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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: y) s9 U. v' }' y! L3 F' @& EBoy Induced by Indirect Topical8 e. Q) M* O; ?+ [8 a& y
Exposure to Testosterone
- h+ R; x9 D) p- E3 z7 wSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 h. I2 |: m8 ]1 M1 Hand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
' Y, Z5 e% k( J2 t; xClinical Pediatrics- \ V+ Q3 A0 U Q+ x1 [1 X% P
Volume 46 Number 6
! F; o0 f8 y" ?- k( WJuly 2007 540-543; H/ O, ]. T, `- h( f0 h
© 2007 Sage Publications8 k6 ~# [9 {& A& @) `& b4 E
10.1177/0009922806296651
0 \# S2 f5 K; d8 Shttp://clp.sagepub.com& t" {0 [! V6 q* K9 b
hosted at. @! T. A. ~& {
http://online.sagepub.com
0 ~! x# |% x* e3 _5 }Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
( @/ Q, _8 M8 M: Lis a significant concern for physicians. Central ~8 b4 K8 R/ m0 Z" z1 ^4 J
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 m9 R# L$ R M. B1 V6 Pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 C2 k0 o, I$ u- Ya higher incidence of organic central nervous system
' s2 @( [6 G2 Z$ `6 Blesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; Y3 K) P2 E+ N+ ^' Bby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 o- o O3 C) N" @4 ]2 Ghair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 H) ^) L7 I5 `8 ?cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# e; T% V) B: u2 ?% vreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 n- Q8 w& m& h! \) h- X7 l0 {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-; D, X; g- V/ L" I
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" I& s* H! ^' Z3 [to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 G; D3 }# L* A/ g4 othe father. The family initially concealed this infor- D5 r/ I' v: u! {
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this- a9 |4 D" o3 V
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
/ v! q# G* c; B. q' G; h0 htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
9 M% d Y/ l8 h/ C. L& p0 t; ] Gbly more common than the rare case report in the
9 F" Z0 @8 Y# X- wliterature.4
2 \+ W% c/ c" _$ S% qPatient Report4 @" Z! b% i5 v
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
+ u5 O; ~8 T* T6 lendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern, c. X; g' r/ v& _: R6 ~- e
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% j: [3 Z# S# _, C: ylight colored pubic hair development when he was
9 C: H$ V B/ p; y9 k# rFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; Y( S* K* j& k- u P0 X, }7 G* ?South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% ~% h( ]0 y- C; P+ H: K
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,: @$ V, I; Z1 S: Q+ c/ ^! q
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of6 v" P1 a! d" r7 ~
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; [# T" p6 C& H3 |8 `e-mail: [email protected].) C# y" O4 k+ t! o
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* ?, j0 L2 r7 V7 s3 U7 Sdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ q6 v: { ^- |4 y( I! F7 S
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child3 s+ p, X7 h0 R K! i1 g1 D/ r; D
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
2 C3 v/ R5 Y- K* _a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& I9 E3 i( W3 X5 X20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
' B0 R* Y, ?' S! G4 y q; i* Q pof life and was still receiving breast milk along with; I& n5 S6 ?. _& V
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,$ A# A' y N# ?: Z4 \
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development* t5 X$ n* k L' K/ S% z6 W; y
was age appropriate.% _) M' b" E% E
The family history was remarkable for the father," Y3 r" t/ }- i U) ]- g1 H" ~
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
9 E3 I, ] ?- {3 H+ _which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s' t- y3 e# O, i7 a9 h( h
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( J+ D7 `9 s! p) w7 E
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 v( L$ ^# s6 j: G; C
The father denied taking any other medication. The
; x1 R3 w! Z2 R% N. A) v6 H; J" rchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
{/ } Y' f; h, ~was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
6 |5 b( L3 V5 _! y+ c5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" _. l# U& F' b* O6 d1 K
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& y2 d$ D, D. M Rtives. There were no siblings.
