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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old( K- u! G/ [+ p! I3 Q4 `
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical5 s6 D: V. c5 x5 J3 q9 O+ O) a r
Exposure to Testosterone7 R$ I, h8 C! Q: ^0 Y# u1 d6 ?5 B( K8 R
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,27 A9 R- a1 B7 N
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
* N3 W. e2 m, mClinical Pediatrics. _4 ?4 I( B+ [9 e/ w
Volume 46 Number 6% G3 U+ h+ D' ~' l/ W5 P$ K) J% S
July 2007 540-5434 b0 y' C) R# s* \. y. O
© 2007 Sage Publications
8 D) ?6 ]$ F* q, U& G' S4 o10.1177/0009922806296651% h9 t' q& N; i% f2 g3 R6 h- K' D
http://clp.sagepub.com
9 M' c9 q6 W! N4 ihosted at( ]/ B' D. w' v
http://online.sagepub.com
. F4 j+ D6 A4 F# W1 |+ v9 KPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
# O0 ]! Y: q4 P4 Zis a significant concern for physicians. Central
/ k$ a: l9 p5 X( @precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. z4 _7 u3 a% K
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has9 K# k# j6 q2 w, Q. K* w: Y! {6 N
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
3 c. ^& m5 _' S9 q" B7 Jlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
, N9 Z0 N8 P9 i2 {by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
C3 n4 F p: lhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
" P* d: ^0 _2 _( _1 Y5 ecles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
7 \# ^( x3 @7 R& q( w1 N2 Areport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 x3 k6 u+ R8 |! E( j
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-, }1 n# o0 J: [) J* }: G# [
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
( z3 ^/ L7 t) x- A+ f% N2 O! `to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* V: f( i; `, q2 U2 y9 Bthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-# \. o4 E+ G1 [0 w" Y
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this) @9 `- k# ]3 }0 y7 t. a
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. I7 [9 v* r% N4 y7 C$ c) }! u% Ttestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-: V7 ^& @9 C" E* L
bly more common than the rare case report in the
T! G G) m& d# q+ `+ ]literature.47 Y% _5 R: i V7 F! X% D
Patient Report: x. Y6 x3 @7 N, v
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# P) D. O+ J! b8 Y' ^+ Wendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
8 O# w7 I7 y: I! }of early sexual development. His mother noticed
8 j1 D$ ?% @. |1 Llight colored pubic hair development when he was' f. }; u# C' ~2 X+ _6 h- P6 n
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of$ C3 j9 `" _& r1 m1 u" H" h
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ G, }+ ~& k: ?
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
K/ e7 r! G- f. v b& o2 kProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( i, D6 E# C; }2 B9 N# T# N' kMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* e) w" M5 O+ f1 S$ de-mail: [email protected].- D; J, w8 |4 _
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became6 `& e6 Y) M, ~* _2 c
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, H7 G- y) [( T" y2 c& R, Sment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
) U- m9 K" F3 a8 c2 z j9 mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
' a' w: L3 }% ^. W. M- la birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of4 n9 N9 k$ x& T5 _2 b! t- O
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! n8 j, I1 X4 X8 l T# rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 B% ]3 ?9 ?) _5 J2 Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: D3 i6 W8 l+ o- X2 J' e
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development# k9 a& t' U0 Z6 j
was age appropriate.
