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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old7 W: W* t4 e4 L1 _
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
  j7 W. x8 W3 w9 HExposure to Testosterone
6 Q/ ]$ s6 t3 y0 p# g( }Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2. T& X$ ~" z! s- |: s( w
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ j- B" {/ z! N* e2 N: N8 G
Clinical Pediatrics
- w$ R" i- ~+ F1 H8 \( l2 g! R6 U' [Volume 46 Number 6
! s( o* Y1 \0 y0 }* lJuly 2007 540-543$ ~$ q! K% O$ g) W: e3 z- ~. w
© 2007 Sage Publications( }, g& k" e9 ?- Z9 i$ [
10.1177/0009922806296651
4 I( h* J1 Z* |: {- [5 [: Fhttp://clp.sagepub.com$ o/ M2 y5 T* s
hosted at+ n9 K: n5 ^2 X1 X. y, {3 y, Z6 v4 i
http://online.sagepub.com2 U( c- K5 }3 j1 |- m
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 W3 D. k6 J4 A* jis a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 E: i; g( L% M( C! uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% I7 O' u! z* K
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
: x, |. M  S! C/ ja higher incidence of organic central nervous system
8 R' Y$ Y; o) \. I: w' R: ~lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) E1 G+ F9 m' q& n  i$ s8 `
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: J/ `4 N4 S/ E  i+ n2 t7 R( L8 y- U, a
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-; Y  h+ x) Z2 U9 U$ u
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
5 b' |7 Y, _! Vreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) s# `3 {; n4 M6 D: X; [
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-5 G% ?: K/ _+ C& ^5 t
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- Y3 j8 z( W0 R: X8 _, {to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by8 b  H( K" B' x1 c5 d# n5 h! _0 `
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 i7 [. @5 S3 b9 N+ q! Nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ ~9 i1 H' t& ?* R; ^/ ochild. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ E7 V3 d3 Z# X% a8 \
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-$ w9 D+ ~3 n' n9 P& ]5 P' Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the
) x9 z% H; \$ K7 M: Eliterature.4
2 ^9 a) P3 z: S2 z( [$ D5 j2 P; UPatient Report) C' g  M) y" t! w( `+ ~
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the, Z: j( R% g( l1 W- \
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
+ \( I5 `( @. y6 k" e/ Jof early sexual development. His mother noticed
+ y: B- y1 c3 W' Ylight colored pubic hair development when he was
  t" V7 }! C! xFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: E( d3 n2 t6 ?. ~/ ySouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.* ^/ F1 ~' F: I* T
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- B  f9 W3 u( V* yProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of9 F- M, j) @) A1 v% `! |
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 b& b' W* M+ f; Fe-mail: [email protected].2 Y/ R6 T% s0 N+ h
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became2 e4 i/ a2 i: K5 G: ^
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
7 j# b8 L- A3 L* `$ D! ument of his penis and frequent erections. The child2 v8 l- \7 q- V- P' v
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# l2 L8 p8 m' ]' I! z# a( Q: v
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
; ^/ x& T; j& J  d, m) ^. O' v% Y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year* w; I$ f; ~) Z1 G
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 G9 m/ A2 T3 O7 R( f1 V
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
' d2 o6 y: {* D& b7 g6 Yand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( [( u3 e( K! x1 z8 x- I7 |was age appropriate.4 [' q0 X$ _: b
The family history was remarkable for the father,
4 M+ G, }7 H3 t1 ~who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
" i: H+ ?+ v5 H0 i( l* T% m1 fwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 ^- i: k; o* ^/ r) C+ W, }
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
& C9 g; ?" z6 P' dearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 a+ B3 l7 O# A9 LThe father denied taking any other medication. The% ?$ C% ~+ R7 y  E
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" I: q; S8 q$ M  ?