! q$ y0 o' j: O0 u1 f: |6 hPhysical Examination4 O d- i a. |5 x9 {* b) Z6 N
The physical examination revealed a very active,
" q# i8 d3 M3 u% Aplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. W' M0 [7 A) b4 T, K
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
0 p% m: y# b% ^: f1 J* R90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 a: ~6 T" d. r! x
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 f+ j0 \, r4 r0 D3 m$ M3 Lvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# M- [" z+ a9 k& F$ Xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% I& j9 @" U2 R9 c- L5 g8 U1 m UThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for1 ~0 L$ E" x7 ?/ o+ r
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
2 _/ \& {( k. V; i8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 j" P3 i6 d8 O( ~
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around M! C' p& M% G6 e+ n* \1 |5 ^ o( U, P
540
* h2 r( @( l/ K8 eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ Y) P# z/ m; x. y. d* ?' Othe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. b5 }, r! x3 l- w0 `7 w+ k
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
W! P1 P3 U1 z$ |) vThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, ^( Y0 k# D. J% Moily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
v# G$ ^( |/ j- n# m# M$ labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots. @7 B- O5 v: P6 d, _! R
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 J$ D$ @4 J! ]' R$ _bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) S6 \" a8 R1 l. Y! y/ @of papilledema.
. o6 Q- ]) h) J+ P5 c- l7 pLaboratory Evaluation) I/ r+ `; N# g* J, l3 | r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 Q7 I- }, v* y. T8 k$ E
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' X! m4 g" N% f0 h o1 Zlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: o5 o5 |. Y/ {% skaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: z) y! x' j# c) \3 @
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) Q0 M+ x! f* l4 H* m% z
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ _* y5 k5 P5 a6 ]0 t$ _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 X; C. p& ?, S9 |$ N2 z( @
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 i5 f! A* c5 y* d5 R5 C8 c
within normal range for his age. The concentration/ F! e: r; Z( ]3 J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 J$ I- D' T) Z* Y$ d
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( @1 Y/ e5 j+ g( u, d6 [9 Eng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
+ c: b9 ] R3 f. a" @7 Jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- U* U' u* ~, O
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
: p5 ~$ |4 u* m1 b5 K9 Z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)! g2 z5 N" C: X& n
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 b4 V( W: c7 U- k+ b/ }
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
. N7 p5 \9 R# N# T' I! v6 Mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 W' c* s7 W2 ~+ | E5 H
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
0 S8 v, I& B) }. c, U2 P5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( b/ i! B C2 g a" H) ^+ `3 c' ?stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: s+ ]) f& Y; C6 Z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% n _: m( U8 [: v9 Q! n# D) E
(prepubertal).
, Y! H, R+ U; S3 pThe parents were notified about the laboratory; q: V( o: X+ v0 d/ H
results and were informed that all of the tests were- E7 G+ P- o+ t1 j4 R. e0 v
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 l9 ~3 W, X: W& dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 D/ v3 j% b" j3 V
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; G }. l& q' X1 J' w
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, @4 L( b& O5 d3 f: E; p6 {Physical examination at this time revealed that the
/ x5 A8 [* x/ u7 \: u& \ J' Ichild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
, f$ C! O, j2 E4 q, b. Z* S- c2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ `: d: w9 P; ]4 p4 Bunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
2 q- e: E7 e5 |3 }pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' Q! B3 y" [$ q0 }* |" V% lthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
, c' X3 n H" y) e# T" TmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 ~0 W/ K5 g5 v3 D8 ~0 M
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 w8 B/ r( k, q" f6 H6 m( @! h
ing frequent erections.& X% u1 M; e ]8 p! u9 v. O
Both parents were again questioned about use of3 ~5 Y% z0 G* l& j6 R% x
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to; }+ N9 F+ C% J
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' [0 v( z5 K8 g! V2 ?, RTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ [" ?! {* L9 M( N: u+ Z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
1 b) ?$ N; L2 e% E) Q- |ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( K. h+ w) b9 v% ^4 ?! ?2 o
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
- [1 F( b( E3 k" f6 s/ [to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 p# p, q4 H& Jscribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 s. H1 ]4 `) p! ]& [6 @
secondary to depression.8 v2 q5 t/ U. \8 k
The child slept in the same bed with parents." v) a$ U+ J. {/ D& f
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his- }4 L& w$ k) ?7 q) A' q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
