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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
, `' S# r+ x2 U/ N% A" `: k# z2 N! ~Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
( p" X& T5 |% g" `/ JExposure to Testosterone
' h" K% P9 q6 h4 I. m  P& bSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,26 Y$ x9 d# i1 Z
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 w# m( i8 E1 q% pClinical Pediatrics: z/ @' M7 e" D( I5 |! F" v' ~+ ~
Volume 46 Number 6
* y9 u0 E! u  A7 f/ V, Q9 }July 2007 540-543
6 w3 V3 v6 {' V" T) `) e© 2007 Sage Publications
1 T" w" ?( }( u* `4 Y/ z" M2 J10.1177/0009922806296651
: @' F6 x4 _: b8 khttp://clp.sagepub.com
5 y0 o+ r  m! ?6 B# Lhosted at$ j+ d- M) C6 j6 m0 E  s, ~9 m
http://online.sagepub.com! I% u8 A3 Q# k( c. `
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) G7 k! U. ?' z' P6 N
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 D, T/ @8 ^! q" I, Rprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated' x- Y) ~3 f4 @
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has) J( j5 p- _4 ~3 w; B0 F( p: Y
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system* |. }; {' O1 Q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* @) u3 i$ A- H. \; k$ ~  D: u# Z
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
/ w! t' _; x- f8 A2 phair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ p$ B$ ~1 `) |, @+ Q& Wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  I# u9 D3 ]3 A9 D" a
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
6 {* o: o  e* }enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-* s/ ?6 j. k( \. A1 n' Z
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due+ w# z( z  |" m
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 b- i. R3 Q, n- l5 ~the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" q. M3 h  @0 P; V  `% g( E1 O9 jmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this8 |8 [( Z" r' B8 u
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 u( C: h1 {( x* X% ^testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  ~, k% [5 l& `0 M$ k4 t+ h6 j
bly more common than the rare case report in the
5 ^+ p0 W& ]* d- Z+ S3 ]' jliterature.4% [9 e* L& s, w1 \% T+ O
Patient Report6 s9 z$ ~3 s; {6 B+ H# I
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' D" J: {1 r. a. rendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
) w, Y  J$ B2 {" y( pof early sexual development. His mother noticed7 D- _. s5 R1 ~. F+ H
light colored pubic hair development when he was  Q7 \: w6 P& t4 D+ Y( P. K; w
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
0 p- l8 q1 ]' ^, K% YSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
$ u: f/ L$ n  {5 ~' c" R+ w4 sAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
. q6 T! f' X6 S9 oProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
5 r9 C0 J% K% Q3 |# Z7 I. R; sMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
  Z# Z! i- s  @8 w: e) s) Re-mail: [email protected].' n+ ^1 u4 V2 z" z) ?3 y5 N: p& |/ G
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
) K/ b) p1 h/ R- Q" Odarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) H0 D  x+ Z* x3 e! X% F
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ C& s! T' o( ?
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 p8 `- N9 H: X! [
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# Q" H# |/ w1 R7 p+ p20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year) h% \5 x. h) w
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* a0 G1 t, V# C* P( n6 fsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
4 O' @% J1 g, Z1 C3 @2 Q7 Rand his psychosocial and psychomotor development2 A% C/ N3 w/ v3 J1 `
was age appropriate.