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
4 [, |' f# b2 ^8 N5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-6 h( E) Y6 O: U9 d' z; _8 y4 ]0 X
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ I* ?0 Q5 d+ ?" p: @6 D0 rtives. There were no siblings.9 p) |# n& ?  g, m1 M8 Q! i) g2 M
Physical Examination% S( C5 B+ c% v+ t
The physical examination revealed a very active,
7 h+ m, c, l, Z! }1 w4 H+ ]  Qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
# u# `- i2 Z5 h' o  Za blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
3 }) G. P0 Q, r  c2 n& f; u90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 M& w! l/ [- H/ L& H  D- Z- b
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# y7 n+ L, P- g) Hvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of( a7 Q* w1 Y$ L4 \
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ N- N  r1 n, U+ JThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for  f+ h* _3 n2 I  x2 E" M: O
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
8 u% ]4 {. g5 l6 s8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ L. O6 ]$ ?8 J  r, t
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
2 V7 t% i5 U: A, Y9 ?* L, Z540* ^8 E- ]5 ?, A& y; ^: E# Z: t
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 Q1 e1 G, ^6 `( ]9 a! ^' L0 g. v$ I
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
- c2 _- `+ k  [( ftesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
: P  p) d' h7 r" K, L$ tThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat' x) ]- s7 V/ x! f; p
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
2 y+ Q5 S) y% d/ A) O" s1 @: b! }abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.3 w  k- j+ w  c0 [( u# n) B
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( k! J7 f' X) z5 @' p$ X3 l( b& Qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
2 n/ j/ Q# v& T; kof papilledema.3 ?% {7 W9 Q# H# p
Laboratory Evaluation
4 [5 `( W7 P5 Z/ yThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ J! d5 K* p5 f9 X2 M$ s6 Vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 n- J' l; D- L% S' M' jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal. H* q7 ?( C8 v
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& B% t8 N/ J. w" L' U8 `
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-# m- g( `$ }: g) E' d+ Z6 L  S( r
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
6 |7 [: N: D  [0 P4 TThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
# o9 ~; `3 a5 ]- durea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 m* C5 M! h' X" |: }7 M/ ewithin normal range for his age. The concentration  t$ U5 d" w, N# J4 ]/ O
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
* S+ J% J) L! w+ I# E5 S* J# @(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 Q' C9 k' ^* e- }& [9 l' [9 f
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 H' R% m2 j1 Q9 h1 v: r- X7 Nterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( Q& J0 F/ q0 m+ L
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" E1 A0 ?' x8 l. [  K( }
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 ^0 H/ [- B) e; @0 g
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-) E2 {8 Q5 Z, L% i2 G6 N
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 z- ^3 W# L; k5 u0 a8 d$ [$ vtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& ]0 l: \' X3 h1 w
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
; z5 d$ M9 X4 p% S# a5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 @; d' d0 W. i: J, U- F9 d( [stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone1 |& ^6 a& P$ X6 B/ M
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
: T6 D& K" \& Z  m' Y4 W(prepubertal)./ g; Z5 p! |9 N2 C% [: z
The parents were notified about the laboratory
$ G# ?: r: i7 Wresults and were informed that all of the tests were
. E7 @" e% k  vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
! O0 b# W2 E% S6 i6 Yfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to) ~6 M% I9 T. H' g* N; T* T
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
; }9 I2 w# T8 p5 lever, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ Q0 \3 |3 A9 s# t' }+ BPhysical examination at this time revealed that the; h  m$ A: h0 S5 f0 i7 l2 T+ E. I
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 D7 H7 V( U9 e9 x+ l" Q' r
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
% W: I2 F8 T# d) w8 ~+ f! k% ?  iunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, c. l' m9 `  m& e3 Z- T7 E; y8 o6 N
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at- t; c9 B0 O- `/ P1 b+ n
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
+ G# v) Z6 R7 ^( [) y8 N1 F1 [+ ]mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
- G( o4 U5 Z; |; \& l# rThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-1 c" g* @2 |- E
ing frequent erections.- U% o, ]$ j4 s% b4 U2 ?& p$ _. {
Both parents were again questioned about use of
/ w! y& W+ ]6 N9 h$ d. iany ointment/creams that they may have applied to  ]* Y3 T( T/ A" G, V
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the4 B" @' G/ v6 b
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; w8 H- k& }! x9 o6 Ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 u* y! w% ]8 o6 r
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 ]! H' _/ J9 P# |0 Ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( [2 a) ?. G, @% V" u- ato disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ u( d: Y, T* D* \) N5 E8 S2 @scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
2 ~2 X, @- V% Q8 O& G: U/ gsecondary to depression.