/ g6 h M) e% ?& D v1 |' |nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.7 p6 c+ g: L) m+ q) k
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
1 i' }. U8 u7 b. e2 ^6 K! hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby0 S! A @& r- i4 u( {2 j6 J
was high, he then read the product information
0 t# @) m* [1 _" s+ Upacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! O9 r ]7 ~3 W" W/ |# s9 A
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: p0 J( ^: N- K
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the, v! b' I6 F( ^6 _- I4 u
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ s4 S8 ~& b) n' o! t+ C$ s) ~9 d
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 x) q" C9 m* Z7 d( t+ ~
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
# R) t* Y5 }% F3 ~laboratory to obtain the test.' f" e; G3 x6 n/ Z+ Q
Discussion. v; i x# S2 i3 Q; Z
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
9 ~% t" v0 o3 g8 Fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 B {* q4 b' r5 S
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
6 @+ O0 p1 M7 G- v$ c2 `5 Xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ P1 B% D+ v* x( cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
1 `6 k' ^, O5 G: K" z# z0 |mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
- G9 ]1 Y* N; j p7 Ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 Q5 i. }6 H& b# M0 l( ~2 t3 Eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* y5 O! k- e! P+ R4 i, I+ r# z
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
0 H, R ~; _7 t+ m8 Q& [+ ^' Zsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in0 ~& e. x+ |! B; E# H6 Z" E) g
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" Z0 i" \8 w; N- T6 cization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- w5 |: F+ i- O N4 \rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! m3 l+ W O7 y' A5 C6 Z, ^0 Sgonadotropins.1,34 j) B4 P$ d6 b# x( b* }
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" ?1 L; F6 d7 [: X
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate3 k4 w5 n$ Y3 ~) A2 r8 s
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or! |6 i/ A8 W6 R7 a, k; p6 s; K; F
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 R( n! V* @* k$ w+ b l$ Pulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* z6 H% r7 {7 r! m6 C4 u! D: ~congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive' c1 p$ q1 T! p3 J+ s; U# b+ `
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* A) ]$ J, E: Y6 |# P
puberty in boys.3,4
# s# E* ^" W6 z! ?7 H+ j/ sThe most common form of congenital adrenal
6 o# i9 o/ u4 `' w& b6 Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 r( c7 O9 k- h7 B: qThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ `% B! N: y+ \" h& e1 {excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
; X. y) r* n( C+ B( `6 E9 w. z; Lan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( s0 E( g( }% d( n& `) Eexcess.1,3 ~2 s$ N) E# D: m" h6 Q/ \& e
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 V7 x; P' D, f/ k) G" i
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' x# j6 C; }# {& s
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 r6 o+ J/ Y. \1 a. T- q6 e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known+ N4 |4 p9 I- F: \) G) v
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a9 Y4 \8 X3 n0 ~5 l' w! n
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# M; y/ U# \% U8 r) B) Wwith this disorder are full pubertal development,: w8 X, r* t" M. r1 c
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys0 j7 K Q, B4 [* y: O- l9 [; o
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
! D" V, x w5 |; g" L$ mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ W8 n$ N, i( Q! c8 P1 ? _3 ^pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
2 x- f) m& T% ~( {1 X& xreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked6 D; l. Z! z5 p! l* P
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only& W. z" q. y. S# S5 X! T* R
males; therefore, other male members of the family7 V8 T- X4 G, I5 t! e
may have similar precocious puberty.3
1 U( `% y: ^% j y5 _In our patient, physical examination was incon-* ?4 I4 |. O8 |+ q% I- q. A
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-, _* s7 U1 t9 g3 F. N& D/ a
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ u/ ?5 b5 L% x, b2 }" C0 s0 T
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ u7 X& u% y S& _% Istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, ]/ ]- ~7 p0 C$ v" q
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the& M. G: z, S7 E) O1 h0 i: |) H1 m* ^2 V* a
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* I4 d7 e8 R) @: ~/ M& t# pative initial history of androgen exposure, our% q7 J( h+ v: S, k5 I- Q" E: y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,: Q- [4 ^. U! R# F7 Z% L
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
# U' U" `& w; k( J3 k0 P( Xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% N: `/ X& s3 c& \
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.* y5 k" }+ T p7 r- q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% `8 y, m5 ?( r6 q# C' Asuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" e2 Q9 W! A) j8 [' d; c8 C
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. T, |5 i* F+ B* Upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
; H1 x/ m, \8 u) H% sdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