4 x4 r2 y: B# Y3 GThe family history was remarkable for the father,, P0 ?# C( P0 v/ d' }$ C
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ p2 {/ W3 n0 M2 _6 B1 p- g
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
3 ~" X9 H/ p. S( l& B+ u6 Wheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 ?. j5 V" G: B! Y% m7 U( Z$ Pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  |$ G+ W; K% [( Z( WThe father denied taking any other medication. The
1 s# m5 J0 ]1 Y7 Z2 e8 N! C8 c4 e) nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 ^2 R  x( _* W1 X% |2 e, Twas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ K6 q1 H! ^8 w  B4 z* b5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-2 k# c- i% ^% o" v
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! g5 \* ]) q4 u0 ~& E
tives. There were no siblings.# i" @/ Y% P8 b# H
Physical Examination, K% Y5 [8 F' X$ [# I2 w
The physical examination revealed a very active,
$ ]3 J/ y! o" p& Z; Tplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented! E: d8 U: p( n+ U9 A
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was3 t% s/ |* N3 q! q( w2 R5 i
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' ^( x, [9 I1 d, i# ^(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
: @5 G) \6 Z! G% ?velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 s" ^3 Z) x) q9 F3 N3 hthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
4 j' h# s" L7 ~8 f. CThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for9 W" P0 N+ l, L/ c6 O
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of  n! S* N3 e  D# p" A, l
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
, ~$ k8 S8 p. s( f8 ]! rdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
) r3 e. _- U$ X' ^9 x: k9 Q! Q5403 {+ B) f5 F  @% f2 o/ w* v
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# L2 c  R8 z) ]- b1 s7 d$ U8 zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The9 N' [. M0 c/ K7 ]* `/ ^; E
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& u1 U, Z0 o9 R9 _" g/ F& JThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, B0 s! q, ^) y6 [: P0 d: ~- _oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no4 H8 t; K: `) o0 M( I% B2 ]2 {
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
/ q8 u2 e9 y2 @/ cNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. J! G3 n  j; _" |4 b2 y2 z) r/ Bbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; ?4 j& l7 k/ F' N( v" n' ^
of papilledema.' D. g* L. W0 N/ r
Laboratory Evaluation' S& n6 x3 a# O, v, f
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by4 ~8 w' H) K' Y# l- S
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-, |5 S3 x2 S$ F8 E' |$ K7 |
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal- H5 [1 f* j7 u3 @" k* B  D
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 e. j! \8 p& k2 dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; a  i- Q& ]; y0 c# ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
" a7 _8 U& i$ g5 WThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! s  P! i* D3 G* a8 n( C: i; R6 N
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
( C7 X. e7 i( J! m6 L  Ywithin normal range for his age. The concentration
. f7 ?% O9 T8 \2 Tof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL- E- E3 }  o+ ]' ], ]( ]
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% K$ O2 r) `* G2 G# `- Yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 O- ^& N( s- H8 @  K, f) x4 R* @
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 p- o0 N* D4 T" l. X, qdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
  S% v# W6 e  t+ L" H49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- q6 y! Q. _8 [, Z! W9 gwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# H. |! Z/ b1 w% Z- n3 e
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total1 ?. t6 ]) ?$ W$ {
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL)," f& }; [! ^) `: l- f  L
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
9 ^' l3 ]& `" M6 Q5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 j* k( N6 i7 x5 O& r
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
  p& K1 C2 c- i6 t( z! Sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" c/ A- ^. S1 Z2 I0 q( L3 I
(prepubertal).
5 g. w1 R, p8 h; k' J3 y1 hThe parents were notified about the laboratory1 D, N6 R0 K" k" k
results and were informed that all of the tests were! {+ M+ S3 q5 Q6 c
normal except the testosterone level was high. The. }3 b/ L5 E9 `3 I
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- e# W) l: L' T- g, gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
5 X* D5 k  D0 w5 y- {ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, L7 E  _; X3 r' A* A9 F- ?+ |% WPhysical examination at this time revealed that the0 N1 W* Z1 M0 ^% \  V- Z" c0 f
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained9 n* r/ `; j' B
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
) r$ A  _% a. e- c4 ]# w6 l5 E1 Iunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 I+ H0 G' F4 z/ q6 K
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ S: c7 F) _/ L' t$ k+ Athe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
9 Y) J7 K- }9 `6 ]# A& l6 G  MmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
( k* {/ L. Y* f/ IThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 v7 j! p/ S4 H( n3 v& Qing frequent erections.0 W* H) V- b9 a1 ?- w8 i) F# f' a
Both parents were again questioned about use of, n+ W6 }$ o) Y
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& z' O( a) _3 D, W/ Z* s! q; e* Nthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the& `. h% h1 p9 _2 \! M/ c! G
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 m& C2 a  _  P. z& o$ kuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: t6 h6 M. @9 m/ z+ B: r4 Aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, _$ a7 [% N0 m/ L8 n$ ?! K) z8 I
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed$ B) x5 ^$ Z% j5 r" e& |
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-# _$ E" J7 J# \, I2 u) S) w4 n
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 A9 _  b8 T) a) s% y- G0 b
secondary to depression., G, N% I. n5 s" m3 q
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ L0 `" j, v& k* Q9 n. _- ^* G- BThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his( f% P1 R6 @! h7 r* c( {5 q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
7 @; r3 G7 C8 o1 B- G" F% b0 vnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.0 D% C6 b( F# F0 v+ _) x
The father also admitted that after the phone call,9 R, G3 I, N  G2 u3 ]- ~: c
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
, |9 c# t3 y  C9 [! mwas high, he then read the product information
; |7 e1 G; L3 S1 Cpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
6 f2 {! c3 B  ?3 [- E) yson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
% f3 E. Q5 o  E! W; r! cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
- j1 F. f4 K- T+ `& v0 ffather was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 a5 c; {$ @; l. v  W
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. ?, x# @+ e! n; ?/ E7 B* \( Xtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the& u" H7 Z' a( s2 w4 l' e2 @9 |
laboratory to obtain the test.
