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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old9 s7 f$ X1 [+ E" s! M2 D
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical* j4 f6 W, s5 u
Exposure to Testosterone
  O3 {+ L% f6 U! Y3 c+ z, [) zSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
8 X, x) Z9 F9 Z8 Fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
' i, `* f. f: R0 nClinical Pediatrics
* k6 v, C& t* j/ A9 a% hVolume 46 Number 6) `1 S# O) G; H( R" V! \1 d3 D- u) r! V3 P
July 2007 540-5433 ~! g; }7 r4 _5 T
© 2007 Sage Publications
5 q  b9 `+ \. `+ ]% V/ j9 I10.1177/0009922806296651
! `/ R6 O. |% l/ W5 Yhttp://clp.sagepub.com6 u, a0 X. {$ |0 r+ ?3 A
hosted at
" Q2 |' ]6 q7 v  yhttp://online.sagepub.com
6 A2 M9 Q& c7 X4 ]( c; Z4 {Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,% m! a) T+ s# }0 u
is a significant concern for physicians. Central9 a2 E$ ^$ ~( ]
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated# u* M% K, Q) `3 a& D+ q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has2 R9 }) T9 \% r7 @
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- N) x: T3 A' O! |& M% x; Qlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 e8 n- r, s: b; l" Q7 z
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic* D; n8 M8 ~! m: |$ _! a
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-" Q3 Y# B( \- W7 T, ]9 ~2 c
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
5 Z6 [! y% [  s( V0 g  zreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the( I+ a- e5 ]" K. L
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
- D! d+ G+ e6 q, `! F+ dment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% `, V* T$ s& O: pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 q1 @5 i/ r2 Q' p- F
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
& \6 v2 J9 B9 {7 N( m( R+ Gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
" M5 N6 t6 N. E3 N! i; ]child. Given the widespread and easy availability of0 h& {1 r3 x4 {" ^
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' T# y- Q: g5 O0 Y0 {' Dbly more common than the rare case report in the
7 }, b! d- k# Pliterature.4
/ E! r- b5 w1 K( p) O& J8 v% MPatient Report
- v" ]1 `+ l/ I" r) P8 G; h0 |A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
7 ?5 e; [& ^/ k5 ]- m2 c8 aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 ?3 w. L# D. G2 _" a; H* z, g# pof early sexual development. His mother noticed* O6 _3 f# e6 i( a0 _: M$ |
light colored pubic hair development when he was. J$ J  h: ?6 ?* B
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of$ u6 f* D9 D* M4 q0 b8 |- N3 o
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
; j: }; v* L: hAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
4 F+ u- F5 S' W; |Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& q; q# |8 a% t
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- D0 l9 X: A9 i' O# y6 s% ge-mail: [email protected].) N# A9 J- @$ G( E+ Y2 F
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 |/ g( i) q  r3 ^8 C
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, h- o# l3 L+ f7 }: K
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child$ ]/ c) z5 R: u: i, Z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! O" n) |* c; s1 e. Va birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of5 @8 ^) l: ]7 i
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
; d5 U1 {: ~0 b8 Tof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# ^, L0 e: S4 |; q7 R$ f  I% B1 csolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ r4 ?+ }- Q/ @5 S$ X, yand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
, d0 |0 h# @: d" j7 Jwas age appropriate.
( n' o$ p3 h$ bThe family history was remarkable for the father,* c# M5 H  E0 C4 F
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% _( n! q7 {0 ], t. |which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* P- b! o& G! c' H
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat, i8 Y- F3 u) h7 N) U' A, y
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.1 U! H+ F  }& h; w
The father denied taking any other medication. The& W" L  ~! S' m( \( I- I
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche! f. L- k+ r& ~& }/ v. X# s
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 y, ^+ x; y' I0 T. g2 B
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
% @& [8 j% \( a' m" H3 y; I# f  Fcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-$ I5 k) J* D9 Y
tives. There were no siblings.( T: t3 a7 I2 H
Physical Examination3 Y0 w3 Z* n7 H2 M2 b6 m9 A, i) d( P
The physical examination revealed a very active,
# z- t( ]- o, k; l5 h- Yplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
% \% q3 u8 x# [5 R" M* \  Pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# c, r+ Y7 v- j90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
( c, D( D6 Q0 i; n1 D% X(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) Q: V9 {( T5 {+ z* _
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* p, U/ n9 d/ ?- R: Z2 N
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, V' V  e* `% x% zThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 L/ T* n- [) ]& O, y2 H' d8 v& E4 T4 i
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
( {" ~: o- I. B# n2 l) ~8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& |; E( D( n. ]' D" U' v7 y; qdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around! J5 r+ s( Y, H: p% Y- P
5409 O; ]( i3 v7 C7 V
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 |: X7 ], a& Z5 E
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
( R  C& {) W/ V* Dtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.# ?3 A$ a, m/ Y; \( [
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat6 R: W# S7 w# {. ], V8 i% I- M
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no1 E& J. I6 t. B# A
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
4 L1 U9 O: h, ^+ P: I& Z5 gNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 X+ a4 N+ f" C% n9 X4 O* ?bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
- l0 \/ |) Z3 q' u7 qof papilledema.