) I- W& z- u3 y/ eterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 `4 r, E" `9 R8 u, \% i1 a# p# H
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 n# d5 w( d' v& k. FDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ G! O3 }% S, rcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: K! u ^5 A: D4 ~. Vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' N7 i: p* r- ^; u$ v5 KSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' X4 Y5 b* A: |- x9 C# Ibaseline value in those females who were exposed to+ g0 D0 z3 k3 o2 y: i) l5 ~6 f- `
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; [2 Y( t+ [+ I V& i: dpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 U- e; H8 U. Q2 ~* vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
% S+ K9 B7 }7 @" E6 @6 x3 M( \Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,7 K& ~( l6 r7 S6 k4 D0 _1 ? t
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- x+ s/ @; G$ B b0 u& z3 l( {% V
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-% G2 j e* j% f! y4 @* F o( q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more Q4 t* h! [; a& o% I9 Q+ W
active in young children exposed to testosterone
, _5 y! N0 Y! `/ ]5 r! I3 Iexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-5 ?0 Q1 |- `9 B2 j. J! E( E* C
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to \; I) n% W, T1 w
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; h7 ] h/ j) O8 _! uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and3 z# Q% \9 w2 i9 M6 Z- {
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 w) y$ r& \( C, \" ^4 Z2 KThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ q. z* v* r J$ j5 _/ B! iearly childhood on pubertal development and final' U6 z: i" r2 @% y# E! u6 z
adult height are not fully known and always remain. u) T$ w& x, v
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 G! y w3 ~7 O
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 Z0 V7 q9 q6 F/ y. Y
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 P- l$ ~' g1 _0 Xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation" Z5 q- ~+ b) `) G& h D5 T, K) v
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
$ c0 x: O) J0 c( wThere are conflicting reports and controversy7 Y/ ?: `* t" X9 T0 Q9 v3 U
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( i2 w1 \8 y' Q5 j
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
$ P1 X- X, U/ ^' w9 Z) badult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
6 [; @( O* ]/ Z7 x5 |+ s3 wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,& |( H" O4 X, b
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
% [& ?. F& l1 y! O7 f# bchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
' w- D2 }6 i g- m; y5 f) Npenile length in clinical studies.
2 o$ S1 x6 `( ]0 R( ?# M9 oNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 N* j8 ?+ _1 Z: A4 R
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- w1 a6 S3 J& A
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! |, X% |, b6 \
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
, F o7 h& H" r; T: ?( ?) k1 VAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ L4 \5 R! T5 idiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# f& { J, \9 \* wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 _" q2 ^) `, Y1 H) e
height will not be affected.
( X$ o5 q, E8 V+ cAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' [4 G- y# @- b4 z& g7 Gability of androgen products in our society may v8 w8 _: F# r- a$ i4 x
indeed cause more virilization in male or female- t* j' }/ ~8 ~- H& q6 R M! X
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
( O& Q9 e" D4 z+ `gen products must be considered and specific ques- O* m' R, C/ g8 W! y
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! Y* c* G/ ?% S* V: Mgel should be asked of the family members during
. h" U/ `6 t' E! h# x/ Zthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 o% r6 ]0 E9 r# D& nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
9 O, Y$ _3 Q0 y% M$ fnosis can be established by just a few tests and by& e: t, F& s4 K0 B0 I e) s
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ z) U3 z' ^0 C) p, ]0 ]+ K: Zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 Y8 U1 o. o, Z/ v1 J& ]result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ B( _: M( C, M6 J9 y6 p2 @# n, @8 {investigation. The primary care physician should be9 |0 E8 p* L1 {3 Y/ T! I& E7 g3 x& E* G
aware of this fact, because most of these children
% M1 u, o0 o3 H' b7 L5 [: z y/ z/ fmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
5 _7 Z- T( ?1 J* G' h8 r5 gDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
0 N; N$ I7 S! f! T2 y1 D C0 K* Vwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
, I5 L& M( M9 `- \1 F# g* Y, \' v7 Zfemale child who might come in contact with some-
8 i$ H/ R9 \! S" |. wone using any of these products.; A8 C* e4 ~8 y6 S
References# p K1 L2 O6 X
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' c1 e% c% P5 ^9 p W1 [+ N- Q; kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( A$ V7 v+ N0 s/ B9 h
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, s2 l/ [0 q& d2 o$ t2002: 565-628.
2 x, S* H! x: _) ?0 G$ L. _2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 \5 C% Z" r4 y; z6 S$ R' H6 o" ^
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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