3 m( `' r: V6 z2 V) E$ \: q" O- z; `( BThe child slept in the same bed with parents.- R# p. N7 n! ^0 y* x
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) s2 I" M- v2 C1 Y6 C( dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( z+ V8 c0 y9 Y# {
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. E# Q) ]' Z- O9 Y/ x7 p+ s4 j5 b- t$ B  ?The father also admitted that after the phone call,0 m9 w7 z# k6 S- n- G: R, T4 k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby: f; J5 }; ]! Y6 z9 B/ e8 p* @4 V
was high, he then read the product information
9 e+ Y) u: n, ^- `8 U6 }packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-% y# T( K  a  A$ H) h* C1 v
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& o9 ^0 O( y, }decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the, @, R( c5 k  `) T7 {2 C. _3 l9 W
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 j8 `$ c/ c! P- G! ?( e+ \1 y
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone/ |& X& C  @: p1 F' o* p
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the3 W0 X" k' e/ P8 {
laboratory to obtain the test.: b3 N$ p( \% |$ a! {! o! s: |
Discussion
0 V- N; _& S. _6 NPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
4 T. f+ {! H( |7 o: fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) r( j6 O( k. N$ d0 zPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
  D% o! v  a/ D& wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
  B6 A* @4 T) H( Y' Rthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 \. ~  {8 }3 U; t7 Dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) h$ ]# i' j6 `$ w) w- L8 gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
" L& G3 T# H- e3 `responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-- R& Y/ s$ [5 w% r' ?
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
# t* M4 E! ^0 ysis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in  t, ]- J2 S% \! L2 E: A; [+ W( m& J
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
7 e5 R9 J. w9 X! R! j8 n# f7 Bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ [0 {" h) c& C0 L: qrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by$ f7 z( @, R( L; G! v8 W' L7 G
gonadotropins.1,31 l* S2 C0 \7 ^3 s  [
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
! m0 V$ @1 g1 d/ b+ P1 R" Hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) O% k; Z3 b; x% S# s' C
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
+ V$ w, S. Y. j2 dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-' w* Z; \" A+ Y% v. V  k
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
$ j3 L+ P" v) d8 N% Rcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* B& Q- h8 k- k, Z3 Z. H8 T% cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
9 L3 Z  ]+ Y& e0 P' p! zpuberty in boys.3,49 a+ r# ]6 z& ]! R( j9 d6 l! d
The most common form of congenital adrenal" \' g1 B1 d3 t+ Z! l8 p6 ~8 W! W: d
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
5 P% D" N& p  M; Q5 @6 r, VThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
+ q. B+ f% x; Uexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. `+ b# S% }6 {- ?5 m6 }7 G" R
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, H9 g- g5 H* V' \: }excess.1,32 g5 U2 O5 o5 U6 o6 O  w! M5 [, ]
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 c( J# m# ]" B' q% F) q542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007+ h' U- W9 F( `" ^
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 v8 V3 @4 f  t6 @! z: xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ c3 C5 r5 u- {$ W9 d  |+ _6 K- \+ Was testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a" v# J% i+ D4 u8 S
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
+ M3 R* K! v6 q/ P# awith this disorder are full pubertal development,6 p; c; W1 g! H- o2 `
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys0 l1 O. y# F( ?) v. ]
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& C" Z5 B: s% U: u
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; U( l0 ]6 e# ?; @3 P$ F3 p( ppubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& G' p7 D4 [, I1 G6 g1 ~
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked! Z# ?+ R  H+ b& N0 I
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( M9 ]+ M8 n& P2 f' jmales; therefore, other male members of the family
! Y  o+ C8 Z0 s) R+ A; `7 Rmay have similar precocious puberty.3
1 H+ T! ~: c% o3 UIn our patient, physical examination was incon-5 p6 p; u, U7 K3 k# z- @2 X
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' k- S- {2 T2 D  @/ Q/ U0 _4 kcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; z, Q2 A. }; ~4 B* m5 R* Lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father- ~0 q" C. L3 K% p. u& t  L
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% u% r$ ]) ?3 p; q9 [testicular enlargement is not that evident in the# D! G1 A& X: [9 y" L2 O, p
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
) F. c$ v# t( x1 m" m6 T! Cative initial history of androgen exposure, our
5 N+ t1 H) Z2 M4 h1 O9 L! ]biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
6 T; I0 q. J0 Q' {" u$ yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ G2 c3 ^1 ]# K+ I  V2 [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. z; K( z, h# q" o5 e
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.5 Q' h: F* @+ w6 S  K9 S