; l0 E. V4 z9 a  s& v6 {Laboratory Evaluation
- r9 I& E: p3 N5 `The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' g, |* [/ M; S: I. m9 X% ]( u1 Cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-3 d$ \) P5 i! p1 E4 n1 L4 F/ U* V
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal! j( K$ S! t; b8 E1 u$ r
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 i! ?8 i$ x; o2 M+ }7 bshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
3 X! Z* g' M% n9 ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ M! z' G0 G$ Z9 o6 [, tThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood6 p( v* B8 M' W* e" c6 H- U$ x
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 R2 Z9 @: S5 w  e! A* e! U6 iwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
# p8 A3 V' b" a* \of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL5 Q) c8 d$ X# Y# H
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 G1 r% V( R* y+ l" v) Z
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-1 }$ e/ n( z  \( r  r
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
+ ^1 ?  ]" {" `8 D) S# o7 }) r2 Cdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( _  Q& q0 G. |0 r2 B! {
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 D0 M+ [. p% b3 v9 Y5 h) O/ W
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
  m* m# m. [! Y4 {" w- stisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
! f$ e& s% v2 A% ltestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
* S6 j3 F2 u9 band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than, E0 [! U( O' ]
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. I) j* ?* ^4 C* t& Y- H
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
& C6 r7 _- E& @0 G8 U! qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
: A6 @: ^' N! c2 v$ O(prepubertal).! K+ z; y5 r) ?$ [6 p, a
The parents were notified about the laboratory7 C8 A) {& t: H) |. m
results and were informed that all of the tests were# r9 O( ~- s% w" c  j9 _
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
# A' w- {& I5 ]) {" o: mfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 S% E! b2 e/ Z- a' z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
1 b1 t- c7 M0 y6 Hever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. D: O; M6 y7 D6 c( ZPhysical examination at this time revealed that the; S% }& K% [; G# V& ~
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained5 W7 z: T5 U! }& |: q& M0 \4 R9 K: Z
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained* j0 D9 `. t  P9 ?) w2 l
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-( w8 r+ y; l/ n# a3 @, z5 U
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at, I* j8 {. E1 Y, h6 b
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
4 E# u6 L; _" T# J! Q" lmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 v$ t- N, r) P  y4 F  o  n0 I9 F
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-) X9 I; P  A% s8 K! [3 {  G2 Y, ?# m
ing frequent erections.