6 d6 A( c( w6 i& m# W3 XDiscussion
" H+ ~! y* ?4 qPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, L1 T! X* n4 s5 Z
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 ?" A4 ]" X7 U% o, ]( D
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% _( }3 D! x2 u! lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-9 X9 I" z* k, o# A* h
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-" I0 j8 U; k5 c5 I
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP# H' z' G7 a+ Z% S$ c
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
& }# O3 ]; E; m8 v: Yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" i+ `& d& I! f) h: v( A8 Famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 J0 c1 J5 k5 O$ m2 m
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
/ `4 s0 r0 o7 q! z! ?0 Wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" U! I7 \' w6 b* \% M5 R8 kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-/ W! x  h" r3 O: u; ?# U
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! @/ q$ w; t' k( a* G) u  S% f/ x
gonadotropins.1,3
/ C0 v: c4 i0 \  Y5 y/ l( n) @2 gGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
9 F) l7 [8 E: c# N4 [4 |, Gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
  @+ I* y1 c, U! Vandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or# ?7 h. F8 m' b9 {6 m
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 B6 {. v  [  X4 S4 d. o, _ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 l7 v9 x) B  }/ ?; Fcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
; |2 K. t/ a0 d$ {" iadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) p$ ~* p1 w. L  R) ]puberty in boys.3,4
$ @$ b3 v. K$ T8 z) @The most common form of congenital adrenal3 _3 O% {4 E1 {/ `
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
* B2 W" y( K) g$ @6 m" eThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in( q0 O! J/ O' E
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ q, z. N5 D2 J, U9 n) P6 qan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 n" j! @8 I+ H* b. Y( c9 jexcess.1,33 \+ F% s( v/ A; C! o# h; Q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( z, O+ Q* w& O, _: B5 @542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& D. |( a# L; F
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- e. i$ a4 o0 z& B/ z5 Q, E
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
# `; w0 y  ]4 O( {& L; C2 U6 {/ h! Nas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 \. Z) Z/ @- F. p% J/ F" yvery young age. The physical findings in these boys" X# ^# L, ]5 m1 ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,6 q9 ]) G1 M+ I5 k" a) B( i
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
' k0 W! R( F. Q4 _with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
  i' F, x# Y9 z( B3 [1 k" s, C& Zare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- T) z5 d7 M% d( O, Q" i( j
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 L3 o: ~  k5 y- J
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 o8 D+ x5 H8 E' tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only. _9 n3 L; a" l; _- B
males; therefore, other male members of the family3 e7 N7 n9 V1 P: b. e
may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 e6 m6 R0 b, M/ Q" ^In our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 G) X( Z3 g  }3 Wsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-# j. E3 o4 L- b: Z; }& e/ s5 @8 l. p
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 v$ P5 S- b1 |, X; ~% {  O
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
. d6 o0 z' z) |) [0 S& estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
  \" F$ L* z2 E/ y4 e! vtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
/ p3 [: P- M5 q7 D. V# d' tbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
6 E# G' k* W5 B" f# Dative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 i7 D# `) w9 j1 c& N) P& h9 j
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,6 G! r4 o6 D. b
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
9 `: `9 u: {& @. a2 tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
- b5 x7 a  m- c5 c$ Ving the normal level of adrenal steroids.& A% D/ w7 _1 J$ ]9 N% {$ [
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* W( \4 _; f% B1 ^7 E  p, Y$ ^suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
" N/ \% Q! |; x6 m, G# _the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 w! ]  p9 E" r+ N) G' Kpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
# N8 T" E& T. Ldecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-$ M! F. @; W1 }" a. b$ T$ E' Z1 S' ^
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; H, X, m' r2 P4 }3 g* F
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% F1 G0 Y1 t  k/ `, B3 LDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or) ^  y6 r) F$ ~
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
) Z& t- O2 G' g8 E) gunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
0 A1 `0 a6 U- ^, h9 H  BSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
; M9 i1 O0 S* K: l2 _0 @, t' pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to' x: [% i* S2 G* q
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male  T1 z5 X# m$ u' U( m& B( A% w
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 n; v/ ]; q0 u+ Y9 S
