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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old; \6 N- P7 k+ T
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ i" W' c. h6 K/ U6 @9 IExposure to Testosterone0 K3 l. ?+ V. e& l1 y% b
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2/ f& j" t: C' b& c. c
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1# E/ c7 `7 y- L. _9 k% b
Clinical Pediatrics6 H1 T, w7 H$ K0 A, [" A$ S- Q4 U3 ]
Volume 46 Number 62 ]& z) b) N" G8 y8 m: v! k" H! Z" f
July 2007 540-543; f0 `/ Q3 M; C. o( M& O$ K
© 2007 Sage Publications
5 K. F; ?0 A" p& f+ T10.1177/0009922806296651% R- M- g/ m+ [% h" ]" D
http://clp.sagepub.com2 b+ R$ j) c  Z- V, B8 @( ^
hosted at5 Y' z3 I( }8 i6 u  J8 o9 }: D
http://online.sagepub.com" v8 I6 a) m% q; G1 n
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
/ B7 C) f* R+ ]- P4 @. |0 h$ Zis a significant concern for physicians. Central: \" k  s5 y; K8 o1 v+ |# o( L
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated) T' V2 @1 ^, r3 [# i
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has) G: G, r1 E) i, w
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
+ W, j0 _/ ^( Q# _; L, olesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
, a9 r% @! p; A* S4 n  {; K  |8 Sby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
$ q: F3 @# y& Y# u" w* Whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) u" g% S' k! r; U6 O' k6 \2 t; v  x
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
  `0 w# P6 H. x! Jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
3 B% Y# o8 {3 v5 |9 p! h- d( o; Uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-& e* m( y/ _! w3 ~0 o# S# Z# F
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
; L, E/ m6 z8 J9 k% Lto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ I; k* S& x' J) y$ I, q# i: x% _
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-2 X7 D0 q! ~% c0 |# [6 E
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this% c7 x; \4 r+ v" O' @; t* U
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of. K. G( a9 I" H1 C% [
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
8 W8 ^6 e' B! {4 L( w1 R# ibly more common than the rare case report in the
3 H! G7 T! l+ R/ }5 Kliterature.4
' }: T" C. o# ~% i) \Patient Report. V* ]6 w. S. m7 O* i% K
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the- z* m/ g+ X! Y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
6 L& G4 a. x) E& W1 s" rof early sexual development. His mother noticed
! s8 j. p2 k) h1 Y* \8 p2 S9 Wlight colored pubic hair development when he was# Z: Y+ l+ n5 R3 t
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
, m4 F1 R  L' f6 \( W1 y* XSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.9 p) c( ]9 k( N2 H6 G, p9 L
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 O* R8 J' }5 o! y5 _  J: _
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 B0 y2 V0 {$ |0 N8 Y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ U7 P# i* s" u# Y( |: F$ ~e-mail: [email protected].. s1 Q) x1 P; D7 s/ s" I+ d
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 v0 b2 Z7 n  @6 y3 B
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) W) t" z" S2 q# d0 @
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child1 j! ~! d, x' a% S  U
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
3 q! {& R0 V) ?0 K/ Z, S8 m2 Za birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
9 y0 b- U% ~" e2 R0 ^  ?2 Y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year8 I! d0 ]. X/ O' _
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 v& Y& E& e: T7 M5 N2 W: Isolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
7 m. L# y' F, C6 wand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
) E9 I2 C2 t* E1 |. E# Lwas age appropriate.8 h! q( V# ]) \6 r
The family history was remarkable for the father,, k; |9 a. s* c/ s
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,8 i) X. E4 C9 @' G+ [+ q
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
1 v+ h9 l+ ?" U* D& Zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% B' G, Z" X6 X  H' _3 Jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: d4 [5 {$ n. n6 ?+ X, h5 X
The father denied taking any other medication. The" W( Q8 n, k+ D4 d
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, R( ?9 x) y4 D! k( |
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
0 x: }9 ?' }) {1 M, w, _- j5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-7 M6 Z- B& x! u) \# M4 \3 }
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
- M: Y! Y3 w. etives. There were no siblings., u, `0 @9 t+ n; J) g7 R
Physical Examination* g/ h( v$ B# ^4 B: `
The physical examination revealed a very active,
0 ~1 W! l) G) ]0 l$ f0 ~, Dplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
1 i9 g3 T' K) {3 G' ^  ta blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
, U9 u# D+ U  N* s- T. N90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg' F; [$ Q! x6 l8 J6 Y$ d
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, e/ w8 d, r, i8 `7 hvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% E" k' ~5 q$ s( d- }0 `6 K
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ u7 F, S& f% y  l- i; iThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for! O7 J; @' y) B. v! [8 [
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
" p: H' a2 ~4 A: _8 [8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well6 `' ?7 ~2 q+ _/ ?" K# p" _* s( C
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. w' G( G* c- y4 C, {' a/ @4 M9 [: a540
3 s! x) X5 v9 p" [- c0 Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: q& S) F; c, c% v9 o# Athe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' S3 B3 R& D, y/ w- h: \. |testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' `4 j( K* F& `  H+ }7 ~
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat( ^. b3 u/ _6 S) n, B1 s! i+ f
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& Q; k  x" c$ ~2 S& e5 Dabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ D/ z, I7 X$ c6 ?
