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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
7 j" z7 w5 \6 {4 RBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 g! m3 h1 n0 C2 \: d4 JExposure to Testosterone
$ g! Y! Z. Y/ _6 X$ s8 r3 HSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
$ \, J" Q: D' d; j8 E5 Aand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
. b7 L/ r# z7 z' Q5 K. K* HClinical Pediatrics4 R/ T7 ]: a1 C: ~* J P
Volume 46 Number 6. \, g8 A1 a! C6 {
July 2007 540-543
! i4 n* s) @3 R0 [: f: t© 2007 Sage Publications( z2 E9 x) a8 t, F
10.1177/0009922806296651
1 u; g o* W8 B* h# ?3 c: R8 j" B, zhttp://clp.sagepub.com6 E- b: N b+ W- V/ G7 s5 N5 C9 [9 J
hosted at' {2 F" C2 d# }! d
http://online.sagepub.com
4 _9 k6 j8 D/ L! Q! F$ u: C" O& {# m8 q! NPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 W: z/ R6 ^9 r: K" s" W
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
' B- t" H e5 Y& E7 S5 Bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 i/ {% d5 y. [6 I9 U
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 ?0 A" e5 u! C ya higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 i3 x! W8 L) x! T+ ulesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, M' h: C& K) M
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
Z+ _# c* g6 g0 s; ~hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ t! O; l6 U& Z
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
|% i5 X$ K; z4 z% L {) @report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( _ a& p0 [/ H! L0 Uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-" y* P+ Q6 `# N. m4 C" s
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due1 ~0 h: _5 ?" F# g f
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by L' H' q6 Z/ t$ J0 m' A' W
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-1 y. f2 ~, L1 @! H7 A+ W) Y3 M
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( B: w9 T6 Y% x7 C# Hchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" }/ |! ^% I1 D6 O! i0 \/ v, Dtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-9 e- |; E$ _. X3 p& p0 u
bly more common than the rare case report in the/ P5 |) N* k: s4 D7 U$ q
literature.4
6 ~. { l7 B, W2 Z+ P' R1 O: zPatient Report7 u6 V2 \( g$ q8 w: [8 D" s
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 k: r$ n( L5 E# Uendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 [' N' i- z/ K# F. p$ h3 q1 ^' qof early sexual development. His mother noticed1 \$ y6 o, L! r
light colored pubic hair development when he was5 ^- y- W) `# E; d( u( y
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of4 E/ u, P) a K2 V$ D( o0 R5 F- |
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, f7 V! ^* ]5 `% b0 EAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' v$ Z$ ^8 D# h5 ?
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of: h" F2 K( k' t/ f" @7 n5 X
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 S. [9 w1 g0 ~1 A3 a
e-mail: [email protected].
2 A% r, r4 w- y4 k8 q/ Jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
( s3 H/ f4 _, L' N5 Cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
. E& Y0 f. ^) Y" S; cment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( [/ Z( t5 |! e" awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 z9 J2 D9 r- j2 B% s( Ga birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 V' c6 g" @+ S- H0 C( f20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! j' E+ d3 R' i; @; _of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) D$ }! K [1 t0 f D4 Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* ]* Q7 F3 z0 H; k9 M
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ R8 C4 y6 ?8 {) h% `/ f a' r* lwas age appropriate. x/ s) W3 u- x! j R o
The family history was remarkable for the father,
: E B" ~. k! bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
& y; X, B+ u2 X( y6 M4 S. x, {which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 K ~" j4 @& A
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
8 i# M) I4 R( u! c0 y g9 u% Searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- M6 u* n2 V+ sThe father denied taking any other medication. The1 P' g+ ^+ a! q7 j' `3 v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 H! v& }5 j% z) n
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 i o& e6 z# E0 I6 k( N/ r5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-# i& A% o* D/ }0 `* [. V# K
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-% p% _: f# k; U- C% \" y# K
tives. There were no siblings." H' V: `- L% i- v. c g! b% l1 P
Physical Examination' C/ D& n6 S9 v( j" ?7 R/ T/ Y& I
The physical examination revealed a very active,/ q _* m: s( J
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented& ~7 U8 H& q) T6 Z& Z
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
- b% e4 T) g: b8 V# z- \90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg7 D* p3 O a" K/ R) E