2 g! n5 e5 p- G' FBoth parents were again questioned about use of
/ O6 }( E$ Z3 J! t0 e' n, J9 _1 Xany ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 u/ W( |7 C, p- p
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the6 A: K3 C. |9 `+ L: I
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5415 Z4 t! V9 i2 t% r7 u( w6 Q: |
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-/ x. Z: Q$ ]+ }/ E
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
" ~* J7 S" r7 w2 Oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed, _0 S" q% a& T4 F/ K
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
& s4 L5 o1 _$ `$ g& Xscribed by his family physician for decreased libido; z1 b: F/ j; J7 g( h( q
secondary to depression./ d6 z+ L3 |1 x" b9 g8 E
The child slept in the same bed with parents.& Y# @) v7 `+ `$ L( ^/ k
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his. I- k+ K' W2 R
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# H0 u  G; e1 F7 h& y2 x6 [; f) Knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ o# D  @. f* ~# j; F6 XThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
: y* K+ Q. Z' c* n/ H+ }when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 b1 Y# |$ x6 O, U5 iwas high, he then read the product information  C% ^/ d0 R  a4 a
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! o7 d% M: t& f0 qson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. m3 F& y+ O* y/ k, ?- X
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the2 _& C5 n9 o( {. R! ~+ w
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
7 P& \  Z1 R* a. n" O; [/ bbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 ~( p4 X( D, \% X/ v0 k" ^* z
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
8 q7 X% I! Y; s& C; hlaboratory to obtain the test., D% u) p' u7 x- D* t( Q9 R
Discussion3 X3 }7 T( v) c# M1 U: j3 p
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary: m, b: I) |% Q3 \. V
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4: I' Z: |6 D/ u( G& ?, O2 c& H3 M
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; V& V7 f! Y/ ]. G/ J& T
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
0 h7 D7 s8 e# {/ l5 Cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
# \$ \, C  u; a0 A( ~/ {- L2 Jmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP' E. ~+ O/ J( S# U" _% i. z
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
( W# T/ t8 f& ^: x3 y' N9 y: `( S' lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 d. j! {; _7 m$ m6 q+ J/ Samic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-1 ^/ ]- U2 U4 E
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' N1 i" N) P8 d
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
( l9 e" g0 c" c  \7 H( T3 P, jization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-1 m: [( _2 o, d: w
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: W' G+ T. c- B) U. @gonadotropins.1,3
! _, T  s  \8 H0 r) b8 `: w1 JGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; K1 d, p0 \* Q8 c" l
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate- ~# F/ @6 {: m1 E4 j, Y3 j
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or& U! j" Z0 B6 ?+ }3 H/ I
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
+ y' \1 ~" @1 O8 r6 ~- a3 _3 iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# E2 t. I( U: L/ Y5 A: l0 pcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 A9 }( B  D4 e  m5 W: @
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 S# Z: u6 ?* H! i( j- J; @puberty in boys.3,4" A& z/ _2 Y2 o" M% X4 Y+ J
The most common form of congenital adrenal
+ O  X8 B: s7 D2 khyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.: |( q6 S% U9 t9 J
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
, W2 O0 F" _; ]6 ]excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,) k' _5 h% c; E' ~& ?
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
+ k  _0 l  V: O% k$ E( xexcess.1,3
( D5 p6 y$ s% k" M, H' n9 u# gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 ]8 P% l5 G2 U6 e542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; z8 w+ A( d$ Y5 B8 i! r
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& H8 q/ m3 i0 K& z9 iindependent precocious puberty, which is also known3 d1 i- Z/ I( I$ ~$ S
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 A+ ]7 S* k! V6 `1 q0 `8 a9 B
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
. {8 F! V0 l9 \' C2 kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,& H2 f8 C2 t% ~! o3 D$ D! ]  O
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys7 V' f# {& t1 h' w
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. w$ x" ~' u8 t0 _& t  T, A( Tare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show0 X0 A/ N1 h* e1 [" h" E
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 F. V* @" c: c/ Oreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked2 c  L/ j" D+ M, ~
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* @! ~& o+ M) P, l* ^' o5 Umales; therefore, other male members of the family
9 o3 n& v& d1 v/ C$ C/ }may have similar precocious puberty.3- G0 F: S8 H0 X, V0 C, R5 ~
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 q4 K- j- `7 [% Qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 p" m5 _$ N# n2 H" f  v# A/ dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. y5 V2 _/ J, J) {: [% |was in the differential diagnosis because his father; I- p+ s2 X8 Z4 [