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
* n1 ~* D# S  G& l4 j2 p  m1 SOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
! ~( T' C% H( _0 K4 p' [! Iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" i5 s. a9 d' E5 i
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 A5 o8 P0 i5 d  n; [% w8 s
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
" @* N, [9 U6 D3 v, j/ ?/ C; Mactive in young children exposed to testosterone
8 b0 K8 W' }( Y* p  e8 Cexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-! n% p! y9 R; e$ L* t+ v& j
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to; `6 x2 Q$ S3 ?3 f2 g+ ^
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' w2 ~3 m+ |, bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
6 P/ b6 b) G! p( `advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
5 B& @3 L- W# x; b4 HThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
# N( K6 N! c) N* N5 }early childhood on pubertal development and final$ a8 i+ t) o7 m4 ~: e
adult height are not fully known and always remain
* `1 h. Z" G! j! `8 Ea concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  l. s4 ^% U5 n: J9 P6 fterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 _, _( U( Q2 d0 \( e! T& |
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after+ ?. f! B. ]' p/ p
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 {0 V( z- H: O3 _( K
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
( Y$ a% A2 l% z8 w9 b  G* z2 VThere are conflicting reports and controversy3 l1 g& I& y7 _! n% b
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult+ W4 _: l/ f& b/ E! g
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
6 T/ B. u6 A9 G9 W& r! k# r( Vadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
" ?0 Q# h5 ~% l! Xulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. d6 M) _* m7 ^( O; R  Z" Y, E2 n
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ [! P6 \* C" gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult. A+ _! f& V1 Y# R5 f
penile length in clinical studies.' b& @' [; w4 u8 P# A3 U5 c
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 g: _% w$ R# d7 q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
4 M, p2 y( G4 }8 t4 c' L" Xtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because1 F& Q( q: a' `+ u) w
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.+ o8 K- ^& n% X' Z/ h2 p9 R; Y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
& [. d$ m0 b9 i4 [* ^4 T, }* y# ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
; e1 q, O+ K4 i# H; e& {the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 T6 N% z% P7 B5 Y/ M+ Y" Y
height will not be affected.
9 D9 ^) S4 }- H9 BAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) A( k4 ^, I, G' _0 s) Eability of androgen products in our society may: U" [+ s" M( y
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
4 i, D6 w, Y' q% Ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: A* ~) G9 [7 G4 M( t( E' E0 S" Ggen products must be considered and specific ques-" w4 L0 a, D8 Z& o' {
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
" A& b+ n. ~2 B' x9 J1 ~gel should be asked of the family members during
, B" \# c% |( O6 F0 l) T" M6 S, G) gthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 A  i7 M$ j, milization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-# }& {2 P8 E' M: y9 e
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by3 Q( F. {) h2 t
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
: F6 M6 x" K. @: M8 V$ i7 R# zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" w4 r* i, L. ^! Y. l! Oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 f" F% \, a+ N0 X( L/ o* D( J
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ G. d( I/ S  q% Z. U! l# K! ~
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 Z9 n* \" r3 K' K3 U7 C; ?may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
+ f' ~2 g7 x6 v1 Y9 j7 VDesk Reference and package insert should also put a5 T" A- f- O/ x: k
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
0 `; _) l, o; O. Z- p# x2 l0 M% z; Lfemale child who might come in contact with some-
/ y/ B' B! P! ?one using any of these products.5 z/ S6 h+ F3 d/ w- _
References
# O# M! A( m7 s  R3 z$ w; s! Y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 U/ W" I8 u$ a# G, S9 qand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 {3 m, G+ w7 {3 R! c$ v  A' q! g
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;6 |3 b7 c! V, t" |4 g
2002: 565-628.  O5 b* N7 d6 \$ N- H3 P
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
$ A6 \0 r! r9 G- V- Y7 n  Ipuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- n- Y/ _+ y+ p/ `" X" a" ~
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
' X& s* L% l' ]8 J* G5 ?4 NExposure to Testosterone
( N0 z' I* T% c- ASamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" l7 p9 s% N3 q$ ]" |/ iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, [9 L( {. u! H0 g* \
Clinical Pediatrics
1 y0 s7 X7 D( _' Y" N4 sVolume 46 Number 6
3 R! @* q( O% p) t% Z7 x- qJuly 2007 540-5430 e* c( M, z. ~0 g
© 2007 Sage Publications
1 ?9 Q8 e' Q) R; T10.1177/0009922806296651
4 E' @3 A  o( P' O# u* ^6 M" _http://clp.sagepub.com: g  K0 I& l* U: i3 a
hosted at3 y9 k& x4 q; C- ?