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ z- k, c9 V5 N  t' w" ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
  ?* W* X: g: y- T, E% z0 oof papilledema.
9 v2 _8 s2 v9 K; ]- LLaboratory Evaluation: L  F. ?% V2 \& i5 \
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 H, j$ }. _! W6 Z
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-( R& B0 v% n. ^- O7 e; I
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( i1 q4 J+ s! ]+ vkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test4 L# W, r$ h4 V/ S; k) O
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-: ?: z& `' e- ?! q
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
- C6 Q3 y; L$ ]8 x% A  BThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 r$ p# j# e& [urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
- I& n/ G5 l# `" J6 q; rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
7 s. D9 G8 u. lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 z3 i* b2 W: g2 [# ^" e(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
. W; ^) l+ ^1 K1 e3 |4 e0 S$ I2 bng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( i3 b0 S+ J/ G6 ]! Xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) D; ]0 i+ U( l8 D) Jdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
( D4 |. `, x$ I49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 i6 |; b5 ~" Y/ Pwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' Z% D6 f% r$ C( e3 }8 j
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ p' h- g6 A: k' k2 ctestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),; X( _* W+ W: I. ]( B6 O1 r# l+ z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* B4 m  o  R/ ~' F2 U! D  I/ K
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular: ^; Z5 f0 j8 M
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone4 ?  [& Q2 V* M& ?( N
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL8 `' L, C2 w' V! B$ B0 Z
(prepubertal).( P  S( f( `  A. `0 M+ H
The parents were notified about the laboratory
  X3 k3 |- X" _# K) zresults and were informed that all of the tests were6 R% Y$ m" P; m7 K8 \3 h" U4 \
normal except the testosterone level was high. The) P9 M3 V. G% ~  Q( v: z0 O% @
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to. R- R' J% Q5 r* \% @& I7 ?, ~0 o
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) m6 ^1 v1 Y( H+ B# T, [ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
7 P" `. @7 b* Q/ J0 J% pPhysical examination at this time revealed that the1 E  A" `7 C/ j# Z6 i5 h
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
4 {) k) y+ F- x3 |- A- E2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 Z) g$ P8 A" Q/ {& t8 v8 p, gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-' o5 v4 O7 A) I2 w. H& B! q" s
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, p5 h3 J# J8 X, @+ othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 i$ Z$ u7 d2 d8 i1 k" ImL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.2 ^6 g. ?  c  E4 `) o
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-6 \# t; T" X. n$ g
ing frequent erections.
% Y6 j+ n0 P& e! Y9 b0 pBoth parents were again questioned about use of
/ H$ {4 U2 `( F) C0 aany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
. Z* m/ m, U! V. tthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
; i9 X$ p  k/ W, p8 ~Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# i* B1 q4 J" _; w& Nuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. P/ W" C- q9 q" ning over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) h" i5 K5 {! p7 \& la year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed3 L( P; o7 v6 I! z# b0 F
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
7 z) F1 p5 `& `# `scribed by his family physician for decreased libido( R8 m; k' l/ z' C, n+ J- n$ C
secondary to depression.$ ?! @7 B/ l9 P! B/ s' e
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
" O! S1 |3 {- h, H: RThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
  u# d; s* g  g& X) |7 [chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( g2 h1 {  T1 ?0 m+ j# C. Lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.- \- N; C% M' Y* {. `7 K: Z5 R
The father also admitted that after the phone call,* N, i6 m6 ]" e& q* t$ }% B3 t0 m
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
* [- s9 H% c0 L6 ewas high, he then read the product information: @/ Q. p- h( q2 C# U
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-# {4 M/ n3 a, I- V
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; m7 F; `/ E6 n  V' r# a6 _; zdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
: j! P/ l5 V: o- G5 ^5 S/ D% ~: _father was not hugging him with bare skin and had; |3 R5 f- Z+ J. f$ d5 L
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ A" |- R" \' ?% F8 `( w2 ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ V5 x! x  ?/ H1 ~& m1 ?laboratory to obtain the test.