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,$ I4 U3 `9 s- s
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
  o" L3 `/ Z# w7 g8 M: x) Abeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 m& b  D3 A1 K/ B$ dative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 Y4 t  {6 L$ s! ?biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
/ [0 I& a) j; f% Q' q3 n& Aeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
! O& X. O- z3 l9 ldeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. Z6 v$ i+ e) \: y9 G
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% n% W+ A" _/ fThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly+ A; ~$ x* d, }8 ~- N
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, i5 U. g: a6 t  m/ Rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-6 J; x) e* `4 d5 j" E+ e
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! j8 k( m& v2 B) X: {
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. U1 B, }! O" P1 {0 Q( W( U- {terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
" g6 o. V1 O8 susing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’& u+ V: l* a% Y, G3 S
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or2 Z. R7 d* _+ m, T( F  Y+ A' S& n
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to+ G9 A9 F9 t; _7 U7 d
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
9 Q- x: g0 ]. @3 ?9 @6 RSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the8 `- b: a0 X2 Q& X: g+ u. U
baseline value in those females who were exposed to% U8 ~9 q( \' ?; B
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 {: }! t% V" |3 @& _' o
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-( h" S; N2 o2 J' j" N
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; m8 _6 T7 g  s2 c1 COur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 Y4 |: @# x: U/ p
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that& N' s( [0 T' g# ~' _/ U- G
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
2 @9 _# n9 G6 G- Fterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more6 _: _' Z% J9 r6 h" G* x( o9 @
active in young children exposed to testosterone
# }( f' K# i7 ~% rexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-) S' f7 y" z1 Y/ ~$ c  S4 E! l
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to) K3 M) y- X- Y' `
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in5 Q2 ]/ D/ ~2 P8 N( x% o
children results in an increase in growth velocity and; u. \5 Y2 T+ s* h
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
+ o5 H/ {  z4 G$ G- qThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
6 V0 ?6 `" n0 ^/ p; @early childhood on pubertal development and final
4 s/ D4 b7 g  p9 U# _adult height are not fully known and always remain5 Q2 ~: `6 [2 L
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-' C9 \) z# g; k& L( X
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
  ?0 v3 `6 F6 M" Sacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 p. I, s1 c4 ]2 E1 L: o2 k) A% Acessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
+ r2 n/ i0 E4 g% D7 W, wdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,97 d0 E, `- b( B  D7 c* V% t+ ?7 ]
There are conflicting reports and controversy
: g; _& g: G$ f6 n2 ~# Cover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( J% C- ]3 l7 X9 X
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" ~8 G- u1 m" w  s! K$ Radult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 x& `1 Q. S$ v2 e/ b4 Nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,6 \! \: z) }2 a# x+ |  @
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
6 Q8 B8 u* G, n6 Kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult# P6 G" c" B2 c6 J9 m1 `
penile length in clinical studies.
2 i9 w2 ?" d% e! O* Y8 i6 C- _5 kNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 A  v- z  N5 ^% }+ u) l" ?going to experience any of the untoward effects from, h$ j! x% C( b$ D
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
% a, _* m5 g! N8 Jthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
% Z, D1 i0 x: Z- DAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of, b$ Z  W. N9 f) g0 Z' ^' _
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
- {- j3 W- p: A9 A5 q" I+ ~* I  Mthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult$ p' k8 Z$ p  w2 J' t. Q
height will not be affected.
. t& G+ A7 ~& `! a5 n- r0 @$ b' n) ZAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
  L9 O' u# f$ o+ n( Sability of androgen products in our society may1 r6 E$ g  c7 f2 z
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
$ v5 ~8 ]; f3 p) Bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 D& Q1 ^; i3 p& v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
. D  m- Z' T. K! @5 _& Y8 Z% Etioning about the use of a testosterone product or
. {- l% g+ P" o5 y& igel should be asked of the family members during8 c& a( w5 v' b' \" u/ D
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-# x# [$ }- {( s$ u# _( _1 u; r
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 p1 ?0 O2 t- J
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  t; g0 X1 ~2 W% Kappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
# a  ]8 p! d  r! N$ nhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 _# o1 [7 ?* z% Q, `2 c
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 Z; S1 x- f( D6 O* r6 T' xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be( [+ P! ~1 ~) K& L- W. ?6 H
