; p+ C- u
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
' Y& v' X; ~, r6 B& f6 Vexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,! |$ Y2 t- N3 c4 |: f: N( {$ c: s! v
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
& S! J9 {( [  R# @$ P. Y. |excess.1,3
6 d8 O/ _/ K# Vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& b$ s6 i, X- {542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007) [1 C% }5 h0 `1 t
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) G% p" _, R' A
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ J5 Z+ {* Y, a* F( S% mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ F, G) I' o/ X* W$ F  f
very young age. The physical findings in these boys- \3 v6 w4 }! U7 A) D
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
9 `5 v  T5 A4 k+ O) U% J1 \including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( j! f$ w& P! l& G7 ]. N7 Dwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder; f6 V# g# Q5 Q6 ]
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, m8 E$ H8 P/ d: }1 W- w6 a; q9 N% P/ g
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" k0 y3 @0 |7 ?
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' S3 }5 V- |" x( Q( ^autosomal dominant disorder that affects only3 X# `( Q) G: T' K$ Q/ k, j& z% {
males; therefore, other male members of the family! E% Z0 O7 V1 u( j7 w( ?6 t/ ]# K
may have similar precocious puberty.3/ S0 K6 U4 a5 r* j7 ~
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
5 E  E2 a7 }* i$ Q  p# `5 R" Y6 B0 Bsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
/ a. n- D6 c! ?7 kcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
( i5 Z0 h: f7 o6 i8 _- \was in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 N3 V9 V$ i$ ?* J& v; Ustarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, f" H& |4 J5 D
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the, a, b1 [' V6 L4 I/ m: N0 B
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
; }, j" G9 h4 e; Native initial history of androgen exposure, our. q9 b) {) I5 D$ P( H0 z
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
: A' h1 g" p2 r7 H5 o3 D1 leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" x7 ?, @3 w: X# |
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. r6 j% z/ g/ l5 k) cing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
( j# U& \" E7 g/ yThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly3 ^$ a* f/ T1 B! ^" `, A
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: |* ?, s( N; xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-, Q2 _3 d8 Z' c( }9 ~: b
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and0 P6 V: T: C2 ~$ U
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 \6 k. y) s7 H& G- I  eterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was  B6 t  z$ N1 c& M8 H, s) Y
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
7 {- U- C" U( L; v5 V& D; J6 CDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# G) S  ^! C, `4 b$ ]cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
2 t" @. Q8 r2 u' n, r& U/ Iunprotected females through direct skin exposure.# h( o- ^7 ^+ e8 w, ?& y5 B
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the; \, V6 }# j! C. R  S
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
. C: k3 S7 F. K9 l. Reven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male, p6 W( Z5 c6 X2 u, g8 J8 h
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( z* J- U9 g" y3 b5 O5 ^' ]tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
1 o  o" x; h% i0 J" A6 e; aOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ s- s1 S3 h' J6 Cwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! S$ A" Y) m5 }9 b9 J( B
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( h0 O5 p9 z. S! pterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
1 P( q$ A+ l7 b0 P2 Hactive in young children exposed to testosterone  z: H6 ?( b1 `% _2 G$ l
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-7 y& @& y8 k' x/ T3 l  G; n+ }
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
+ Z5 ?! G: l* l* h3 k5 |& Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 j( ^: y4 W% T
children results in an increase in growth velocity and& y, e4 I/ s& D" _+ N, R" E% q/ C
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.( c! R! ^  D! ~% U4 h2 D/ \
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 A; H# U% m3 I, g* {early childhood on pubertal development and final
& S& I8 I- u) K5 madult height are not fully known and always remain
# i* P4 d5 H5 k- n% y$ v( V1 Fa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. J8 e5 f: X+ l( j* J
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& _# c9 z3 y8 q$ a
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
- X7 b) A& j+ d3 w4 v. I- Ccessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* @7 R9 H& W& adecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
/ M' A5 H2 g& S/ J5 TThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ o% m0 N, z. H3 P' oover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult) p5 F: i9 [; t; T' p: }3 h, s  W
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 {5 a* t' O1 o3 ~% \, F1 P) padult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. \3 Z  h8 X9 iulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,1 ]4 ^$ n3 ~: ~% {; \( Y
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
/ _) v3 D& j1 O$ I6 W4 X: c4 a: f  K* H. Qchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
! b) G3 w5 p7 ?penile length in clinical studies.0 M' G3 _6 K1 `1 ]# ~: N
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is$ l' U! S4 ]) W8 u/ e
going to experience any of the untoward effects from# N  z1 u1 S6 e# U( ~, H
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
, |# p; \, ]3 L; Ithe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
, |- B6 M2 |" u5 vAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of' T7 x- f/ h6 F7 Y8 Y7 d( U
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
$ q) h  S' Z7 sthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult* o0 ]) {# \' Z2 c3 q, c, A, |
height will not be affected.