http://online.sagepub.com
, g( P* Q5 T2 ]5 ePrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* `5 g8 Y* H3 h+ u* |5 c
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" w" N0 S& N" ^8 F! Cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
6 [. g. l+ {9 J. @) Dthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; S* Q4 @9 Y/ }* w& [0 N1 X% D3 Fa higher incidence of organic central nervous system0 H/ ?: A' N% j2 r+ U) c
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested- t5 g! G1 E  z8 {
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic; b! F/ h) o2 `  _
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) ]0 _0 [0 d6 m; w2 ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ W1 [" G3 Q* `5 D% C2 a9 ?7 ?. h
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the1 O2 C; y3 l8 V) f
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 A' h" B6 I0 `$ [
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" V4 c9 U0 \* ?. c# p5 Qto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
. n- `  A$ O( B7 ~the father. The family initially concealed this infor-) Q! f0 m. x3 T3 s* ]3 U* R
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
/ ~/ p1 g' G  C( L. G1 u. dchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of* l9 X+ n/ j' ~0 \8 \* S
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. `% j/ t- j# Wbly more common than the rare case report in the, R3 U6 v2 w6 t- `  J' C% z
literature.4% L  B' U6 W; _3 l) q, T: `
Patient Report
* Z5 C0 {& v! u8 d2 dA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
7 D8 s4 o* k& b* _endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 d7 ^7 e& {, _& @- h- Dof early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 E, ?: q8 ?4 L! F& l- X; `light colored pubic hair development when he was
  p) I' q& W8 L& C; V% lFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of# H" i4 Y/ e. b+ b7 k, w. I
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.# m) E) K; p8 |8 J2 ?' i' v' _
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,, G3 r- f9 Z- u$ g8 ]* J9 ^
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. h/ m  K' k2 @6 v& `Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 c. q$ a" x3 b/ ^6 L/ He-mail: [email protected].
' z2 z: r! M# V- Labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 J1 d, s2 i- D  wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
. }- g' W/ R$ fment of his penis and frequent erections. The child: b$ p7 U7 h0 I8 V/ a7 K
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" J% V/ d; x1 Ja birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 f9 K2 w, T7 E5 ^$ m; p' C- C
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
- u, _6 b' h1 M" F6 \( cof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
% a) J6 i6 z4 \1 |2 qsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,# O4 I! V8 M$ x( s8 j+ }' \
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 p. P3 i; z4 N  d1 J
was age appropriate.