aware of this fact, because most of these children# a6 b. X* u  _
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
/ Z+ R: ]0 K* ]Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
. }/ ~5 k6 \. Lwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
$ v4 ?1 |4 }# O' }: Z$ G2 Sfemale child who might come in contact with some-
; |  c6 y  O( P3 m  x, C0 rone using any of these products.& C7 l! F! P. m; u0 {
References6 F7 p. b1 r3 f
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation2 P7 Q$ b, d) V( Y6 I
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
# h1 v' Z' t" S- R0 jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; C8 X! p+ p/ J3 ^% f" k4 V) S2002: 565-628.2 x% G- g1 f0 G8 _' D  n0 Z% Q+ Z; q
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, Y, b( Y+ }3 A6 s' Zpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
" ?2 i9 i' w( W; Z  [Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% b. v# T) m2 t- y
Exposure to Testosterone
: L+ j( C6 n, @3 i) i6 zSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
* G% y& q1 q! i1 d' Qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) h: }* G/ [+ R) W5 ]' {: k6 RClinical Pediatrics- W! O' y, X. C% n' r0 T8 r
Volume 46 Number 67 I4 c5 N! Q7 M7 U* i6 j
July 2007 540-543/ L0 m' d' J( _$ A( N  l3 F. h
© 2007 Sage Publications6 X' R0 g& N  _' L9 `8 K
10.1177/0009922806296651+ a, f9 j1 p/ U1 Q8 B) p7 j9 E% O
http://clp.sagepub.com4 J" B" T$ {3 i$ `3 U
hosted at, |* T6 c$ G$ Q- I0 Z  W; |6 h4 S
http://online.sagepub.com0 }2 h: B) U6 G; P: @( X0 C
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,! V7 ?* O1 F0 Z6 ]- J3 x
is a significant concern for physicians. Central9 N7 K' z0 y& X& u0 S7 m  S$ ^
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) i& C7 y. H" n& Athrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
9 e$ {4 p8 X# j8 O( j! ua higher incidence of organic central nervous system% N$ @9 T7 v8 Z" t  ]/ ?" T
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ x& w; |. u4 ?$ b3 a
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic5 ?9 t) Q0 w: R5 g+ ?
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ ?' D: C9 }7 q! \/ q+ Ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We2 [3 y' U4 s  J
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the0 a! T! m9 e  J0 d
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- |# F( y' Y. W
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due! g; w+ _2 w$ x& z
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by2 |: ^8 o+ x# d$ z2 ~+ d4 }
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-# z. s  x% S. L! t1 I0 Q8 [, M
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( P  Q9 w, }) t! y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 w; P8 I, |2 T. htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-8 Y1 u) T. B% t4 @/ x7 D
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 c8 b4 J' `* D$ G4 Bliterature.46 B# F' K- a. b- F" w! ]( ^2 z! S
Patient Report' p6 c/ e/ c% g4 {7 B" e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the( X: R8 _& R$ S: ]$ L& y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern5 a( e. G5 h" x" J) E
of early sexual development. His mother noticed+ w. C3 Y, \4 A. a' I
light colored pubic hair development when he was
/ n! W) H5 X' DFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ t3 T. Z2 L4 q# f' I  y
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
3 g4 d" d4 \# [  oAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,) A7 Q; C+ E/ y* {# `% \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) }" o' |6 ]: _# Y! y; WMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;  W$ r. H! p( W; B/ C1 p
e-mail: [email protected].
; ~9 G- O8 X- r; y8 W) ~/ Nabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 \6 k" A" w4 I, F& l- \
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-0 o: h7 Z0 U7 B, k0 q1 H4 }6 |
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( \% d, d0 F4 [( }! i& I0 f  X
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
# M+ P5 N5 y  o2 N/ o9 `a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
% }; W+ }! ]6 K" O2 |9 i20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" I! {7 v$ Q4 fof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 N' x! g6 h* C4 {solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,- Q+ f) O: u8 a$ \. I* S
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development" r+ Y7 `+ D9 r. H# j7 `) k
was age appropriate.# L# I5 t( s  I* C
The family history was remarkable for the father,) u7 ]: S# W, g/ D3 i( C  b
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
2 q/ M3 M( V8 ~- qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
7 m' t; h8 y, T3 e" Z3 j  z6 J1 \height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
5 @, @4 ]7 H! m1 _  w  Learly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ z/ b2 @; Y/ U+ l  {! ]
The father denied taking any other medication. The
! {5 L; [# d+ W8 C' p3 achild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ @! j0 C' [! G; a
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet# d. b, T$ V' S4 T4 W0 ]# [/ L; R
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-6 Z9 l  K- u" y2 d- A4 n
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 I) A( N! S8 l
tives. There were no siblings.