2 V, u! f) H8 m- R. D" k3 A6 LDiscussion, g: k0 X; U% J$ u
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 i& Q5 @- k6 Usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% ?8 M) M! b' ~% @! p" `) ]  b9 J
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ `& O: U$ x' |it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) }  M" g5 Z3 J; p0 dthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 V7 G( |7 u" Z9 Bmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 |( E7 S& B# b, |
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
4 ^( \2 O: c  T1 vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 N; }/ J; q$ h  B
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-7 e) }1 c2 E" U, l  ~5 K" u: |' J
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, ]2 Y: X  O  ?+ ]$ X. J( I) ^& w& Hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ s9 `! B) R( I3 K% k4 V6 Q0 `' ^$ b
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
* H  p" V* R# S4 Z- g3 ?% _, g  brical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by  v" f  d8 [  c% L* u) G
gonadotropins.1,3
- ~0 w# ~0 ~) S: Q' }Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; m9 Y4 l( x5 _cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ J7 R9 E9 ^8 \& P5 i* V
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ p* J$ k) Z! V+ C1 D9 ]; Lexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ H; N" }: W* ^
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing. ?" s( U; o3 @( ], ^' c8 ]7 j
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- S" X% M# e& |. c0 A
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ p3 r) Z( d0 t% f' G+ s2 k
puberty in boys.3,4' I- ]3 t8 F, X# r& c) G
The most common form of congenital adrenal8 Q# o% {3 n/ H+ z( i, ?
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; X7 [5 c7 l5 }The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in4 O+ V% [  B: s* V' Q2 p- q( [
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
8 [9 i+ M7 V5 [an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, X. H: f0 S5 X: T7 B6 Dexcess.1,3% z+ M) x9 r- z1 L5 ?1 ~& N8 `' Z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 v  w9 R4 A  }1 y) h5 E
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
/ h9 g2 Z; Y- ]8 `( Y- o( kA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& O& C" A9 N0 t
independent precocious puberty, which is also known+ }% c; d5 G7 r- {
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a7 P# `$ @& |. A0 H- ]8 z* d
very young age. The physical findings in these boys7 i* c. z6 |, t* u% r7 _
with this disorder are full pubertal development,: t8 Q2 e" |. F: b
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 T9 \) x* g* O8 r6 O: C$ t
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
% x; m) J( L( A' x6 q2 Fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show2 P/ D. n2 ~3 O! r+ R1 n% V  P
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ }) y8 s9 N/ x7 P
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" ^8 N. n- |+ n! V
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only3 c; h! s& ?; Q
males; therefore, other male members of the family
2 _7 u% Y9 h: D& C0 wmay have similar precocious puberty.37 G$ r1 w, j, ]9 {, o3 G
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
; E# U) q( {9 K5 `, m' U, ]% zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ @4 t" L- j" S9 A1 r
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis+ `/ I1 \# h$ J! x
was in the differential diagnosis because his father, G" _! a  G' a; H
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
) Y: n0 m. n8 g$ H( [$ d9 ctesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
. t3 l! I* v4 zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
& d; X8 e( P- fative initial history of androgen exposure, our
  h( W0 e5 @7 m3 d1 ]" W, |biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,6 _* S+ A( t' W( P" e) w; z. X
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase' O0 e& D1 Z: Y: s. I) \( r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 ^$ O  A( L* Uing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! a: W! _4 X" X% U9 A' h4 F2 HThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
! z5 R$ P* r4 B6 L9 P! t, V6 psuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, m, m3 G, W$ o- I- ^" v5 K* w* |+ s4 Nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-. u: p% {- o/ x. v( f
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
; W. ?  N0 e. F2 n$ [! X5 ~decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
2 |. d! z/ o4 xterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ d8 k1 m: ], U+ P
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) v& T2 _+ @7 A: L6 s1 K