' s- _4 q- T. D. eThe family history was remarkable for the father,. H- K  [4 E* o* l
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,- f1 K9 q! X3 P* f8 q
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- k: {) x8 o* b, ~! b/ o- n8 g  ?4 Uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
; z6 X. T' W3 z/ W" Y3 |early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.7 l/ z2 |1 e' H  H4 {
The father denied taking any other medication. The, d" R( M* N4 U" i
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche7 {1 O# Y  ]$ |- Y) [- O
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet/ K" c7 S9 H+ t/ U
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-- E- ~) i& F& S) X8 ^
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 o3 ?) u  H9 j& ctives. There were no siblings.7 Y; F3 t; v! D6 f( B/ r5 V% _
Physical Examination8 L" a6 l3 M0 Y+ \' \2 \3 Y
The physical examination revealed a very active,
& e9 T& W* r  E0 l+ s, ~playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, x% X/ X$ }' l( ~, {( x8 |
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, v  {: r/ Z+ N- w7 M; f8 C
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
- s6 ^. b: u  F* }(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth6 k& b9 e' T5 c% y* m5 C
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* E! `; H4 S& R6 l7 n9 G2 W  s
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 ]6 S+ {+ z* B  h
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
, X8 L: T" g% q9 cenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& R) D* b  n  h9 U2 ~' q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well# n. [% A+ c, I  e5 I0 p2 B
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around( V& E- O2 U3 e8 n6 Q/ V
5401 B; t/ H4 d2 m4 }6 c2 D6 ^% M& x
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ e% r% Z$ p' i) g4 a% H$ Uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 P7 S! s4 w6 `$ r# U3 ~0 Z$ N5 O2 Rtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.7 Q! H5 ^; P# @" P2 o0 G! @( v
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
$ Z0 P5 H( e9 b1 coily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ d, m9 o- k0 y$ Z9 gabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
% |5 {5 C+ I: V0 j& @1 ~% ]Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, g8 l& {6 i, x: {+ ?7 Abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; U$ E7 L& d/ a
of papilledema.. r' Z) W) H" x2 u
Laboratory Evaluation! R7 J/ W4 z6 c, d
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by- L5 Q  v8 K+ e* e
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% r9 _8 I! s, b' p* llogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 e2 Z! O  n  @' K" X8 H" I
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
/ z6 j( K: [9 r- _5 E9 H' oshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) D1 k4 d: ~! @
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ v- L  N. [! p, L( m
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood( g" ~, M1 p+ }: }1 U  i
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were: A. _+ G/ e" o  Z
within normal range for his age. The concentration
1 U/ G+ f, x% r8 w: tof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 m4 r  ^4 z/ z/ Z(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 203 v# [9 B+ _6 r0 k8 [9 Z0 B: A- D
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-2 P, Y$ y9 H/ O' ?( M$ q9 G, F
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),% W8 G: s" r7 A# n9 Z  x' _  u
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' \. `" U6 m, u2 S7 d
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# O+ i7 p/ D) F4 t/ m, p. e
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
) F' V% [. u1 P" t& ~9 ]9 e* btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 R/ w3 K4 A6 I6 l& }# P" v
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* [6 W9 d1 z7 V9 L4 l7 s4 \
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than# h: u1 E/ n3 o
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular; }3 H: Z" y+ U! u1 _4 _( a4 e
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone& g) t- a. b" P# {3 w/ X$ P
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
9 T: u0 d! v* G3 C6 n(prepubertal).
% k& P; z3 ]- _: d( ~5 j7 z. gThe parents were notified about the laboratory
6 ?3 p; K% j0 A* g9 G* Lresults and were informed that all of the tests were
- v% u5 n( m1 y1 g2 xnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
! v5 p( q3 H( v; W* u% zfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 k% B5 b9 r0 l  F( P4 G1 y
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( O/ b8 ]0 d  q( [: pever, the family did not return for 4 months./ A) Y/ |' p, \; Q. {$ H8 ^. L
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
. i% `! |  j: `5 n0 achild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ ^$ }, {6 {+ O& I
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
3 s& P2 ~( f8 T7 r/ f4 l8 i5 b9 A& dunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
5 U) q3 l" d/ }$ \$ npletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* [* G4 i, P& @
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 J' Z& W/ r* V6 j# r2 n$ k  x+ wmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
  \: S2 A2 R% b" W: o8 s7 e7 u) IThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-  @5 X2 y6 `$ q- O- i
ing frequent erections.9 |! h9 y: I5 \5 F0 _. l. n( ]$ O2 }
Both parents were again questioned about use of
( w* V6 w# c$ Nany ointment/creams that they may have applied to) g& r0 h- u+ z+ R, l0 z$ O- J" O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
: B- D3 ~" Z  B# }7 s' {1 MTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, f0 b/ ?6 j+ Z- t
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' p+ O. Y/ K" D4 w8 H$ Eing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, o+ D3 F( B9 J) ]
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed8 f5 t7 {4 J7 F1 ^1 B. t% C! `% R9 _
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
0 ?* F7 i. w  G3 C5 y* Vscribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 T1 u) u. w6 `' J7 W  X( u
secondary to depression.