6 G8 A9 K; X. \Physical Examination
3 ^1 a) J' B5 i" _& ?0 fThe physical examination revealed a very active,. i/ z! k+ j" Q* s/ L: Q, f
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) l5 a! _8 B: B/ N2 a4 va blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 |. m0 U) V2 ~# H90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 p( K! U  }- m1 i7 w
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 F5 ^! \7 |- S$ @" l: d
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
3 J1 \) C) m, l3 M- Y; D+ Rthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, \! A+ F+ |, q1 @) O; l8 EThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
% r# [  {; ]2 Z+ y; o3 ^enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
! w) S. F; W' T& k( ]& ?$ ~4 T8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# c9 |) ~* a" u( {developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ q9 a1 S8 a3 p# ]5 X% ^) ~/ P9 w
540: |  R1 i. ~9 c+ l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" {! J2 ?. R3 U. Ithe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
9 p3 [3 j) ^/ u$ G' ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 V3 S7 _5 W" x( jThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat( y; c% S6 B$ B5 K/ Z
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
# O' k2 y5 j8 t- V: r. babnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
) h  l& [( e9 I7 M8 l/ qNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ A% p6 o0 {7 a# ^: y' t! @$ D& Y2 lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 {3 o& e# B; M- r! a8 H; C) T* V
of papilledema.
/ Q& i+ ]# d+ k3 nLaboratory Evaluation
* A1 }, {2 t% [3 f, d2 H" E4 e% wThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
: v! t$ {1 U, ~" Nusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ u! X, B7 G) X7 t. \logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ S* `6 T* a" ]/ V5 \
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
: @4 l9 B2 y( b) Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* p# O' _. u: _# t9 |
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* M4 N% O. }; K' x- Q& l
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 J' G2 h; J% P2 D- H  b1 ^( Murea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
$ u# p% i2 e6 _. H" fwithin normal range for his age. The concentration/ P4 ?" O7 x2 R* v( W+ x& V6 k
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 s7 L  X  d  I  h(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% l  O5 c$ X. u3 }7 yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
0 n! ^( D( X* T8 l' K3 E7 Hterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ s: c( [% B4 Z7 |2 D( V& h: j( [5 Q5 h
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ o! c( C. m9 X- b* L0 {2 E
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* E4 |3 _4 H/ }# D0 ^was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
: D; d) \) O4 d" Ntisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( y( t7 W5 E( y5 R7 k- W& gtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
( c" p" X* X7 ]6 Y1 S! w% zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than! k" l+ U! Q1 z0 I0 g/ i. u
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
1 o# G& H4 q4 Lstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
/ j/ T/ L5 b5 tconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, o4 V% n$ Y5 R2 G
(prepubertal).
- X- j$ v. w9 w; y8 O4 \The parents were notified about the laboratory# G: }' R0 w, s+ K, S) K& M* l+ d
results and were informed that all of the tests were1 H* E3 [& j. _- X
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
' j2 r, D2 u* N; B1 r& dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to  O. f9 h) F6 q; Q1 O6 F
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-% M% j) r, S9 p# E7 O' N* f7 Y# [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
+ a7 R5 {2 [- A5 bPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
+ J+ e: s' \- V( a; @child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! f+ W9 |0 f9 Z, _6 X. m( d4 o2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
6 n- ^3 i8 J. j! G& Y* W% lunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! C# H( e: `) B3 E  j; k
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at1 v6 _: V; l, w; W
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 Z0 S2 D0 W8 w' T+ K
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 V& A: k+ r1 r% E; JThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( m6 c6 \0 `% L7 t9 ~
ing frequent erections., c8 @0 ?) ?9 s0 k
Both parents were again questioned about use of
6 ?0 _8 q- Z& `3 V/ ~any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! S/ \+ T( ], A" n+ W  d) O$ f, jthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) Q, |0 G' i& L( K7 W# j& {  GTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; J; S  r0 k5 y& f# C
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-. B" U6 |2 k8 h0 a" g+ o! d
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
* v0 {8 T0 H! n: u0 J- f% la year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed$ O3 O3 `& n: o4 a
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; V6 y( v6 L  J) s) P4 x# d4 J: t
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido; L. ]$ {" N4 @# y6 G
secondary to depression.