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly" g3 r' Y5 s" Q- J% b, \
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
% ?4 E  s3 q+ t/ |/ ]the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, F0 |6 w% |+ ~pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# ]$ R1 s( X5 w+ l, N9 w( h9 y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
/ h1 p. z5 \, l* |terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 I$ ?. M! K' Z* ^5 O$ y% ^/ l( }using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’$ |' N6 @( B2 f; c) r( V
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
2 T% Y# T) D, i3 n6 G2 x; j( }( rcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 K4 _4 F; k2 A+ L
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.1 }# A/ n4 E5 }* f3 d+ M
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
$ S4 O' b* f4 |; T) ~baseline value in those females who were exposed to- y3 b2 B2 F+ e" ]3 J9 T/ c
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; P8 n; H- P) _& J# c% X; S" qpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* i) d' c+ |+ C6 r' `: J& k
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ N- E, J2 `6 z3 `Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,3 a. p6 q! D+ I8 s+ R
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
9 R( N; d. j7 |: D) ?+ Z$ Odermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-/ u6 u3 A( j- \3 [
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
1 ]: B3 i( H3 W8 }! a6 \active in young children exposed to testosterone! g  A( L" O1 p$ Y  V% z9 {. p
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
8 D, }5 ~* M3 D; N$ p6 ddrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 o) ^9 q8 ?$ U! Wvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in8 P" `4 ~5 A  V4 J; z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
- r" A- G  H6 V, n5 y9 x' i& [advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.( f& j+ t/ P- ]  F$ b6 W1 c3 u
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during' n0 J- P8 n# m- x' q; P
early childhood on pubertal development and final" v1 O/ v$ Z1 y. E  C+ V
adult height are not fully known and always remain+ p/ W/ Z9 `6 a' p  s) F& A# f
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
; h# Z2 k" W* R- gterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
4 r4 u* K( B( J) c# f) Q3 Y( [acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% y# l# ^3 M+ t9 s9 r
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation* @8 J  L- G# i4 u0 ]8 x
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9' U5 ]" k& L# L& c) m
There are conflicting reports and controversy
: q" I- Z3 v0 @over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
: b" i) O4 B2 R4 O% s; b$ rpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ v( q! n6 i# @adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. [: ^) N# u$ l5 u
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
" }) q1 G9 v) rSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
8 I* t3 X: K  k0 x+ ?$ D/ I! wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
! ?3 t% c+ L1 T9 a, D' X3 P9 s7 Cpenile length in clinical studies.
% Z  L" r! i9 }( a, M- j$ [Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 x& D4 P/ n8 P. w0 u& vgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from) v3 I, O: e% a2 s, h  k6 E
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: i0 M! o  M1 J
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
0 _2 T  p# m! Q7 p0 [- P: kAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ l# U0 q$ w: mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at0 W9 n$ J" e" N  o
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 E& v" X  Y+ j( X& o) `* k: ~5 i
height will not be affected.) [! l& ?- K# M( ~( q3 U' `) A7 V
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 h2 Q/ x4 P4 h. nability of androgen products in our society may
; ?: V4 W5 v/ N, w/ w4 q- g' |$ X' S: J! xindeed cause more virilization in male or female
% `% P" J8 G/ X0 r, m; [' Qchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 G# x0 `4 Y$ g+ Qgen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 P5 q) G- A7 ~tioning about the use of a testosterone product or1 c' X6 K, K, v$ W; @+ ~
gel should be asked of the family members during
9 _1 i. ]2 w' m; u! R( r* {the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 u( x! X6 d* C% m  M' R! nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
8 S' j5 y: Y( snosis can be established by just a few tests and by9 f5 C3 e$ n' p9 q' F3 [
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ h6 ]' K) [! F3 K6 b- G
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ E7 r) @0 c: L
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
* `1 y: E% W8 K8 Y: F; s$ zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
! O* s+ s- F' L& j1 a- q, l, @7 W, k8 zaware of this fact, because most of these children6 g6 P1 \" D: y- Q, ~) W
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 _) X3 I3 ]  M, D" HDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
) B' C* r! t8 s) A8 Iwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or& Y" b' B1 h3 ~' x! l! o" b
female child who might come in contact with some-
( ~; X- Y8 v. @( ~. Uone using any of these products.