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 _3 z1 Y9 i- A7 Ivelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ ^! a, ~/ J. M5 j8 S: H
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 q8 P3 J6 w3 A7 n- y( w
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; {4 L! _) P9 @& v7 Cenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 V5 @, h7 _& i: U5 v
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, ?+ `. E, L: ^" y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 [+ s9 i3 T. ?3 s; r540! g% b0 r7 C/ s" f/ N9 ]
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 _& x; R, @5 @9 C ~( u: V7 A
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# e9 T9 p+ h p$ L4 b) i I1 c( D
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' A0 w n& \4 {
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
7 P6 \' o+ o+ E8 Koily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no7 e5 Q! w8 y7 J( |2 s& k, x' J5 n2 x
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
; d/ g4 F2 L1 \+ F+ |* X2 zNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) k; A% i" U7 b1 M4 Q5 Q' Vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion$ h$ v! m2 Z7 S0 k( p: M* A
of papilledema. [3 _* [& ^- O3 m% m4 _) A
Laboratory Evaluation
% I, w! R7 s. |8 \The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
7 S. [0 U8 E' musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
; L1 g) |" \% R% {' y3 U- s4 I4 Alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
. Y! s4 K# h# k: }karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; L$ m4 u% @ @8 T5 {; V2 N
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-8 r% s' W1 X) L. P \
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' c% | w( }* [7 L+ A2 _& p) lThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
! |/ X! K3 f" o6 o# A% |urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
1 S' l6 Z6 y7 s+ j) wwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
, K$ v& ^% @; h: ]of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL$ e1 @* u- O+ {1 J1 _8 b
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: l4 x& a3 S' w- Z) S" A' H# |" R
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) O" j3 ?3 l( p+ A5 B& s/ Y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
6 L$ r) N( T3 O/ V2 A' ]- }( Fdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to) h. r: ~1 n* @/ \; K0 O
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
, \0 P& O% u8 s2 V3 w6 b' Mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( X2 {' l+ s: {1 p; L" mtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total; ~4 `2 i% D# _/ }8 L$ [0 h
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
5 W9 W7 s8 V5 Q5 c1 S7 W1 E1 gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than, Z9 h; p2 G2 S1 G$ ~5 _" G
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
5 w$ z2 V- F: c6 X8 M' ?+ ~stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ K* `! ]" |* m
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 i* i |4 L6 L+ c& G, X
(prepubertal).
* C$ ]3 {3 \3 l" f3 BThe parents were notified about the laboratory
- ]$ Y# C2 B- A' Fresults and were informed that all of the tests were
M) O9 `1 l& T9 m2 h& x& Inormal except the testosterone level was high. The
. _/ ^6 v0 o! a- ^8 g% I1 Afollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, ]4 Z$ J8 V5 z6 z( z) ?obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-5 l: @7 ~6 r$ W& |% }4 Z$ o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.8 r+ r p2 }1 s7 V! G0 ] e
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
. P0 `6 W7 H; Ychild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 n8 z) n7 n3 [, g. T& q2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
) G" Y3 ]* L& S( y# |- e$ \. X' eunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 g! U8 `2 n+ u' b+ o4 J& bpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ X1 J7 W& B* z% z- f7 x4 x9 }the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 I; g2 ]1 W2 B
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 {/ A g+ q' G8 `
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; j0 V Y! d0 `2 T6 X
ing frequent erections.9 L$ ]2 B |' t% V* v
Both parents were again questioned about use of2 B5 ?$ Y. b6 v& `4 A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
# T+ w7 x- A, m# u1 \$ E! athe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
$ V, n3 @" a% n; h4 G- rTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; _+ q0 V' v4 X- W, y/ W) y! G
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ G( C* d$ k, Y5 ^+ _- ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( @, W/ J9 a# j3 b+ M
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed0 ~; H! U# p9 q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ K7 L, i) `1 g8 i& i0 O5 {
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
& X. v* n/ o6 O* R; a% d! V2 N1 u* ^secondary to depression.
, j4 t9 \0 t3 k, [The child slept in the same bed with parents.