( r! u  y  H0 c$ [8 {The child slept in the same bed with parents." p( B, S+ P! g/ [
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. ^0 [6 ]- M$ P$ O' O9 m' qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. [6 ~+ q3 b" ^" n- i
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
9 p2 g! N: |0 dThe father also admitted that after the phone call,. W: R  a6 c8 a6 p. b7 u
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
8 u2 f- g0 y. B% zwas high, he then read the product information
3 A' V) [& i/ q/ Apacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, X5 E! U; L0 n: \son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
1 |% y* f% B, x# i- Q: E+ y4 vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# ^6 x7 |6 D. k0 E+ ^+ s' a$ rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 N2 q, R0 R1 n# e9 Z1 F2 [been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone2 q6 E/ D$ y' p' k/ V. n
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
2 i; _7 M/ q0 o0 \, e/ plaboratory to obtain the test.
  j/ ~8 t- [6 S) |1 fDiscussion& a8 n% ]( X& a) j. f2 Y; p% R5 E) }
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- R$ z0 [. X( R- P; k/ e1 W3 o+ C7 xsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
0 B/ Z2 F. M  F) E7 ePrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 t$ q1 g% |( h3 P5 `: h
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, C( b6 V; c5 [: Q8 F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-3 G5 v3 s: U; _" a" ?
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP7 I! f- c4 i- D3 g
may have a central nervous system lesion that is$ F: U) ~/ ?9 {
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-9 T/ |6 l: }9 j' A0 w' n  [
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
2 b" r" t3 M9 |2 esis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in4 p. g1 S: `8 m
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-! Q# Q! B# ?8 H* o) B- A$ x
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-+ }' x: u. g" S0 X: W7 p
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by' v! I' V/ Q6 w( T$ s; T/ x
gonadotropins.1,3
2 K) O, q4 C2 z, D2 eGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
  \! w4 I0 e, h+ s& G/ fcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 ~* _; P% Y. Pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 l" M( G1 r3 X* J4 _- e1 G1 s$ Z& dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. E0 n( E' s1 P* X% Nulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing+ u3 q5 _3 j3 G- d" L
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& T1 V& {8 x7 ]8 [adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& ?; N/ q, Z8 Q  O* Z1 N: J) `
puberty in boys.3,4
+ k0 C0 x. ]  _# Q3 SThe most common form of congenital adrenal& n, [( m$ `1 T3 K" O, w( [1 b+ B( A
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
5 V4 R+ G( O  q. I4 y' j9 WThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* e0 t; Z. P( m: ^1 F7 L5 mexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,4 A8 d+ k8 D9 s' K0 R1 a2 x! m- L
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 t- k5 d7 @0 w7 p4 Q: H
excess.1,3
! x# a! {! O# ^at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 s: c0 R- g5 g1 P7 ?/ V0 M542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007- W' T4 ^" `7 k
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 ^& F1 q5 o2 O+ l5 c
independent precocious puberty, which is also known/ y- q7 T7 Z3 O
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- H3 N7 [0 V* r7 J' e9 s- e* Y7 e0 |very young age. The physical findings in these boys7 F" m: S  C7 U
with this disorder are full pubertal development," y) W7 z- U% G2 Q* a  V; t
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
' y  H. o' n7 j+ ~, }with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 Q% M* H# \. q- q- {/ O' I/ qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
5 I3 v3 O! j9 zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 A2 t; r2 `. f, m4 ureleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: A% S: ~$ ?. w$ O2 Cautosomal dominant disorder that affects only+ m7 `$ ]5 G9 E
males; therefore, other male members of the family
6 f% m; V# z' h4 |1 f& a& umay have similar precocious puberty.3) W7 f6 h, M6 `/ _& e% a0 l$ F
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
' f# N& ?/ Z6 `/ _& i5 G! \+ [& Wsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-; v/ n0 V) @" P0 S# f
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ O4 b6 Q. ]6 A/ Y* n( ]5 P* ?