8 T+ D5 B$ d* M9 j5 l9 g, VReferences, @) a  S" t& k! n7 V, y4 v/ F
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) I1 s+ ^/ N' N* s4 `+ @and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric/ ?- A0 o% U1 F) z1 j) n$ G5 g
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
9 J( Z7 {5 N% w# _8 E( Y2002: 565-628.% ^: k+ r$ g8 Z6 M
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
/ H, e0 R1 V, u( R! C/ Y2 \8 ~puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old. b3 P% D/ f; g1 h, v+ O
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
4 r, K* x* C# v% G2 w- B; j% xExposure to Testosterone
9 e8 |6 x( E& L; @. R4 {Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' `$ Z3 ?' G. U: Rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD19 v8 V. i$ `% ~+ z2 K3 I# O, M% q: W
Clinical Pediatrics
4 h$ h9 |: w/ B( ~! @6 tVolume 46 Number 6
. j& `% _9 h7 u8 u: S+ @July 2007 540-543
# P: w9 J' U$ S7 H& A, v! M© 2007 Sage Publications
* j- E" \7 B  r10.1177/0009922806296651
9 [- X& d  S  m) n; z# C& M' zhttp://clp.sagepub.com3 {. r$ m4 a* _' {/ _2 u- a5 B
hosted at/ }" @7 w8 f( t# I6 }
http://online.sagepub.com& F3 m# ^4 Y) m/ [+ z5 `
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" z& j# l6 A2 {  Yis a significant concern for physicians. Central2 [; y, s5 s$ T7 y# q9 m
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated6 I- M7 z2 B; r0 Z0 X+ G
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has; V5 h9 R8 R* Q- H5 t" T
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; `) @6 ]7 Q0 `lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
  e& R" w/ z2 e( }- O# gby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic2 s" v' L4 h" T2 N1 L
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! A$ f  ]  O5 z+ Ecles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
* Q* G* {$ m. z( L; _3 y8 rreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
9 S. d5 D4 n* I# \3 ~& ^3 {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-" x  c) o  g) @$ {
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' m' N3 M2 v% j7 xto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
  i3 h4 M  B/ e- K: qthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ a$ [9 a+ J0 V# emation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 J( c6 f7 L* E: U! `, k* Gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of" r0 `1 T. z0 L2 c
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-5 P, A% {" Z+ ?1 l3 o2 K
bly more common than the rare case report in the2 x- A8 p6 O' T
literature.4
; a1 U# [1 P( dPatient Report! ~3 j7 W" `4 }$ q  ~
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
8 N( I) ^) l3 p1 b' Kendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
9 @% o& ?% O. Tof early sexual development. His mother noticed, W; P5 z. E0 m* J
light colored pubic hair development when he was
- S  w5 U& ]3 G$ W, u6 w+ `7 zFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
9 m; C) U5 [- o5 o' s8 P( ?5 bSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
  x0 y" J" I2 v' S, B; S5 tAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,, F1 ]; V  D: |- ~- I1 Q
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
9 p3 O. X; [* qMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* D# v4 o; z. m% }' A* ]+ ie-mail: [email protected].
" @) |& r! ?5 a9 K/ Y. e7 r; qabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, _1 n3 K. g( _" G5 q  F3 fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
  r3 [/ E) p+ z8 }) k) iment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( {7 i/ j5 w; t& b1 Rwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
2 a+ ^2 V7 Y6 ]. K- Ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of* y& j- v( y$ a, q, p" A
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 j6 O, A/ F" k! `) @! G1 |/ Z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with, {- h8 N& M# O6 m# o9 c% t: h
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
( k, F/ W8 v# O  L3 m+ `; land his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ i+ {3 q9 L, zwas age appropriate.
) j5 |* {5 K3 ^: K5 s2 uThe family history was remarkable for the father,
- A$ Z* J$ x0 W: N/ O- rwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! k- G+ s# o& b6 v9 ywhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
5 g# }+ q- f- @4 K3 j- \height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
  E3 h% P& y) u! Aearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 |  J; c+ a+ v+ g2 qThe father denied taking any other medication. The' i! _1 ~$ Q  ^0 i; ^3 ?