& ~+ q% z, Y& B5 s5 C3 VThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his+ o; _, b; d4 J2 G8 n
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 R1 s+ b7 B$ V' J; ~( J/ Q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father., z+ y4 N, m* N5 C' ~8 i
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ M; y9 d- h9 ?# Uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
1 y6 Z; B6 w6 |9 P1 d4 u U/ r* t2 ]was high, he then read the product information
) m4 J, N9 G) i5 tpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; ~4 l5 J S$ A" X! `son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
1 Z. w+ s" R/ l; rdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 B6 J/ P% c2 V8 S
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ C4 z/ A5 N3 `- }. \8 tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 ^3 H6 F1 g4 k- y
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; ? k8 R/ P$ q$ R5 Q5 i
laboratory to obtain the test.& D( @& p1 ^7 a; d" l& h
Discussion, z I9 v0 U7 _! H# @
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 R, H9 ?+ i+ C# s8 d) R! s& msexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
~6 _' L4 a3 u6 m$ u1 aPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 O% L8 q' R. v$ o3 Z) u! hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-" r8 z* g1 n! q; f& y0 P* }
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' F7 ^5 i, P" L3 h8 ~) s! N& c$ B
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% \. Z5 r& z g7 `8 z0 ~9 v6 emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 ?" {9 ]6 f! H. C( l9 Q' f a6 Oresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
* v- u, \* L' o S- @amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! ~+ b, B' h2 r3 L, ?8 N7 o
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
5 w; M3 u! P0 g6 L; m3 mboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# b% v+ ^5 }$ A2 e5 G8 D& v8 B
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, _( d; o9 s) g' B; lrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 i8 z0 C% u: y9 j8 b$ [* hgonadotropins.1,3
5 h4 Q- b8 ^; D7 d0 B5 O6 Z; VGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' F z, L1 |0 q8 j0 j
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
% T9 B% u4 C$ f. ]' |5 N* x0 j: e+ sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or3 f$ R# j3 g& S0 I
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
! a+ p0 a7 [) I! g$ D5 c- A) sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
3 J! A% {! ^0 k2 i6 D2 G) Z ucongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 I( q, z' j# `# u
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious. N- h+ w8 P a4 J
puberty in boys.3,4
% Y f0 u+ ]2 a( D" _% v/ iThe most common form of congenital adrenal
' s+ {- l8 {: Z. y8 l5 X8 Ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; g+ n* [! Y7 t. EThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" D1 a* I* i& g7 e4 eexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ a t/ ~) m' y) H
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen" U; L/ \# C9 e: e" l6 v0 `
excess.1,3
7 Z4 k" e- _4 q, }$ T& c& |at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 l, p, {* r1 W0 q: [, X542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 ?& ?& c" m# b( ?7 r; p
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-2 {* f* @9 a8 m) R! J
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
c3 |1 F' J. R2 Y( r8 aas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: W! c1 Q1 T+ `3 Svery young age. The physical findings in these boys7 L0 n# [3 s; O. F% e/ w$ x4 S# A
with this disorder are full pubertal development," d U/ M) k8 W
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. a- s) V- P, ~' N$ E6 d& X
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder0 l; C3 Z" w5 y: V- g( Q
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 Y, d+ }. Z* k y0 _
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ k6 X6 f& ]7 Y* j$ y; F! C% Creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
/ Y- |8 a* R8 {/ `% w! }! B/ kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
2 ]+ N" H9 j D( P9 ymales; therefore, other male members of the family
6 u* F5 p% f; ~$ _" K+ t, J( {may have similar precocious puberty.3
7 h8 t8 T b4 b* ?* ZIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ q. E% S% _, F+ W' b7 Dsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
% @" u: `. s$ o. v4 ?$ dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# g' ^) d! o9 O, L) fwas in the differential diagnosis because his father8 c- ]% G. I8 N; o( c
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
4 S8 B( U8 g+ D, }2 ?2 Dtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the6 V9 }: t9 X' I' g# O+ e
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-+ G8 ?, d8 K1 x$ L6 a, T, p
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our& w4 [; Z8 R. R3 J n7 S, n
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
/ }, k, m1 e9 W7 C2 o" [6 Feither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase+ B+ ^, s2 X" }
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
7 b- e. u$ I4 |; g2 Sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 h( i* E0 g& [; q5 N& o r+ ~
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 I1 |4 D+ W' E# A$ u O U5 ]
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
; z2 }) ]! }1 X* }; f: Hthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# Y1 V( x1 M/ J a, y& Opearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