+ B% K2 ?! m9 m% kThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ B3 g; Z* ^- p4 a' L4 FThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 m! o5 x$ J9 t: ~: F4 H$ E/ [chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# M) e5 L, l( u, m
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( _/ |4 Z1 C$ I+ Y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
) H# R' H* Q* d# Bwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby: d5 N* F2 |$ W
was high, he then read the product information
& a# V# i1 h  U" ^# t9 \packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 ]& l0 d1 X. I0 N* J, Z  A- ison for the child’s virilization. At that time, they9 L6 q6 V9 }3 k6 ]/ `# u
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the. c0 `& b" B9 A: j
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
, A' {" @0 A, u2 M+ Wbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
- e+ d' \6 T8 C+ L) e8 Ytest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; k: r: }9 a; ~6 Y! w9 |laboratory to obtain the test.
( O) L/ y1 W9 Y, v9 kDiscussion
1 [5 I+ t1 X) p; F& P! k% HPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. {' X  m/ K2 w! G7 |* ~# ssexual development before 9 years of age.1,47 C) S+ d/ p8 B" b: q$ @) k( C* Y1 u
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when$ I2 a; D, ?% {) V. T6 e# q' f; l
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( l& @7 R  D; athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 @5 p3 g+ {) @/ M, _
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP1 j1 D  E7 y: F# T- F
may have a central nervous system lesion that is8 s/ [6 ]: \$ N1 T
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-) |; E" [* x% v( A7 d9 {) x' X1 R
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" q9 \! A& E: C& V2 _
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( w; o$ r! J0 r. V7 k; ^  oboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-7 F5 y6 [& C$ w5 n% x3 E$ Q
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) d3 @# u8 T- b: G. Wrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) Y  B$ b' E' m3 P# R
gonadotropins.1,3
" o, J( \) p7 p( l* R& JGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 s0 T) H$ p  [; c# m1 Q2 k9 h
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
! C. M; `5 T) e& Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
. V/ D) g! }* g+ H4 y% Kexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 H5 z3 a/ n% y2 s1 iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing; I* @: b/ E: f0 X/ g5 X2 N
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive1 N6 N+ b4 P9 @- E6 P
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 Z1 H+ K2 d0 W- V* a. G/ Ypuberty in boys.3,4& J2 w# Y& G; x& D8 q5 B, s
The most common form of congenital adrenal. {8 {6 p, N7 x7 f: p
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
% F7 }7 o4 x) I, \The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in6 `+ ^9 G9 H6 g7 T/ g1 m
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,, z" X4 e  {9 B: C- s8 B8 b; f( G
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
2 C( p* T2 ?5 Pexcess.1,3
/ x& e5 B; b. N0 X$ I- {; jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ y3 ^* v' ^7 v( A542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
3 }5 x# o" m, m3 J: [- bA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-3 {3 a$ S* q. }8 U! O% b+ k
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 L3 [: c- v. a6 `as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a3 M7 U$ U# K! \! s2 ^
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
" i: D& F* i. H" [with this disorder are full pubertal development,5 Z: ^- ]) l2 P  r! u
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: M! b# {3 o) O( |3 X; U5 {
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# B) j9 o, \/ S2 ^8 ?are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
8 i6 F' A# r+ T5 Jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% s1 e" ?: |1 f/ G% greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 Z$ S4 |' O0 u: v5 e/ Y* p5 e
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ H& ?7 }  j! z) E3 h0 ^- M
males; therefore, other male members of the family& E& v) ^; a! Q0 _5 y
may have similar precocious puberty.3
1 T1 _) K3 ?8 b! l" ]+ UIn our patient, physical examination was incon-6 I7 b; D1 u7 I4 J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 C* n  X+ t: @9 r, s/ K
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis5 X, C0 S8 h, J) z: m
was in the differential diagnosis because his father/ T- b  U; x2 B( B+ f
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# M6 r5 ^8 V7 Z/ g1 o4 b4 G
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* ?3 @& G9 l3 j0 D1 {
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
7 y# I/ ^: V! w9 g3 [6 Rative initial history of androgen exposure, our4 B# E2 O" l/ Z# o5 f
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ M$ O) h- m1 m* f6 _% u
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
/ y8 e' b+ S# z4 `+ w6 Q: ^7 f" Adeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
) L' ]* y, A# Ring the normal level of adrenal steroids.