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 v2 M3 ]! L1 d$ x
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 O1 }! ?/ ~$ ]" R9 M2 ?) N: M0 y
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-) B# }2 z" H& A
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 j+ ~/ E, d1 v; l* }# T7 Z: K$ n5 T
tives. There were no siblings.: ^/ n# y; O' p# d" {/ E# |; Z
Physical Examination
+ g7 \9 Y" y7 J3 _' eThe physical examination revealed a very active,
' z# x2 i2 g$ p0 B' R. rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
' I8 @4 A, R; D/ |+ A/ M" o& ba blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. o. U' A* q9 x; J& J0 I
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg# T: ^; p+ O1 V6 E3 d1 {" |
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
" ]# N8 X1 o* I! gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
1 [' P% c  b/ A4 J; L; Dthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
  Q9 {# P" u! d% s6 RThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
6 X) D3 B$ a" y6 J! i, z8 \enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. q4 U6 V3 f/ B  v
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well3 J. ?7 u& `9 T* [9 N2 y! ?
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around6 N# }; X8 l# H0 ^; Q$ L) P9 e
540/ K) a7 M. T: O
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 {! m$ i  v& _, |the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
  H0 p# p# @; y# f: atesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.. Y9 g$ _* f" A+ k9 q& r
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat* e" ~5 {0 G7 G9 {: @, g) t; N# E
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no9 c- ?5 f5 |) ]) ^. f
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 c. I& G9 o7 g. v# n* h2 A& Z
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, j% r* Z' E+ N- Obilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion+ ]" ~. p# H8 g9 l$ F5 P
of papilledema.
+ T, r9 Y3 ]6 P) T- d3 E6 tLaboratory Evaluation/ D. S# J! p% b+ q; p" O' ]
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by" Z; c# X$ s$ ~) X
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-# j$ ?" V; N* Q$ i! ~. a( I" S
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
/ A: Y7 c, \2 ?3 u) tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
& Q# k7 ^( s0 j' n: ~8 gshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 T8 }( o: l* T' w( i& h0 K
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 U7 e: m0 g! |: y0 t( @& d" c/ oThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 r; o7 q! D* g$ E1 }
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) ?# d8 x0 ~, r! a5 ^( z
within normal range for his age. The concentration5 U5 V3 n  G1 r  M' `
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. ]2 m; d1 G" O+ J; d6 T+ G) L$ Z: w
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 T% M5 n# k. g5 S  [% sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; T* P+ K2 F0 K! Hterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 V* i7 z$ c& m5 j. {# @desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- k4 w: C) h6 P3 F8 s49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)1 I& ?9 k, w( F
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
! ]) U5 U1 ?6 r' R$ d9 stisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 [" t2 y4 j6 o* ~/ P# ~testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
7 c- N% `2 S% o* Fand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than, k- l7 r& f" U/ ~
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular7 x! z& p* b6 _$ L
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* W! K4 ~5 `9 ~* a% u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 E1 e5 k& q& E9 g& a
(prepubertal).1 W% U: A0 _+ ~# ~. x  n
The parents were notified about the laboratory4 f# F- H3 n' r
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ Y9 f) h% Y: |  g  o, Knormal except the testosterone level was high. The
) k- E: [2 f( r4 kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% x) P! Q9 L- U; X. ~obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 N; }/ I  P0 v2 F( c; I- G3 ~ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ g6 g9 w3 J- X  l. gPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
. t! ?7 C* e+ X' \8 Cchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ {6 M, N" m; G% p2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! Q  Q: M! l% [' e7 U9 C' aunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
8 k" h, q; x; xpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' x/ g$ P* y1 R: ethe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 28 [  [4 k+ P4 ]# A9 Z, G
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
+ V9 `& U8 E4 [4 \1 L7 Q( U9 K( CThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
& s6 q8 Q/ }( N! D& X3 Q! ?! R0 S, @ing frequent erections.! {- P- b) D2 o: i
Both parents were again questioned about use of
: S5 v, K# N; u, y8 Cany ointment/creams that they may have applied to) Q% X' Q7 O% H) S1 S6 T
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ _/ l8 u$ o1 d& u! q$ `Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5416 K# m* E6 I. l
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 B+ W, V1 ~2 S
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- S  Q9 [) E8 @. o% D2 Ta year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 V3 e4 b. I; g' k1 l
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 m4 G: e9 F' ~1 {6 U4 u" w0 r9 }scribed by his family physician for decreased libido  x8 O/ `# c$ k
secondary to depression.8 H2 [/ a" v+ k' B. X- ~
The child slept in the same bed with parents.3 v' T1 J! q7 z- \3 E
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# _# {" N0 c$ B: s8 Schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% {/ c/ X; }5 w
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
- V" X2 K+ M6 p+ [5 T% PThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
. r5 f4 ^+ ~7 D# O$ j" Nwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
% n* T( t/ I" c& X5 W5 n4 pwas high, he then read the product information/ g0 r2 Q1 ~9 l/ F# _0 y- }- R
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 S9 P0 p) y6 p+ ?son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. }3 u# ^) t6 Q3 a% Q- V4 y/ A
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- f; q0 Q* }8 w& R  P