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
5 j1 r2 _9 d6 m* W' }+ r2 [cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
) L6 w4 c- ?$ T8 _4 N# V& Kunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
% i' f* L6 D0 D6 g4 SSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 a  G. A+ r( {
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
* [3 {. B8 Z" c: leven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male2 l" F! L5 F0 c! S, s; ~
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-5 n2 {; W. t  ~& M' B
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; H/ P  A) V9 G5 S3 p
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,8 N: H& i8 [$ k. k8 Q. w
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 c+ O& k  n7 |* {8 @- l0 ]dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 @( {2 L' q/ k- C1 Xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& L: ~( w) G  Mactive in young children exposed to testosterone0 N5 y) m% S2 ?) W! W# p! I
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-& _# }) R' M- k/ f7 t4 y. L* m
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ g) E4 b% F% o+ o4 E0 K1 B
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in/ j: N9 L6 C2 m) g& R: w7 E/ H
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
* `' d1 k# W6 g# T. }$ O/ ?advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
* {, Q( }1 _2 u8 h" j. O" @The long-term effect of androgen exposure during- T% t3 H' |+ T9 n' f2 u" X) `
early childhood on pubertal development and final
1 M1 e" U6 E9 x9 G+ Madult height are not fully known and always remain
! v4 U  [. {- [1 }  Ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 k+ x, G; @. O( Y9 H
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
6 [9 e" q% t/ z0 \2 f* t5 ^/ ]* gacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" T7 ]- m. X( P, E# p# K6 Bcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# V3 d. o* F+ `0 [" i. I
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& ?( Z5 M, L  E5 kThere are conflicting reports and controversy/ K" ]( c! K+ I6 `5 s& F
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
! U& Q% l7 I" |$ K$ w, cpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, t. {) m: C4 l; E1 ~& A4 O1 m6 b
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
9 r8 @4 C* U+ S3 uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
- R2 R! D% z2 p; @Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between: A; x5 F& d$ b* l0 s
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
' h, v/ Q1 z  m* ]. }. h" Epenile length in clinical studies.5 b; P1 T# d( G# s% g, T
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is" D0 \! E/ t; y) ^, i# A
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
, {) c" k' L3 K, u3 _  M. N& @testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because6 b2 }  ?, p5 j
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
% N( ~5 t5 {3 k% Q$ u( GAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of3 H; }6 a1 w6 j" y' J
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
9 j* P/ T8 P9 a1 ~/ Athe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. v0 a; Q" \: J( a: }: V
height will not be affected.
+ q( c$ j% M/ L1 C0 L6 jAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-; Q3 Y+ C& [0 ?. G
ability of androgen products in our society may; c) S% C( ^( g6 F
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 W: @3 Z9 }' i6 |3 }1 R+ m- kchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
( t; p- |' B6 @- h5 e' kgen products must be considered and specific ques-
: t1 ^) J. o* Y9 a. f! ntioning about the use of a testosterone product or: t% V5 T4 ?/ ^9 v9 b6 n0 t* W
gel should be asked of the family members during
7 i6 T# D' G$ g# `the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
) }( t0 O3 j( c" ]ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
( ?& ?' p# u- W# nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( G: r* R2 P- H/ R, C& q4 P# p/ |5 Oappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 x& q; _0 C* c1 H* Xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
1 m) `/ Q5 R! K, b. Uresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ x: _, n6 _, }2 m$ M# m) Yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
, ]/ ]  d' G5 c. vaware of this fact, because most of these children
3 S4 g+ E6 ~' J* Smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
9 i( T, L9 Z; I& \% V' k# ZDesk Reference and package insert should also put a* p1 y) T4 @% Y, Y- e" R
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or3 `- f' T- f6 p. F7 E2 C  ^: s
female child who might come in contact with some-
. F5 f8 I4 n6 g- `one using any of these products.