' A8 J/ P: u7 Q9 ?decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
" g0 {8 x$ T9 O) J/ Gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* X2 \ f( [+ g* w2 j) R
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 K+ |" c6 @( w0 d0 d" A; D& M
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ h6 m5 y- K+ O5 H
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
1 N1 o q5 Z0 l2 @9 R1 d6 G1 G1 Runprotected females through direct skin exposure.4 i, ?2 _" f' F: \$ g: r: n2 G
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! ]8 n' a1 H" @+ `: C; n
baseline value in those females who were exposed to G) H- g& e" F: l1 D! n! j6 K
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% [- s$ Y2 a: E+ N% i" Ipartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-" K1 x: h0 G- a/ ?# X3 j* R& D: P
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, r& u8 a2 N. ]( O: T- [% OOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& M+ J" ^3 M; ^% X9 i3 @which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that3 e7 ^$ i4 j( m! ~+ p
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
, H% z. a# i3 n- t% @terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ }% V5 e0 ~6 o) j: x7 ]5 A& Eactive in young children exposed to testosterone
) Z. g+ p6 I& C5 Sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-- Z: ~& Z8 e( N7 x1 N
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to& h* f% m- {: m) f! V
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 o4 T# b- a7 E- `4 t2 [+ k$ p8 z6 H6 a
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
5 Y/ ?( e; }6 r8 [advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 e" r1 q! ]7 C( T$ R8 ]The long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 j& Y8 q, r. g* C( _. N& \3 O
early childhood on pubertal development and final" o5 R8 V: c. s+ U- m9 O
adult height are not fully known and always remain
: L! A/ D: O8 `6 X+ I# pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# X- ?" d! B7 m/ D* z- `' Y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' Z% O$ C( F' b, O- v& F
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
/ o: f8 Y$ ?4 a1 J* Lcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& @3 k- y9 A0 p/ j' i% Pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 o1 ]# h& J( a$ d" eThere are conflicting reports and controversy
8 |: D, E$ {5 T, E# ~" gover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; U t+ m$ [3 ^penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; k6 b! Q) [) V' J. C
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg- u8 d4 m1 D+ }
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,; T# i& ~! }! v
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. r7 c7 ~0 K( Hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ i" l# ^- W* _7 S/ ~! Tpenile length in clinical studies.
& M' H9 F" Q2 o" A( d2 _Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 W) I9 S' t2 f7 Tgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from8 L' ~* ^; v* y( Q7 B8 M/ u
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' R" p9 ~1 J7 h' `& r- Cthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.( U6 |; E2 _& ]3 _+ ?# p
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
' H2 I |$ o8 j( C; t6 ~1 udiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 t# E9 O2 G4 k0 p1 E' k3 Zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 m4 h3 _& Y+ W; f0 Rheight will not be affected.
- i. z6 a: G& F oAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% a+ C8 j# _! Z. ]; Lability of androgen products in our society may+ |% A) |1 h( x- m4 W
indeed cause more virilization in male or female& E( ^3 z" u" W& E, n
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% w& d$ x( l6 x- j+ fgen products must be considered and specific ques-9 ~6 s: d6 ]9 G0 \- A4 D
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! G W2 O8 ]: Y1 l8 A+ }gel should be asked of the family members during2 v x2 K" w( i! e* [% o2 q
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-" p, T' w& P8 Z0 ]* q/ F
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
, _8 h. x0 X; {- b" Nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by2 q- w. N/ X. [2 G# _
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a _! C2 V' ~! \' f, U( Y! d
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 f( w4 d: ~) m4 u' f( {/ v
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; ?3 g& w; R: D' D% d5 m$ t
investigation. The primary care physician should be; q: I8 f& m0 u
aware of this fact, because most of these children
8 p% B! S' q9 e+ \& s6 ^may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’! m9 ~9 T3 @/ O( z: C0 g- R' h" l
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
3 T, W4 Y$ D, I' a% m7 Y3 R9 Xwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or) |+ d9 `( `7 u D( T' E
female child who might come in contact with some-5 X2 w5 k j y' N7 ~: y5 I
one using any of these products.
@, N- x5 m3 S1 ], M TReferences, ]; i# l9 b2 A+ N- C& e d, b
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' w6 F3 F+ b* L
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 i# T6 l5 }. V, V; ?2 QEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
3 Q7 `4 [. d# P2002: 565-628.
+ K5 m: y6 C7 N! K2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 A- W% Z: S% F h; Apuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|