( K& h$ G- ~' l. f4 J: m+ c7 JThe family history was remarkable for the father,. ]# Q2 }7 Y3 x" D
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
3 s' w* h) m' l2 o0 [( n& Wwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
1 r% i1 I% R% z0 W8 g- Q- u8 w% Dheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
0 m2 A% E7 e6 W' A$ E5 ~early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 w' ~% I, T7 O# _1 e' F& y/ y/ |The father denied taking any other medication. The8 m) r: B |2 t1 ~ U% L
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" ]4 A4 W, e7 N
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
% b+ R0 V5 K; m6 i5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
. O5 h, A; W1 }' icocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ I" E- W6 D) c& n* D4 r
tives. There were no siblings." y: a& b4 T1 |7 j. c
Physical Examination! r7 u: Y+ e) |% _8 C
The physical examination revealed a very active,
: b! d5 K5 x# f) Z5 pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: P. n, ~( @4 o" \
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
, `, P! n* D0 E+ c7 x. Y90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg, y6 Z7 b. X1 B) o T
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 ?! _8 O/ k. _2 M' Q# P& W$ ^velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
" O" G* b7 ^/ V) w+ G6 ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% H1 [6 f+ `- a' @& i
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 B5 t/ ~+ b: m% L% j
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
! i2 _1 K; P: m5 E2 t$ K8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. D Q9 ?+ v9 tdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around% X0 u; A7 m5 H, i u7 H/ I6 I
540
7 I0 r4 l2 f/ w$ q8 L' P8 x6 iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) P& O6 q& d9 O4 Z
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
! t' |0 q! G- L, u* \5 Qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( _ }2 s% x6 s# W) }The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
8 f! ~ M& R* L( poily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
* k; C6 c! B4 a6 h3 {. g7 cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' s. }, [8 N8 F" F: V* c; H7 \2 HNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
% s( ]" ~% C/ j& dbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
' M: T% c$ H: x& A9 @of papilledema.7 @! d" J, p) `" a, }: X3 e
Laboratory Evaluation
2 D, e, J* p5 d6 @9 X1 S \The bone age was consistent with 28 months by; h9 X6 {" t; a; E" e( C9 N
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-- y0 J$ c9 Z \
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
" e _; O P" ^& ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& k/ F$ _$ j" t
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 e. f, k) e( M: h& d
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 n, x6 V1 q2 U; h! y$ {The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
; h" H' g' w* m/ Vurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! u# b9 W7 g% l+ e5 o3 q$ F$ z5 kwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
0 ?# ?: e' S8 q ~( ?2 wof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 B ?! j( a Q# u6 \ u(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20% i0 H4 b8 I( D; x8 R @& v( C4 b
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& C1 C' n' ~* [ C+ I) mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 A2 n0 D6 }8 O; V( I5 F
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to& X8 y- E8 \+ ~
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
/ E5 n s0 E6 }4 V/ Lwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- i( N: ]; I! j; t& z
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
. N$ b; G# T( d* k# I6 v" X9 o) K: Qtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),0 J' H$ z% c/ l/ G" N5 i
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) \5 A& _1 Z; A$ X8 W. f$ a l5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 ?5 f1 [9 m: ~
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- U( q3 ]7 ~! K9 _. Q/ a; [+ a
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" {$ g$ ]1 h J4 B
(prepubertal). V# q- t4 W6 _) B/ j
The parents were notified about the laboratory
6 ~% s$ d7 S, Qresults and were informed that all of the tests were9 W4 I; D0 Y7 J$ A
normal except the testosterone level was high. The9 M, k7 _# O) U# o. N# a/ @8 b7 D: v
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
# n( I) b2 R2 H4 {) {) }& robtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-1 |* }5 K$ C# U( l% y+ ^* w5 }; s
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ e, ~9 I( T1 L/ u: O8 `9 xPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
2 X& C! e2 R& L, a) d1 q! _5 r; O! lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
: }* @. C: W9 Q+ v2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! i4 O2 j6 Z* U: R, }, c6 n4 q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' |2 c/ Z# _) I+ D' O: e* p# Opletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at/ n1 F* D% k& c. V2 o
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2- I1 I" V# b$ s8 c4 ^6 Z/ G; ~
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 z4 ~0 `3 m; d" [
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
! B) |" R8 m4 `8 h, Q+ i, Eing frequent erections.
: F7 R( M+ X- J4 oBoth parents were again questioned about use of
3 o V4 L O* k- p* ^" c* Yany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
. E8 o: y' M2 y4 p# M; @5 P5 a. Rthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# Z% L9 k! w) A O8 M0 ]/ X, A
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
X& _5 g, ~0 H2 K+ Z" [use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. m% J2 M# ~) x, Cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for+ E5 x! y4 X1 n# z4 x$ s: U
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed, @, j5 s5 f9 x6 \! u3 W |
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-6 S `/ @% ?5 x! m
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido N8 i1 r9 H9 C. j; e1 k$ Z% ]
secondary to depression.