( R! v9 ]' k4 S. z# tReferences
8 ^: w+ g# O2 H! e* q6 u5 N, d: x3 s1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' n! e* X$ w. _9 @4 s0 M) K- Qand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
% [3 L6 M3 b6 Q$ gEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;0 `* ~5 l4 h% L' i3 `
2002: 565-628.8 B8 F$ o! v7 S
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ I% z0 {  j8 y) e6 T; M6 \9 w
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: @1 Y( U  X; k$ ~( b  eBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
: A9 g2 \0 q/ a: xExposure to Testosterone
2 ?; S6 }/ e4 eSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 f9 f  F$ _* o3 @. \and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 o4 P+ ^' Y( _9 a# N  S) `; i2 n
Clinical Pediatrics( e! r; {2 b  k& C* R& R4 f
Volume 46 Number 6
& j; J( [& R; q+ T+ @& TJuly 2007 540-543
$ V0 U. ~$ k8 C/ [; F5 a© 2007 Sage Publications( ?3 E" ?8 ~8 }& j
10.1177/00099228062966517 i4 e9 ^  F8 M/ r) [% e
http://clp.sagepub.com
7 s7 a" E0 J& t2 }/ rhosted at
* j! o& t% @8 H; Rhttp://online.sagepub.com' C% F3 e* _9 A4 N1 w& O- n6 B! G& f
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 y9 u8 I, {/ A# I+ Y1 g! M3 R5 Nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
; n- a' P; m, J9 s- i: }( t9 Hprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated, V, \; u6 b6 g1 X& L
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has) K: @: f$ W! ?6 Q- v2 P
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system; B2 t& u4 |& \5 D
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
+ ]* d, b! `5 N9 ?1 Rby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic5 f7 L$ ?0 a0 e$ O& W: `# i) |
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& r" @. ]8 E( c3 w9 N5 g
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) l/ ]$ ]6 L/ ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& k) F/ O5 w0 a; k0 }
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 ~! o( K' f6 W! @ment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 G1 u$ a$ u+ l" S/ {) |! H' A
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by' }% f, O" E9 ^% v. d
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-# e: I: `1 D/ Z2 j; K$ I
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
9 o% V" r& f3 Q1 j$ R' wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
8 _. e$ Y/ d) O. Z& btestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. C) A# f7 j/ |  g' P- B- _
bly more common than the rare case report in the1 Y0 r# |, [/ m/ p5 i# ~
literature.4
& E# ]* z8 ^- \Patient Report
3 _: {: f7 |9 C6 K' C4 yA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
& o, d% t; h* ^7 t; f( Aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- _% x1 a% {7 }of early sexual development. His mother noticed
7 O9 n) U% H1 ?light colored pubic hair development when he was
' a7 U/ e" B+ J; ~From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
1 s2 X! P2 ]0 t0 r! {South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. l) \( G' f; |0 k! R- A% {Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,6 w5 l# b( Y% x' S/ A6 ]% h) c) \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. y4 S+ a: Q! N& k5 v9 o- g) sMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; g, |5 i$ K5 W, W4 S( i9 d/ P
e-mail: [email protected].
" a' ~0 k( _6 r+ Aabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became- h, }- _6 H: ?3 F  J/ x* R  i5 a
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) f" o" |- u+ s9 x: ^! Q/ Xment of his penis and frequent erections. The child& e4 R7 u, T$ `/ g$ R: Z7 n( d; ^
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 e8 N6 n- O; J( u! f
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: p/ ^! q* @2 G; N1 s! s20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 w! N" N* ~" n  H  m
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with& E5 o7 l/ R% _1 X
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 c* w+ h2 p. k( \$ Xand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
9 B1 T7 U) [* N  `1 g/ dwas age appropriate.
# U# w. K/ V! U8 Z: S4 p1 WThe family history was remarkable for the father,1 b+ X' @+ E; W& o- I+ A$ [5 s* P
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,2 s. O) P. Q# N
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s8 J0 n' [6 ]1 }  v4 V& V. Z
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat1 C  ]( t6 K% d' K4 Z
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.5 J, Z( A) L6 E6 A" x
The father denied taking any other medication. The
. K! }! b& m* ~( l$ K6 rchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& e6 K4 I3 S& T/ i. i* Y( iwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet, D4 i- _9 {: e0 e/ V+ a' C/ M# p
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-8 i" U9 `5 I, K, a5 A/ K
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% o9 b/ V) E6 ~% etives. There were no siblings.