6 h% G8 i& n# ^+ vAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-4 f( H' d: I+ B8 v* W4 ]1 o8 \
ability of androgen products in our society may
  b0 Q8 r# O/ P% Z. Windeed cause more virilization in male or female) r- D: s9 v6 {1 F# a
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
" [/ t7 ~! X$ ~: C& L- @) X- Tgen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 V  z* T" \8 R# M; H- Z, ^tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 r) ^, w5 s4 I( f; bgel should be asked of the family members during
" @" O& K$ t6 L" M+ A5 j4 \/ uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
* o/ r4 k* D  Z; r9 ]ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ c$ s! s! d: }8 D/ Y& ?  znosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 D: e$ U, X4 v* D+ w$ I* M1 oappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a% l' O/ H' F. e9 P
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" B% ~0 w5 Z; K; o. _result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) X) ?+ Z  p* `) Linvestigation. The primary care physician should be  m2 n+ j- G4 Q* _
aware of this fact, because most of these children
7 ]8 Q2 a& v, P; G8 Cmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’) D" S' t2 R& m& ]
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a6 Z$ V' l" U* J9 _6 [- L1 U
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
; u4 w$ d6 P# t5 F. Lfemale child who might come in contact with some-
% q9 q3 a6 x( a; F: Rone using any of these products./ [3 p# |- @) M" x1 E& e5 h; G
References
  Q5 b# N0 r1 S# O, I  e1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
9 m) a0 w/ e  h/ D3 k# X( oand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric7 i: H1 n  a; u8 W! Y9 E' {
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* o3 H# |: T( o/ k6 w2002: 565-628.
- W% g7 d! R- b3 t1 M2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious. X7 ~) [7 |. h8 V) p5 I6 |
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 N- |/ S( e  |5 `- P. _Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
* T0 M  P) q  Y6 D& E  k+ {Exposure to Testosterone5 r0 m4 m, W( L7 Q* u
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 S9 w* [0 J0 r& yand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1- A( w: p& D7 n% c+ W; |7 M
Clinical Pediatrics
  U- n- i0 N/ ]8 W' f: R7 rVolume 46 Number 6
4 K% h/ o$ ]3 [; \July 2007 540-543
/ Z" U" C' K6 L7 |8 v& t© 2007 Sage Publications, r1 l: M6 w& _" x: H
10.1177/00099228062966517 H" P& e* f7 ^8 x( c* ?+ J
http://clp.sagepub.com) F  g. @; w% @' D& e- U* b, @) t7 z
hosted at
+ B) z& \, w8 `5 q: }6 @- q; Vhttp://online.sagepub.com
6 x, v; E" h" y, Q) k, _. P* IPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
# ?9 Y0 T3 K5 d! Z# n  Mis a significant concern for physicians. Central8 x! H' H* n3 q% u4 S, m
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
1 ?3 m5 }0 s% _: `. d4 ?through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has3 d, W; d$ B$ {. b! E
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
" i- e! w$ Y# @lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 l% M0 _7 c& C7 qby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic5 w# [  W9 e) Z% r+ o3 q3 j
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) g* S( L, r6 h8 c' d% xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# h$ o  f* k2 ?5 e2 d% Mreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the2 [5 ~2 z& f- _% b
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
8 Q* i5 A. V; J. q- V  H* N% i, Mment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% f9 D. ^0 R- \* [8 E/ hto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by( o: _/ e+ H; l
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-& y% |" u1 \8 |' k  B, E
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this1 t" w# S. L; u+ a
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. [0 |8 L8 o! `( T4 G" }* T  }( ltestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-% J# F% m1 M) J9 P. ~  p! b" ?