/ g3 ]2 w! d. X4 SThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly( O5 M( r% I% Q* v: U! Z
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 _+ g$ W0 m9 N! [
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
+ A% z, ?) i: q; @  Z( f, P' }pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and1 J, D$ g" L: u
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
, }* Z" m6 m2 t- N2 Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
; n. m! G. f' iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# V; Z/ u8 o+ }, J6 b! t; L6 W0 s
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or) T6 a0 y. R4 R! \0 q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to, {  l% {. V& Y9 o* E
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 r" H( P1 _8 V6 k0 l) D) \
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
# I% h) s' a" X1 j. G8 vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to0 F/ ?: s; U* N7 {
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) m# d0 q& t+ i/ gpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! m2 ]9 ~5 M) G3 vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
3 Y  e- @) e- o" u) X( KOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, l( j8 L7 _: d: i! e" P" I. x% A
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 P8 ?+ |; |# Z: a1 f0 P
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
2 A) G$ M7 R' S( t2 [8 v& N' Iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- z# {! B# J, |) D! @- |0 }
active in young children exposed to testosterone
3 c. o! t' ^& h- e, F! Mexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
6 u. R' v: `5 F% u) Udrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 N8 e: O( ]+ s( [* Q: cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 I+ _/ s, D* J9 x! g/ D" ]; Gchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 U* \- O. I& Oadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
$ [, \& O; S3 C& w' y* n- YThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during: C$ W+ K2 @6 T1 y. T* z
early childhood on pubertal development and final
. d1 Y/ j; [5 Z7 @1 zadult height are not fully known and always remain
: N& O" l( A& A$ Z2 {  ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  ?7 R; o3 Z( \8 s5 v/ _4 R! jterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
) T& |0 I5 a) w: P# z3 Jacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! [4 z& X$ O, g5 I5 S& Y0 Rcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. B" \* p5 l0 J5 n
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 i9 t* Y2 v* O+ {
There are conflicting reports and controversy& E5 V- j8 F; j3 }
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
7 ~) `, Z( J1 f/ |6 Apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 w+ A- \9 V% a( i& Dadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
+ S( H8 W/ b* U  x7 Mulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,0 ?2 O5 }# v; M& p9 s9 @- ?
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between: w8 F% t1 t% _3 l/ D/ p" N; e
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" J7 [  w, f" T! g9 @penile length in clinical studies.* x7 ?/ m# |* [7 M' p
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is0 j: v% O' @5 T& e4 q7 h1 I6 G
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
) E; f3 j' D8 Otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 [1 d3 ^. Q+ j% {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time., e7 |3 ?6 i# B; R; ?" {
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ P5 z! z8 ~  k$ Adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 A2 Q& t* B# R& a: ~the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult; N  s4 A% x7 [4 G( T
height will not be affected.
  N/ B2 k6 x* R& o) G4 Y0 m: k1 SAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 r5 E% [# Z# p7 c7 B. pability of androgen products in our society may# Y' F' z5 Q4 P8 R/ Q
indeed cause more virilization in male or female- q5 s# B# y. X5 N' r# ~' G8 a
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 w4 A1 t) {- T6 }4 i2 F
gen products must be considered and specific ques-. v0 j( ?4 G3 t  ?2 j3 R. O$ ?7 [
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
/ m+ H) b9 j* y. M9 @  c  S9 qgel should be asked of the family members during
4 c9 o# S( w' p/ Qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ U) y# T/ \! C; r4 r% b( @
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
5 ~: t, ^) s1 `- @nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
! c+ p4 m# E! n5 U% h: d8 n( Yappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! O9 B' n7 O# G! a4 S7 Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) u$ b3 e8 P2 [6 x0 E
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive) v& {' ^; b7 F3 M% R* q& A
investigation. The primary care physician should be
3 N- m$ N' M; i8 x4 n# G' gaware of this fact, because most of these children
* t/ U& f2 P- Y$ K  S5 M* Xmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’5 d+ R1 P5 ?' ?- }5 b
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a; H; @. D. _" O* w! E, v: u" @! P
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ O7 l& G0 {, R1 B
female child who might come in contact with some-
, j$ i* ~6 |; }1 r, G) zone using any of these products.
8 c+ J" R2 ^2 V  Q- r) DReferences2 M! S8 b' [- f+ G- |( W/ X
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation  B) @% u& S/ }* F" o' {4 [* n
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric- N  p) F! c% c) J; O+ {
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
' G+ Q9 W) P6 E1 P. H6 i& X2002: 565-628.
4 M; z+ o) x1 ~0 Z  Z" B: A2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( C7 `$ m5 [) b! [8 dpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

1 K6 n" T4 y- s2 ?: u6 Q! e2 f精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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