6 v, E  x6 A8 b% h: p, YPhysical Examination( Q: O' r4 l* C* V) X/ y
The physical examination revealed a very active,
# O) @# z+ Z! b3 R9 }2 q! J/ pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 Y1 V1 S# ]4 H" n- b2 N' F! m- n
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was+ J1 Y) ?0 Q4 X
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg3 n, U$ A9 v/ ]$ U0 d& W
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 q) G8 @5 B  \
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
3 l+ d6 w. C! @9 v& wthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.! [5 ~1 P. B9 O9 ^1 T3 M6 r" V
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
& X4 K0 q7 A6 a5 henlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# A' ^& f6 k, U, N' P, _/ g" o/ i
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
! P6 U0 K: a( A- Z6 {, T; m7 w4 Z3 K: _developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
6 f/ S4 q1 U) r& ~2 a" ^! w5401 g9 W0 W- T# u# g
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the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The( A: {1 n5 z& i3 O' y# R2 s
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.! ?6 `' p9 b0 i2 h3 F
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat( X' j! u: Q, Z9 M
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no" ~& U3 a" A/ O8 F
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 n. N1 [* p; ?$ ?/ r8 ?- \( U
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! T* @; u4 |' {bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, Q" a! v/ W) A; X6 A; u/ J1 b- ^
of papilledema.: q% U1 N3 j+ b0 A" _
Laboratory Evaluation# [9 c. D+ T% T% C2 }2 H* ~
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 B$ @% |/ G. ~: u! a% Ausing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' C5 A& O0 n" z  h! o- glogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( Q+ e/ t: N2 M2 qkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" @- P9 M. `$ o! x
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-2 q1 R+ Q$ i0 x) f( }! J: F4 j
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 l1 @/ k; D# nThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
3 v% Y  c% @" \urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
4 f" O( w2 A0 K3 _) E  P5 O1 ?within normal range for his age. The concentration& U( z% M. f4 E/ y! \$ R
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% M+ n' L+ O$ d* Q" F- K(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: e1 C* l- K9 m9 J
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-+ d( y: B" r+ ^# E
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
: ]* X6 d9 A& R7 ^! T+ n' ~# O) L2 c  Z! cdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
5 B( g- G/ s6 `49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)1 b, N0 C# K& f% t
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( [! P7 I7 B. n# D% x: T/ k" C+ r$ r; {$ L
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# o) b9 H2 i% d/ k' m2 t4 @7 G
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
& A" M1 W9 v, ~" mand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
( W$ r& }" S/ n2 e/ \# ~$ Z+ B1 M5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 o: O. R( G1 o# Vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 r5 R* ?$ \8 G) i; ], \/ M1 u9 H
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
9 h  E/ l  R  m  F6 t- E(prepubertal).- }* _0 t5 s: z$ ~
The parents were notified about the laboratory
4 ?4 c7 L2 M8 a" V5 o4 ]results and were informed that all of the tests were
7 x" ~) d. n9 ?3 W' ?/ L7 Tnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
2 o7 F. Q# W2 v# R# |follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
0 }, o! k5 K2 H7 e8 e* h  T& }2 b2 gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-6 V6 B7 N% E" P" A+ {
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) ~8 d8 u( n) B3 U1 F. R
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
2 d* A- f- N3 ychild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
4 E0 L: O& m. _) @0 B7 B* o: W/ x; t2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
& `; j/ E1 v, C. r( @" I% w! B6 ~1 U( gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: ]9 s$ n( E6 ]% |5 j3 opletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
( K+ l! t* D; Ethe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
$ a, r4 v$ z: n2 }mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.& R0 ]$ z9 F2 ]% [( a0 t  U# V; @
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ Y: p" {+ o; ~/ h3 q( B9 u& s, king frequent erections.
$ K6 n, {6 I9 N6 aBoth parents were again questioned about use of
  ~) S( R& |# R+ D- X/ j% K+ uany ointment/creams that they may have applied to) p0 V! w& L1 H. \3 T' T# i
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( w" }! V1 ?# g
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' U2 K7 n" @7 q3 n  huse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-1 s8 R1 l5 c: R
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- R  m: j- R& c5 u9 k2 o" u/ }3 ^a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed( x3 C$ O7 S; s
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
& _( p0 [, m! Q; G5 g, R4 ~' @scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