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 _9 U3 T! `% G4 ~9 S" z0 }been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 f: f$ t. v! ptest was ordered, but the family did not go to the3 [) e" b" T3 D: V7 d% f" h
laboratory to obtain the test.4 J! U& {3 {: r! k
Discussion! G7 e8 l$ @1 A, w2 ]5 H, u- b# A
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" V$ K) o$ w5 k+ u1 d- X
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% u7 d" v& c+ ~9 l: j% Z. qPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) B  h+ O1 R) y+ {$ `5 nit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
* j' g2 d, D* cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-( Z! K; G9 f* _; m/ t
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
+ Z$ R0 H7 X* C+ g( A' kmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
; p: ]1 C1 r, D- tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 r( V# a) \2 r
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! g7 r% U5 Z/ ~4 N! qsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 l" R) p' U; k  c/ Aboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-% {. M* }* i0 o1 b4 G, T
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# v* I, D! f3 b: Lrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
/ S! ?3 u8 `  z: U8 |5 u! {# Hgonadotropins.1,3
+ J( j( r$ l8 `4 }7 e" pGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, e9 @" Q- T3 Q. P9 z5 n6 Kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
4 q* k, j4 l. c/ B4 f  Mandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 p8 k$ G' @1 vexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-, X! o: r% h# C. c4 p- `( v
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing' W. m: a  r/ l1 J. T, ~
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive  P. c4 u/ u" N( \  S! p
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
9 S% i0 ~* M6 ppuberty in boys.3,4
  E& `# F8 {0 r" r$ v0 Z6 aThe most common form of congenital adrenal
+ R: y% J( B' R3 I7 d& Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.0 Q6 t, l! i4 c. I+ L; A
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
% u6 o$ n, T, h! q/ @% O9 o# ^. B% Eexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,6 T9 i( C% _& e+ T4 i9 H; ^
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 n, w8 j& v" g8 T* p! Y* ?1 G" C  L2 Iexcess.1,3) A5 N8 O) V0 e* p7 M# v3 j  T+ o* X
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# ]( r- |- c0 e542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007) u7 `6 J( |* T+ ]# J, x
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
2 X6 K: i& [- |: Dindependent precocious puberty, which is also known( l8 @) R. _+ @4 V
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
9 L2 x, g- Q* I1 y: Zvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
+ Y! T! n% b) T+ G, }) L) V9 bwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
" t: M2 A: R' q5 a( j% @including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys4 w) U4 V% L+ r, L3 ?
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder  v  F: f4 n/ \2 Z, T3 e4 l
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
* Y0 K4 H4 \2 [+ zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
6 L  n+ W- {. f, `% Y* }6 zreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked8 }  H5 `. v0 q8 u
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 y2 M5 v8 w* y# p0 N+ T0 e( _
males; therefore, other male members of the family
4 h% U: i! j4 F) T: Dmay have similar precocious puberty.3
/ k7 a/ }; G# G  l/ jIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ t9 o; m2 P- \. n( z* M& m# `sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
# l$ E/ g8 F, h7 N* Hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& r. J* K8 d5 n. z9 m; ?3 s
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 l) Y6 c! L) g- }$ G( Istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 F; m& U! C- @$ mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
; w' `/ Q1 R+ y5 h& t% nbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. B  u4 H( C5 Z0 i, r7 sative initial history of androgen exposure, our; q$ D# J4 Z! a/ E, ~' y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 V9 H/ L& u) Y& f% b  seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 u+ B; Q; Q- H- q5 P/ K2 S9 g3 Ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-; K7 {% O& q& t+ p; Q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.+ q. ?7 d, M7 I2 P9 U7 q* I
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly1 J8 U& Y! D& Q8 `; m: q: V
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 J) D% k  z  o9 h# c
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
4 R- }1 Q' L2 ~) R5 X  @pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and% y- S5 H4 T, n5 t
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 _3 ~* U: x- o. @6 ~' s/ ]. m
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was$ o  D( ?$ T6 o& a
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 u+ q0 A0 {7 F- E. }! MDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or  s5 n5 |: Z5 A" \) @/ t# q* F' x
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
$ D8 T* D2 p  R8 S/ A" N( Funprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- h+ N7 w, S% l$ Q; d9 ~$ SSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 h, U" r$ Z8 a0 K& d
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
7 O' s/ d7 j& |0 q# I. feven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 s+ D* f* z1 {! W; a2 \# ~$ f3 S
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* t+ i; N( U" h! @. Z1 o0 Z) p6 S. o
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' R; ~4 L) {8 s& mOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ I( t7 w7 L( H8 P* _4 F
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. I8 `! ?  Z  v1 y' ~1 @
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-% j0 Y7 O6 o! s& m0 H0 [) \0 x
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" j  N: A8 k+ L2 n: ~, u
active in young children exposed to testosterone/ O- E* n9 ~. v- f& S2 q- {
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ _+ M. U9 q8 f$ Ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  T; L0 F% N% n3 Nvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in  F: x" Z' x1 z7 F6 Q4 @, \
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
( w6 C& m8 r& }" F, ], ~advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.& K% C$ Z. b! e3 [* ?