was in the differential diagnosis because his father: K% s5 _1 O- ?2 m0 i3 j, D
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,8 y. `& J3 ?. ]% U  p
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
) h/ @4 H) M  T2 D" _7 \0 Kbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! O6 S. n& Y6 z7 y7 |" E3 Zative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& }) I6 |. l: m0 dbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
  X; E8 L1 X/ W! s  `/ D( Beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase6 t: Q; z  h6 j& \4 a
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" Y# N) q8 ~3 }7 N
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( F. ^  G& w3 P& s, x) G
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
# X$ e4 ?- {* n3 osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
* _( }+ m2 h. d$ N9 s4 gthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' A8 u+ c* E) m+ _pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
8 W; _3 D7 F) P6 p/ u6 s) a' v9 jdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 U. P& ?' p8 @% ?5 H- _! bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 Z3 I% }' x, }0 kusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’+ Z7 w/ w/ H3 c3 Z$ l( j. }7 Y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ |+ \% t. Y7 a( t/ y; b2 ], Rcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to+ p( I' ?% O, K) c# N/ K# ?* f
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.' ~3 e7 m/ l% g# o% p  k
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 I1 O) j7 X7 l( Z9 z
baseline value in those females who were exposed to( @( t8 V  w* i2 k7 e$ i
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 i. D8 W% H' T% D% f% Q* n7 \9 G
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' }8 k4 i% \1 e: U$ ntion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, c6 ?: m- C$ C8 v0 F5 K" ZOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 R! m3 V* G5 M9 ?3 M
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' }) @' ]4 _& q, `  H
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-' u- Z. W4 E8 T) R, W
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more4 N" K# x" f# J" `& L/ j/ r  f
active in young children exposed to testosterone
9 }& e0 [! u- d. w$ zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ Q# i8 w) q7 K  Idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! q9 X7 _# o' Y: b
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. P+ d$ O# r+ Kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and. B4 R$ F* D8 C* c; D6 A
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 F5 G. N7 Y7 m; z9 S3 hThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! ~. d) e  B% z" A3 ~early childhood on pubertal development and final
7 _$ x1 M; O+ y) Jadult height are not fully known and always remain! U& y" b1 x) p8 D4 Y' k
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-' ?8 Z, G8 ~, c6 D; ]* u6 `0 ~
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# s+ c5 _. ^$ L. e
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. ~3 J2 P8 @/ v& {
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; N9 D3 Q5 p9 o2 b: _0 Xdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
! x  g/ M; o$ ~/ ?: X( rThere are conflicting reports and controversy
6 j" ]" I/ w, R- G5 ?over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult8 S- C6 O7 F4 l5 n: n2 t' P
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
1 }6 z; S8 Y) w; t2 }2 ~7 ^adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
1 {8 {2 |  m9 e& pulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
  D0 A  g6 n) I7 r' n3 |1 pSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. v: r3 Z% @4 y- u7 Jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ n/ y; f' D7 @) Cpenile length in clinical studies.8 ]! R& r# d7 q
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 Y, G( _9 P$ J, V! j9 y" fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
) Z- c' k1 }& \9 wtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 ~7 P9 ~, o1 r4 i5 k' U
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
. ~0 j6 {( d% p, u" tAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of4 H1 g! M; Y3 k6 Y2 _% f. ~8 w& H
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
* C0 }& a0 I8 B5 H1 \# S2 S$ Wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 H: L( f* r) k7 C
height will not be affected.1 P2 b9 |! g" h4 N2 ?- c
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 n, k- s% O, m, }8 O6 A2 g
ability of androgen products in our society may  e; w! h& V! w. G
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
" ^8 r5 ^5 q. T2 dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 M& l- ~' U7 B$ `2 J! P
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
( J; T  s+ b) ]1 [5 V* t+ _# g8 y: wtioning about the use of a testosterone product or9 R+ T& N' D8 t, J# \' |" S
gel should be asked of the family members during' @5 O4 }0 |% t, o7 X
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
; V( L, @  g& v4 I6 Cilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' h2 f% t3 r' bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
2 _9 H2 r; c$ Eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a0 O4 ^5 H7 z# j& z1 m1 Z: L/ v- s
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may: H+ n& F# H" G7 X
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( l" Q; K. R: W) L. z- e! m2 p
investigation. The primary care physician should be
$ x- _) @; ], p4 k  V9 Q# oaware of this fact, because most of these children' [3 ~/ O7 A( Q) F/ D
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
- Q% G( n; p! H, U: pDesk Reference and package insert should also put a, z/ A5 z5 F$ U+ P: g& N: l  Q1 _
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# ?- `# k0 ^6 C, g1 N0 B9 t/ ?female child who might come in contact with some-
/ r$ p* E3 ]) W+ ^one using any of these products.
* P% r" r# u7 f5 i4 U8 d" t8 tReferences
' O% j) ~* \( p( C2 k1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
+ E* X. p4 S9 m5 h& \and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric; u- P( s0 c, B* y5 L/ c  E# x
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ h+ r* D4 y$ ]% t  C3 r
2002: 565-628.2 v3 G% g2 U: ^8 A+ V1 _
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ ^, y  l' N* R* J. Y. s
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
* ?3 Z) B% {* o8 E
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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