4 T. B0 K) u$ Q  Zsecondary to depression.
) r2 `: E7 q( D/ PThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 C2 U. L# R0 d; w% Q( d5 Z& Z. D
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his. v( ~$ ~% F/ d( J( e2 w5 `: k
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ a4 A  b. _1 Z; {
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, B2 f! `2 T* C, V$ N  J5 JThe father also admitted that after the phone call,7 d. ?5 b) r5 a
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
5 n' S  B9 E% U) x/ h. W& Lwas high, he then read the product information8 Q2 _& x/ G( v! j' }
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
4 n3 }/ f7 W0 o3 h/ `) fson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 R  G% @5 t$ r+ m7 Y! }
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
$ g" i1 I% {+ Y3 z/ Z9 Y$ u$ J: hfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* [/ D6 V- U0 G2 q( R  L9 O3 j$ Wbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. V) C# O* B# O- ttest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
' p# u3 _, o. |! }& ylaboratory to obtain the test.- S  j( m7 }# D% T; R
Discussion* b  b  K  M, I4 k# F9 I0 E* u
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary* Y+ i& P5 b$ J
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 j" i% U; r# X& V2 _4 C  N% w: @. _
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
# c4 y+ F( ]6 R$ ait is caused by the premature activation of hypo-; }( ^! T% Q" o% \6 p
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) B# i1 P9 N8 ]7 y& Kmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" i: Y1 D# s% z' B( r% gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ ?1 c/ o% {" N) Yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
! h1 N2 e, c, F8 ]4 Mamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
% U3 D  s5 ~" `sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 D3 z) l8 q& W& ^" O; q
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-( m9 K0 g& I$ f& c" r
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" b+ f7 w: r2 M2 N* J: Xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
/ w; l) W# D  |) {5 q! Egonadotropins.1,3
( u! G9 Y' K9 wGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# w" y# b7 B! A) I" j1 M! h' B
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
, a- Q: x6 g% ~0 G: o/ L# G- ~androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or; m2 x8 v* x( S: u
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-' o/ h! \8 s5 d# Y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing; v+ s5 y9 ?! L7 d5 J1 D% U7 E- _5 @
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
5 t& _; u. X' _0 w6 C. Yadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 p* S* |" P4 p4 b2 d; vpuberty in boys.3,4" s# {3 F- w  j
The most common form of congenital adrenal
+ H. c" a+ S- E# j5 N: ~9 B4 P' uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 Q# R( }8 m0 ?& |) `
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 K& o! X5 s( w5 R! t. Eexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,+ |; Z$ k. Q  k% c2 d5 k& q1 U0 Q
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, u5 o$ [  E2 g$ ^/ ~: Q& y4 C; w
excess.1,3) _2 q" d& o9 g0 S" [9 R9 I% Q5 m
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542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20074 M9 U( |/ h. a6 \! _1 [. O
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-! Z% b/ v) _4 Z# D# `
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
, J7 O6 M: _6 ~6 ?, Z. R$ `" H/ kas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a  m/ G8 `! g* b
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 R7 j1 u$ e1 G. [' Bwith this disorder are full pubertal development,2 v1 b5 C7 _6 G% C
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
" M6 H* c- V& [* F5 |/ |  Y! lwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder6 k( Q" J6 h, ?$ P+ }" r
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 N6 c4 ~& N* ]' a) F
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ p; [! b- p, h# M1 j- _' l& P
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
; r# `: s+ t+ g2 h; Jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 B+ Z  ^# o# d
males; therefore, other male members of the family8 @5 o5 P, @9 Z7 e
may have similar precocious puberty.32 x& A# x2 u1 Q. [: C1 j
In our patient, physical examination was incon-' h. }+ t6 P2 ^# b1 F3 O$ J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
! |( x9 y3 X' Y7 k! Lcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, p; I4 P, W( Kwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
& |9 G% N1 S9 b8 F' Rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,) A  u6 T' x! a
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the7 x3 f, N6 d" R9 j
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 W2 Z8 }" Q- W$ Q/ n
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
6 C2 {$ g% h  w3 P+ Xbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
: ~' p% s8 Y3 ]. I$ j  Yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase8 ~# I: r/ H9 k1 h) `
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-; i, d/ B7 N" y/ B9 `) N5 m
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
/ Y& y7 Q/ c/ n3 Z7 H$ uThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly1 V4 w7 Z1 D, s" ]2 x$ u
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
+ W- Y. R+ u% P4 m" gthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