7 E' o1 \; C1 p# o* b% Q4 qThe child slept in the same bed with parents./ V9 B) o6 v( ?4 R& x2 w
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
H1 v. U0 o% c* ]chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-, d& _/ s; i. Q* O7 ]
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
/ ~' b) }$ p: B z9 s9 NThe father also admitted that after the phone call,! Z) V' b/ B) D$ v" E8 d
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
7 D! q; z- b8 b/ N, q* mwas high, he then read the product information
% m1 A/ v! s# F( h' _7 ]. y* ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
& U* {/ n7 a- }+ d r- l) H. oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: H/ F) z0 s4 v) p3 w. ^
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
6 r+ W, e' A4 e& K1 dfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
, E0 H+ ~; j3 ?been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
( b- i" s5 ~! M5 z* P% r2 c! W stest was ordered, but the family did not go to the! `6 \! E% r5 ?) k5 S
laboratory to obtain the test.
9 j' S+ o6 O* R& u' v7 Z" gDiscussion
7 P. j* v3 ]* J2 y$ qPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& Y. N6 D! M" m2 ?6 T5 y5 T usexual development before 9 years of age.1,49 c( e' m3 X; f3 l6 G
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
7 y1 L' | O8 R8 E' W: Fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
7 K0 k' N7 W. Qthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. s, F' A( F: _mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP. a& [3 D, v7 |0 {. R: M
may have a central nervous system lesion that is2 I; J( x; r/ y" Z
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- i- U5 f% e3 O! j6 tamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. M2 X* F6 B3 _9 U% R, V" H; bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in4 y7 \$ B- ?' |7 B" U; b/ v7 i
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
2 H s/ O7 S k- iization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-+ w9 `1 N- @) ^) s7 M
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
) [. g* E. m9 P& ~% U& A# Ggonadotropins.1,3
- T. `" \. _' QGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-& t) ~+ ~" q9 W
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: m7 I1 @. w! J4 ] ?* candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 n% E% O+ B$ y/ r; Dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-' y) T9 ^3 `3 b+ X1 s" T2 u
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# t2 e0 |0 f) ^congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
1 H' e: q) s$ Sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious$ s: V; K: L; T4 H- o/ b
puberty in boys.3,4
( E2 _8 |4 G& {- q: g# P: VThe most common form of congenital adrenal. B* l/ W8 _+ v; p5 w' q1 k
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
% y- Z% h5 Q' f0 ]! z* qThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! s& x: Z0 L3 U1 F( T
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
/ }- z4 f$ e. Ran adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" R- R; c2 C0 N+ o# o# X- {excess.1,3% l' p2 e1 H& ~0 F0 T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 J5 o" g; V; f) `
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007. ?2 s# R! z3 [* }0 L7 b8 n
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( \" u D! p, s, q, w! @
independent precocious puberty, which is also known) U/ u3 O0 Q9 ~1 ~
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) X5 B; G, {. v! \9 l# J/ [7 z' h% N
very young age. The physical findings in these boys- b' X6 ~* P6 ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
; H# e' z: J2 Sincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
! T. |0 o/ E& ^3 H) Q0 O6 S/ P: Awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder2 q3 o4 Q9 k( t/ z& _( q9 n t% t
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 {5 s4 Y5 [2 g0 a" q
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-$ w H7 i/ M7 O' ?
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% T z+ y6 Q4 N- W" v
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* H3 D6 G# {# G W: J; d6 M! mmales; therefore, other male members of the family
$ ^$ K9 {: [. S5 G. Umay have similar precocious puberty.3
8 Q5 o' n8 o1 r5 R( s, @1 pIn our patient, physical examination was incon-! [5 m; m. m4 c; @ H& p) }
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 ~- q) t0 C: N' @8 N6 e* zcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' s9 x) T( C# R+ G0 v! f) _was in the differential diagnosis because his father
: {3 [8 q! W `1 D! [5 Qstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
& r6 r+ d, M! }3 ptesticular enlargement is not that evident in the( `0 R- y$ x+ c
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-* f: Z. @% q; Z2 P Y
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
1 w2 T' w) T, P! z& t6 w& p# ubiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# F+ j6 ?# k; D( e/ F6 K9 y
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# ?/ b/ g2 m" n; Z
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-7 E! V ?6 {% P4 u
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
, X5 e; i* w6 A4 B9 U& cThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly, i ]8 c: ~7 n3 O1 {& ^# g* ?