bly more common than the rare case report in the
3 c6 d+ d7 x. W) D2 Bliterature.4
3 H8 ]; w5 a6 X: ?Patient Report2 n9 O! v# v  j  ^/ `
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ h. |/ S* \& f/ h) g
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- z0 l& G; U; U9 tof early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ o( e9 }% v6 i+ Xlight colored pubic hair development when he was
$ ]8 ~9 p( }) f- d) \6 n8 gFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of) s1 L3 [& g! G/ F* `& S
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 _; a7 d  R+ Z7 }# H; ~# B) V# C
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,; ?& _9 V5 j% h1 ?0 n
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of9 `' m8 X' [  b2 i. H# d; ]* v
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;# m2 K7 c* b- W( R# S- x" E4 m, q5 Z
e-mail: [email protected].+ I+ {! w/ |: O. N" R
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 i  E5 A* T$ K! Qdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 T7 E. N3 Y5 n8 ~
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child- n) \* H' [* b& Z" i0 M5 J
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
; t( G' Q% n9 |) ~a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 [% A0 s8 a! y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
; J1 q  ]' N8 S# w9 w5 C* a* zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with9 n) A6 U  W5 V0 j/ U3 |! _
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
! s+ A+ M5 K9 ]/ z+ nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development( K) _  Y# Q, q
was age appropriate.0 s7 o8 k0 ^! W# R' Y
The family history was remarkable for the father,
% m( {% H7 [6 cwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,+ S0 n+ L4 [: Y) [) c) x/ g
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
* Q3 a; m! D; w8 S7 xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  u# K) }4 K0 \. P$ m
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.# k) `0 i3 k0 G
The father denied taking any other medication. The
, E+ j/ V; `9 }child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche! Y0 m; K9 P+ k" ?9 S) h1 |
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
9 u6 o  [! Z+ T& X4 H- W5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
5 G* i1 {* Q. K& Y6 P8 scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
' D: S" D) P+ ]tives. There were no siblings.
! [2 k$ N1 S6 T  y$ b) zPhysical Examination
' T& i2 U% o" R% nThe physical examination revealed a very active,
, o! o; n; Y0 N6 P& f6 Jplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented- ^2 B/ S$ m2 D6 _! d; u3 p
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was" W- {5 `4 _, V3 \3 H4 B/ D
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg$ W# x$ e  C0 L/ j
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth6 a6 u( f. O  K! l/ k
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
4 B* |- g  S/ Kthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
" _  ~, y% I; [& B2 n4 K8 g' pThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: j) a2 l! }& g+ nenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of" H5 n# N. D# u
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
! j( Y. U  K; ideveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, }( U1 [- a1 Z$ ^540$ A8 [" p4 N$ o* |( H3 T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, C& X$ K& V  Pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
" a, m* Q. ~( B9 d* Atesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.  Z  i( N1 _4 M
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
! R+ C% F6 }3 p) J+ ~oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
9 |# [: X; B, P1 yabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# P# z8 f4 u5 k& L