1 k6 m2 Q, {. L1 W6 T! Y6 U  x! Zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and7 [- [% k( R7 `5 e8 c$ O3 i& @
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% R7 E! H% P8 [% B
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 z* V& s6 b9 Q2 V) F, b* q' |using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’. l+ k% b, M; `2 i, _! O4 @
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" D+ P1 n  n" [- w# `" d
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to9 W+ Y% u" N+ K
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
4 E5 ?2 F7 ^, Y8 |2 OSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 N/ y% t6 s8 x/ l: O! M1 @baseline value in those females who were exposed to
: R% F& }" \8 e9 b0 aeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male- `5 _# z: B" _6 U& A+ Q4 [; Y0 w
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-" @2 d8 z  n/ D8 U3 `: \3 F
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
) X6 b. I- B% _8 @Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," q$ O( F0 Y$ X3 p, N% N
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! B7 A/ Q- B/ z/ I, l
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 D& R% z' y, F! r7 ]% H/ v8 \
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 s) T+ n; i4 ]& Nactive in young children exposed to testosterone
7 x& C4 e* j$ o# E! l8 Sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 x% ]5 M/ U& R0 }7 }/ O6 Idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  Q, Y/ e6 Z/ w' O7 V: ^  rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
, h% U9 h4 T1 `& {2 ?1 T4 N( `  achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
% _& I  k6 c) Sadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. z- R$ k* `, W
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during7 r( r- p8 s$ y
early childhood on pubertal development and final
: F0 {) q- Q" }adult height are not fully known and always remain
- ]5 V- t! [1 Ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
# B9 i: l) }# G& t4 i! cterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some/ P. S' `* }& \1 I
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 e0 A) ~9 }5 {: a" a" K" z7 }cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 ~! ~% o5 j! S4 v5 g+ V3 ~
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
2 ~# B' j4 q9 ^( UThere are conflicting reports and controversy+ x$ X9 w& p( F' I0 m3 }
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; g! G; ~2 S' ^+ ]/ B4 S! Hpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
& _6 ~+ ?4 U  z# t) [adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ L5 @/ R/ K8 Y! q0 U' X0 |* i0 p8 ?5 Sulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. L/ H. @- T; \+ r' v
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
% `, V3 q) e, A2 [# ^/ b3 Bchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: n7 i& D# `1 p% kpenile length in clinical studies.
% [2 y" x( [8 C. @Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
. T4 ~" c4 \' P* ~going to experience any of the untoward effects from
' v8 ?( g: Z( P! ?6 gtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 Z/ _3 x0 d( B' Hthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 A) ?* }+ [  [
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
1 c9 N& s& O3 m) v- c1 O6 k& ]diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' T/ l; q# V3 O; nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 G. _& E/ Y3 Rheight will not be affected.; V* S- F) a. T! K
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ q/ ~/ K/ k- p5 g7 \# }2 m6 E
ability of androgen products in our society may3 Q1 C$ k4 d' T% K5 }( i, n
indeed cause more virilization in male or female) T* T" e# }8 I
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
' n1 I- v; |" |' f, qgen products must be considered and specific ques-- j/ `) U( c* d4 D. y8 ^
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
+ a) h  v# }5 }gel should be asked of the family members during
# j; t, l9 a2 X9 ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. }7 T2 X" `/ w  eilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ O/ g7 G4 \% ?  ]! z0 j
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% R( I' G0 q# b/ Mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
" ~8 j* V- L% ]- m3 Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may7 x& h7 L3 g7 \1 T5 F
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive2 h8 k9 X8 O3 h, X6 V
investigation. The primary care physician should be
! S$ }1 W0 W- s( x( Baware of this fact, because most of these children
5 C; G# I( K* u) \may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
# M5 s$ O: n% }( Q, QDesk Reference and package insert should also put a) U6 _# D  O& X5 m! R/ _; t$ U
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or1 w; I( U  e* G- |
female child who might come in contact with some-
5 I) b- s% L9 A* _4 Q+ mone using any of these products.
8 l% f/ F2 `/ VReferences
, S5 X) L: U' `4 H, @1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; t! J) N. V  r- S4 Q* dand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 O' G6 T# L5 a& {! J1 ZEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
$ ~+ x! ?, `  ^( N2002: 565-628.) {/ y) s7 u% B( n; U% C
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
& C! B- A( ~& x* v8 \2 bpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

  h7 ?) {: v7 }0 N( R精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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