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during' s, r% w6 [3 p
early childhood on pubertal development and final( Q' W4 H+ x+ \; l4 u
adult height are not fully known and always remain
  i. i* w; `  U# f# W4 J6 Ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
4 R7 y. K) e1 Eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
! G) |1 z0 `0 k( o: |, Iacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" R: ?2 I8 G& v6 G6 Z* o. e
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
5 v3 h. e6 N6 q0 r9 \" Gdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,94 n. r5 Y# e- O6 U2 ^% ]! O. ]" o
There are conflicting reports and controversy: y$ I8 K' _  A9 v
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* m1 R! w( y+ w7 U
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal. ^3 Z' r. b5 G" G1 [
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
+ E" K& |/ S* l( f, {  L* a2 {ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. X- j' |# G! O# iSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( O3 w2 K( W2 w7 \+ q6 ^) ^6 H9 |
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
4 O& H" c) \$ [# |penile length in clinical studies.( N- `7 y7 s1 c
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is) {, f1 m2 h) o! d1 D
going to experience any of the untoward effects from8 w0 N3 B! J: ], @8 n
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* W+ k0 s# J% `; L
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) V+ v) d; G! U/ |0 kAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
# W$ w, j) X( [  Rdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
) t9 }/ Z' O# W, e/ |2 d: Othe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult3 a8 E, e! C+ J7 t8 c
height will not be affected.
- e' f# p; b) U& x( u% OAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-; F. J7 ~% m  F; K2 m4 y0 a  @. V
ability of androgen products in our society may: M3 y2 D$ J+ u% H' d( D, W
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
  s9 C. U+ r) Q7 Achildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: c1 Z2 D6 w( u7 |# t
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
1 a) F- u1 Y( y# v3 f8 _# |tioning about the use of a testosterone product or9 L$ F) @4 d+ E* @
gel should be asked of the family members during
2 x% R) B  |7 ~* t# t# K- Xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 w7 u, L+ B1 a& {ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
# \) x& \+ a& u+ a$ Z' qnosis can be established by just a few tests and by- R3 s/ U7 T! D. W3 U
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a& `1 b4 i1 k: q6 X  |, {
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
+ ^! D- s4 m% T0 sresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive+ @3 T- H+ ]% k: S" ~
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ C; q, [# U  @7 m
aware of this fact, because most of these children
, |8 E+ c' w2 Y5 {" Smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ ~0 @2 L* s1 K* X5 q" [4 y
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
. X5 H; Z6 M6 p/ X; [warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
3 ?- W# z+ ^) E# h! M% Q- k4 pfemale child who might come in contact with some-$ u+ h" j3 f1 f/ b
one using any of these products.4 P8 g$ W4 V- m2 J1 d' ~( d3 H& ^
References' ?% u' Y! D, i% H$ Q* B% u
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. E4 ?; C. w$ i1 |1 E
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
/ l* v/ ~: Y' X* K* ^Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! v) K& o. z4 P8 ]* M7 b
2002: 565-628.
) m/ B$ J, X4 Y) B1 E. G2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 g5 ?, A$ z* ?/ Z5 a! apuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

$ Z  c* Y( P- a0 [精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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