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+/ F; T2 E. N  x( A. U
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
6 H# H  o8 C) {8 yof papilledema.
/ B. ~; O% i0 |. l" i) L( fLaboratory Evaluation
0 u) E7 w3 |# a  Z( pThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
( _2 _9 i3 a  P, ^, d) c! i. rusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-8 ~( s' o* I* X! O3 X
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal% m# s! `; J$ }; F1 o& P9 i: e) Y
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& V( A+ P+ X" o0 J& [2 F; s  g
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
2 v/ ^2 Y0 Y$ O' C8 q  M1 Ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 P5 R$ s3 T) g0 {) v+ s. d! fThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! k- a4 p8 C# p# R% E
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 @* A' e8 l6 Y6 j2 z" ^
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 b, P  M: W+ ^
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. _+ m" C+ r6 z! g# \1 K
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
4 J3 u+ ?4 G( a6 E0 Y) k: Ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) n2 R" z. k/ W  A$ J1 [
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) E% p7 t* |3 G2 Adesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
& ~9 D4 _4 w% K: T+ S/ _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
( J' y5 E4 Z' Y, `was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 z6 R( X" k2 }( k$ d  L
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
% ?/ W; D/ Q+ t* U( l, P! [testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
5 |! ~) c* d; j9 hand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than1 r* Z( ]' @, i1 s. i5 F8 b9 ?
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
! U5 G" O) ]) i& Y& v7 l4 W9 {stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
, L9 u) o3 \8 {2 x, _4 z  w! Econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL- P) q0 S: c7 k
(prepubertal).
2 c+ {* ~6 q4 E3 g% OThe parents were notified about the laboratory
* o9 j5 t) Q' e( i! E. U8 ]results and were informed that all of the tests were
' C8 R0 X$ \; ]# N' ^* r0 j/ ^normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ \& Q6 n2 W$ `) F. b/ P
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
6 A$ w, L5 L/ nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' {5 l; T) {. a; x5 P
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
- D9 j0 R, G# \Physical examination at this time revealed that the
0 @5 l/ q2 p& G% A+ dchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
& i7 e3 J' s5 u; x5 U! O2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained" T7 h' U" [# u; V9 M
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-& G2 y7 J1 z9 s5 X
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; Q, R: a3 h6 q  _) Tthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2% W, J! ]4 I  Z8 o" p, N
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 m3 |$ S% _8 f" P* _: Y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-: o, l' S" ]2 u/ d
ing frequent erections.5 k2 g1 E+ J2 g, s
Both parents were again questioned about use of0 }  T0 v& m! Q5 o4 x; v* V; d
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to. a/ t( D, ~* T  @$ P
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
7 d) G6 E% B; O' s& d  z: PTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
  e# u* p) H* E$ f$ Q2 _use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, ^" Y- a, W, V8 j+ T
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ u  R5 p+ R7 r3 ra year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed  }7 `5 G% p2 P, j2 ]* q8 X
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-- D& \" }! ?& `; B  m
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
8 ]1 B8 @* u% d+ E* l" {- @secondary to depression.4 s9 u3 l! p& Y" n0 U
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# z: ?4 V, c$ n* O7 A. O, W: g
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
8 c+ V9 e- }# \6 bchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
& v$ d# j$ X& [8 n; C0 Gnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
# U) K4 L/ J) x+ `6 PThe father also admitted that after the phone call,4 K  p+ Z& n/ B, P# ~
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ z* ]1 O: W. ?% q! @* }was high, he then read the product information3 s% c. h: M' Y: H' f- u5 t
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
% o8 A3 Y+ W8 m+ kson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they$ H/ A2 x  h, ?
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the, @$ S8 \/ o& J# Y" L5 y# @% X
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 y$ j+ c4 ~( r5 G, ?