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because( ~. k+ Z" ?4 B+ F
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
! y* Y: ~. T2 Spearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 ]7 d# N- w3 g: Cdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-, `7 H4 @1 H/ X: S9 F% e+ {: `
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' F. o. P. G4 x" _
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
l% s# R: y/ G% ~Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% {3 u" E. F1 {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* T3 Y" M- S8 P1 Z2 G8 b9 C
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
% u4 o, A. V0 H3 DSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the; h0 u/ {# M) A1 g' d& S% f
baseline value in those females who were exposed to5 A) X2 \: r4 e5 O8 t
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male- p' q k5 a/ T# _% `
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica- e- ]" |0 b& j' z8 M! P$ G
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.) |7 ^. F* Z. X0 ~. V
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
9 N+ b/ E0 n" l" ]which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
, t: t1 K0 k- L( O, ]' bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-1 D8 P: @* v. b4 J. o& u
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
3 Q2 m9 u4 \' D# eactive in young children exposed to testosterone8 U) X& k4 a. D7 i9 j G
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy- E {% m& g |6 g
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to$ q3 `5 f! S0 z
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ d: y. H, w: e8 L( V; e7 \
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
( l0 b0 J6 r) i8 c4 E) q7 qadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.7 ^1 m. T3 h8 a0 ?
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during) _2 Z' p! m2 n' ]4 C$ H
early childhood on pubertal development and final4 j, F+ S) Q6 [3 j: X- R
adult height are not fully known and always remain6 h! C8 c% J3 x: y7 h
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-' M& `" }* j6 ?% ]& @+ n3 m2 `# l
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 z! ~9 \+ Y7 A$ _/ Bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
, J* N- ]6 t% |- U& P# Kcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation2 M1 v B+ }- {4 X
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 n! P3 e0 \8 D7 k$ D# R1 zThere are conflicting reports and controversy* U+ r7 g5 i, z( ~, ~$ n
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% H* i+ B* F9 R. z. J* V4 [penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- n' I+ A9 W* [' B9 _
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-2 {! k& V- T/ a& `, a& X4 P
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,2 c: t2 _7 V7 J+ h5 w( ^ C
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 X0 ]) M9 T- h6 z8 ]- R- t
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, v T3 E- [ Q3 S6 H( B
penile length in clinical studies.' E/ G9 j# p; J# k: v+ M: X) _) o
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is& }+ ~. g; t5 ~* b! H! X
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
! |, b1 w, Q- s& R Q9 |testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because; R) A! h" {9 Y' _6 _
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
7 x: w. m% R+ O5 \2 M- o8 xAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of& p6 A+ O7 `/ b4 ]
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at5 e5 F! P5 j' i# h7 e) B0 G J
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( ^. m0 R% ^& L" X2 b. ^% |0 i
height will not be affected.5 d' R% U! D# ~$ O: b, u
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-. e, B2 \' r9 D8 q
ability of androgen products in our society may3 h, B L8 _7 d- `6 I8 p5 u b
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
3 L1 F: m2 {3 I1 J1 M5 @% y) @children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-& Y X2 [" U! j- A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
+ F! T, y' P6 |, M+ ktioning about the use of a testosterone product or
$ L/ j8 S. K0 f' Ygel should be asked of the family members during' k* ? ^) `! q' {$ t$ z, A
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-" ~! s# T2 n# `, [- T
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& r9 B' i/ H' G3 Knosis can be established by just a few tests and by
6 i" `/ V8 R- O8 lappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
: `- F9 E* ^* ihistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may. w0 p# c$ B+ ~. V U6 J( p
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive0 h; V3 w. h( s0 d: U& ^
investigation. The primary care physician should be% M+ c( l& s" K- L: a( f! n( h# m
aware of this fact, because most of these children
5 c/ W: p9 ?! w/ x, q. j1 mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 \2 ]* I5 x: J
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
M$ l* h+ ^3 n& C2 ~! o+ Z# hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: F ^1 r# I A0 ~8 F$ Ffemale child who might come in contact with some-
: `6 o: y$ S6 q3 f l! b7 ~6 K. B# rone using any of these products.
3 T( g( ], y( A* ~References8 h; _/ T [, m$ @2 G& Z o$ v' h# ^
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' ?0 Z- e2 r9 L& v6 z2 _, ]2 A
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric$ C- r% h `& }8 R4 w" Q- `
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. v; g x, x# \) D
2002: 565-628., T9 R" Z K$ u1 M) I
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
" u: p4 Z' A$ Ppuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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