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
' O# @1 B0 Z' {8 P( \, Utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
0 `% J/ y# D6 h% T: x: Rlaboratory to obtain the test.  `4 k$ j# o+ d& _. P+ T
Discussion
6 P: J4 B; M3 a. FPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% M9 e5 w7 l( a" A
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ }' ?9 v0 N; m* R
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
7 C9 |7 i6 Z2 @5 pit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-8 V7 Z/ Z2 c5 d; x
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 Z7 w3 l9 h4 U$ n1 z6 j/ K
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 U2 E0 V" P0 umay have a central nervous system lesion that is% P; r: o  e1 I: f
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 W; e- X3 ?  iamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
3 M3 J, @7 @. {1 l* T( z5 Ysis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in. o. G! _: t4 [7 a
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" n; B5 L. a4 E" p- Z1 Rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
. P5 {! v% ~; W* [rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 Q+ [3 A" e5 L" ^" b: T
gonadotropins.1,3
$ @: C/ P8 I( z8 {3 ~% O7 A3 v& sGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-2 w: x% u& l1 J
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate; r; @* u8 }. u, F: ^% Y: A: i1 j
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 j! z1 i/ e% W- Y8 X! n! [exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ Y  E& b8 R. a* x2 {
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 a7 `- w' m2 ycongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# e# Y) M) R) j# M& J6 badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
/ i2 G# v( J8 o: fpuberty in boys.3,4% o8 B+ v: Z# p
The most common form of congenital adrenal1 S6 u' d7 y" y1 ?; S8 ?4 T
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.. K" g! O: e1 N
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in6 Q7 |% D9 O, e2 |' ]
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
. U: O% I: H, h4 k  van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen& a4 a3 u5 x; c3 u2 [
excess.1,3
% ?7 ?' J4 r* Jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% |$ p0 E8 o' N; d9 N- B. }" k542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20077 @" P4 l3 n+ q8 i5 M/ D' b
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-, y5 d& i, {. l
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 E( M' P" A3 m8 Y' \0 l# C. b( Sas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
4 }5 R) e9 K4 u8 Avery young age. The physical findings in these boys! ?6 D# c  G9 q) [
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
' Z1 e1 a$ K& M$ n# Y/ d) Aincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys2 H$ D: B  ?6 {8 E$ k" Z8 s+ B  s
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
( x$ y8 g9 v$ _; Bare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
: g* z! Z) U2 J2 W  v6 V. {7 Zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
# ^5 s( _% e3 |, K6 z$ kreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 [: ]9 F3 d( i9 |) e9 m; ]4 v
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" c) F* A4 U. @males; therefore, other male members of the family+ _; ]9 d7 d1 N; n+ |5 u
may have similar precocious puberty.3
- H. b& v& T+ p" t+ g. m! YIn our patient, physical examination was incon-) d6 I9 i& r1 A# f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
" n7 |% v6 ]8 A  X& J. ?cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
7 k5 c- B" I8 L) K2 Fwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
0 r$ B0 v) r3 j* U& sstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
3 d, r+ [( a+ C' y' I5 n5 rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
/ h9 d7 [6 g! W& t  ybeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-) g' r; U, g, g
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our0 x; c* g0 p2 T/ }0 i$ c; o7 h) Y9 K
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,0 }, s0 ?( _! X# N  p8 p
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
! p4 j; I0 Q* p6 k6 K+ {deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
8 ^  P2 {5 W# s$ J% K( Ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.6 L. H% O3 u, k/ Y/ |) O9 d2 N
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) T8 y2 D! n& i' Y0 jsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because/ _, N; c1 S' q) |* ^
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 M7 w5 F+ l5 F
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 b3 Y! @" y; w8 N2 v4 h3 ^0 `
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& U* g! Q6 P2 b4 g' bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 T1 S6 K' X, T1 X# K# ^& }using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( x* r# L" F1 n- x" A8 M2 d
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
6 Q3 ]! }4 X7 s8 D* h+ `cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
+ Z0 E5 O$ ~) G0 Gunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- _( v. Y: y3 F) [! l3 TSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
# I& }& D. O8 ?4 L" J& j+ dbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 w& N& p) D, S4 veven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 m/ P) l6 \" V8 u  c& n/ e; u& l
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
# F5 g- e; ~7 L7 r) y+ gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." X3 @/ d! n" y4 Y% G) f% @0 c
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,6 P/ H& V$ {/ r! x  E; k1 v
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
4 a( M' Z0 E9 ~3 T- L: edermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 ?, b' ?9 ^' a9 I# ^) E
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more; g8 l+ P/ ~5 Y3 s
active in young children exposed to testosterone; z3 r6 f$ A3 M, Z
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
5 C" V, ^* ]8 U7 O- u$ hdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" o8 c* G6 D6 J9 Y% X3 p/ Q6 p( Yvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ u1 n( @# A$ Q, q+ q' I/ m4 jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
& f' j3 H0 g* B# u6 e# f- qadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
+ H  j$ m0 D! Y: U4 ?+ SThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! R3 @$ A/ X  _early childhood on pubertal development and final% ]" q0 Y  b6 d/ T7 u
adult height are not fully known and always remain
$ {! b6 }$ q- s* ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 P+ ~! J% s& ?5 |# x
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
$ s* X8 L# h" wacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ A- P6 ^- e2 h5 f2 y! {, @& Pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 Q( w" O& I2 z
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 N9 D) }. z5 {& n) f7 l
There are conflicting reports and controversy
& P1 M4 i' P2 R% fover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( l: B3 Q0 C8 ?0 apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' b) a* ?$ |5 L" q) U
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) ^. S* V% X& u( Kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,$ I( J1 E8 C9 g4 g$ ]
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 n6 Q! c. j- |' x/ J. [
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. y6 K+ B3 Q9 npenile length in clinical studies.
& I) u9 g- n; C- a8 t* vNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
4 a: j4 h8 g( R, |' ?going to experience any of the untoward effects from- M2 X2 u6 j1 u5 a! N2 Z& E- |' g1 ~) T/ G
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' g) A9 U! E& K/ k3 Wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
( h/ u2 a! I. l. |Although the bone age was advanced at the time of* L* t  W. [9 G% ?
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
; }7 j2 w  V, [/ B1 ?the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
  R' m7 \. {5 d" t0 F3 k; A/ G! J* \height will not be affected.3 e, b& u) x' ^; C3 o
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
- P' s2 n+ ^8 a* ?( J) C7 t" qability of androgen products in our society may7 n2 s, q( b& E8 i
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ x4 `5 s- d6 K: U7 Xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* o3 s7 d0 C2 Y9 v% |4 _1 vgen products must be considered and specific ques-9 _; i( M- a# {  K1 ]4 n$ I5 j* o
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
; [+ L) D' P6 K' A% |- N3 wgel should be asked of the family members during
+ P  E: ]6 l, H6 f5 E, c$ Rthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-. k/ Z9 U3 N% z; j% A/ Y; P
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- \# |' \0 X0 P" p; a$ w5 P1 e& Jnosis can be established by just a few tests and by3 t) Y& m# b" C! J1 ]: q
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ [* O! @1 A+ X, G/ u
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ a3 W& T$ S8 o7 Y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive8 q7 F8 i) y  P1 a- w. a4 Z+ X8 e
investigation. The primary care physician should be% t. B* Q# n  `+ M
aware of this fact, because most of these children2 Q6 q& h" d) [3 O. |( }7 M2 D
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
( G+ i" b. _8 r, E# F% D0 \Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
: ]9 \1 g* C% Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
* Y- T& |9 r( D- qfemale child who might come in contact with some-' p3 ]$ ]7 l' L2 `4 N: u3 B4 _
one using any of these products.
. o& V, a* s2 c4 iReferences: A/ S+ E& c9 x$ `6 w
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
1 g  k, O7 P0 y9 w* tand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
: q. T+ R. Y. AEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. I% R$ f* @9 i
2002: 565-628.
, V0 g& d2 g7 K4 u2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 ]6 R8 l2 `- h( y, z! P1 u& q8 Apuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

7 T! C  ~2 A/ q% F精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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